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Osteoconduction on, and Bonding to, Calcium Phosphate Ceramic Implants

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 February 2011

D. M. Dziedzic,
I. H. Savva,
D. S. Wilkinson and
J. E. Davies
D. M. Dziedzic
Affiliation:
Faculty of Dentistry and Centre for Biomaterials, University of Toronto, 170 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E3, Canada.
I. H. Savva
Affiliation:
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L7, Canada.
D. S. Wilkinson
Affiliation:
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L7, Canada.
J. E. Davies
Affiliation:
Faculty of Dentistry and Centre for Biomaterials, University of Toronto, 170 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E3, Canada.
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Abstract

Calcium phosphate ceramic blocks of three different densities, porous, intermediate and dense, were prepared by tape casting (total = 18), and implanted in the femora of 9 Wistar rats for 1 to 3 weeks. Following fixation, the tissue was prepared for examination by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of freeze fractured specimens, or back-scattered electron imaging (BSEI) of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) embedded, undecalcified, sections. The results demonstrated that while all ceramics were osteoconductive, the 93 % dense implants showed no evidence of bone bonding as judged by the plane at which specimens separated or cracked during preparation for microscopy. The porous ceramics, on whose surfaces both multinucleated cells and osteoid tissue were observed at all implantation times, exhibited less bone contact than the other two groups. Both SEM and BSEI showed that there was bone growth into the microporosity of both intermediate and porous ceramics, pore size range 1−2μ m, to a depth of about 6μm. The latter corresponds to the thickness of natural bone lamellae. In all implants examined, de novo bone formed on the ceramic surface by the initial production of a biological cement-line like interfacial extracellular matrix. The results clearly show that osteoconduction and bone-bonding are distinct mechanistic phenomena. While we assume the former to be a consequence of protein adsorption events culminating in anchorage of osteoblasts to the implant surface, the latter is the result of mechanical interdigitation of the extracellular matrix, produced by osteoblasts, with the microtopography of the implant surface.

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