Hostname: page-component-7b7567c8c-7pwfn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-11-14T16:51:35.720Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Solid Lubricating Films for Extreme Environments

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2011

Irwin L. Singer
Irwin L. Singer*
Affiliation:
U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6170. Washington D.C. 20375
Get access

Abstract

Advances in solid lubricating films for vacuum and high temperature applications are reviewed. Traditional lubricants (e.g. graphite and dichalcogenides) are being improved and new lubricating materials (e.g. amorphous carbons) are being discovered with the aid of recent developments in deposition processes and surface analytical methods. Ion bombardmenttreatments have increased film adhesion, lowered friction coefficients and enhanced the wearlife of MoS2 films, as well as created new forms of lubricating carbons (amorphous, polymeric and diamond-like). Composite films and multilayer coating treatments are providing extra protection for surface and films against environmental degradation. Ultralow friction coefficients (<0.01) have been achieved with MoS 2 as well as diamond-like carbon films. Material selection, in some cases (e.g. thin metal films), can nowbe made basedon scientific principles, although many tribomaterials are still being developed by trialand error methods.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

1. Todd, M.J., Tribology Int. 15, 331 (1982); also in New Materials Approaches to Tribology: Theory and Applications, edited by L.E. Pope, L. Fehrenbacher and W.O. Winer, (MRS Proc. 140, 1989).Google Scholar
2. Bowden, F.P., and Tabor, D., The Friction and Lubrication of Solids Part 2, (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1964), Chapter IV.Google Scholar
3. Iliuc, I., Tribology of Thin Layers (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1980). pp. 21–26.Google Scholar
4. Peterson, M.B., and Ramalingam, S., in Fundamentals of Friction and Wear of Materials, edited by Rigney, D.A. (A.S.M., Metals Park OH, 1981), pp. 331–372.Google Scholar
5. Johnson, K.L., Prod. Instn. Mech. Engrs. 196, 363 (1982).Google Scholar
6. Bowden, F.P., and Tabor, D., Part 2, op cit, Chapter XIII.Google Scholar
7. Briscoe, B.J. and Tabor, D., J. Adhesion 9, 145 (1978).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8. Kanakia, M.D., and Peterson, M.B., “Literature Review of Solid Lubrication Mechanisms,” Interim Report BFLRF No. 213 (AD A185010), Defense Tech Info. Center, Washington DC, Nov. 1986.Google Scholar
9. Spalvins, T., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 5, 212 (1987).Google Scholar
10. Haltner, A.J., Wear, 7, 102 (1964).Google Scholar
11. Roberts, E.W., Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Tribology - Friction, Lubrication and Wear. Fifty Years On, Vol. I, (July 1-3, 1987). p. 503.Google Scholar
12. Bowden, F.P., and Tabor, D., Part 2, op cit, Chapter XI.Google Scholar
13. Winer, W.O., Wear 10, 422 (1967).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14. Feng, H.C., and Chen, J.M., J. Phys. C 7, L75 (1974).Google Scholar
15. Fleischauer, P.D., and Bauer, R., ASLE Trans. 30, 160 (1987).Google Scholar
16. DeGee, A.W.J., Salomon, G., and Zaat, J.H., Trans. ASLE 8, 156 (1965).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17. Roberts, E.W., 20th AMS, NASA Conference Publication 2423, May 7-9, 1986.Google Scholar
18. Guinness Book of World Records (Bantam, New York, 1988) p. 182.Google Scholar
19. Fleischauer, P.D., Thin Solid Films 154, 309 (1987).Google Scholar
20. Buck, V., Wear 91, 281 (1983).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21. Hilton, M. and Fleischauer, P.D., in New Materials Approaches to Triboloav: Theory and Applications, edited by Pope, L.E., Fehrenbacher, L. and Winer, W.O., (MRS Proc. 140, 1989).Google Scholar
22. Spalvins, T., Thin Solid Films 96, 17 (1982).Google Scholar
23. Fleischauer, P.D. and Bauer, R., ASLE Trans. 31, 239 (1988).Google Scholar
24. Ehni, P.D. and Singer, I.L. in New Materials Approaches to Tribology: Theory and Applications, edited by Pope, L.E., Fehrenbacher, L. and Winer, W.O., (MRS Proc. 140, 1989).Google Scholar
25. Stupp, Bernard C., Thin Solid Films 84, 257 (1981).Google Scholar
26. Stupp, Bernard C., 3rd International Conference on Solid Lubrication, 7-10 August 1984. Denver CO. ASLE SP-14. p. 217.Google Scholar
27. Spalvins, T., Thin Solid Films 118, 375 (1984).Google Scholar
28. Niederhauser, P., Hintermann, H.E. and Maillat, M., Thin Solid Films 108, 209 (1983).Google Scholar
29. Muller, C., Menoud, C., Maillat, M., Hintermann, H.E., presented at the International Conference on Metallurgical Coatings, April, 1988, San Diego, CA.Google Scholar
30. Spalvins, T., NASA Tech. Memo. No. 79107, 1979.Google Scholar
31. Menoud, C., Zeming, G., Kocher, H., and Hintermann, H.E. presented at IPAT, May 1987, Brighton, GB.Google Scholar
32. Hirano, M., and Miyake, S. Appl. Phys. Lett. 47, 683 (1985).Google Scholar
33. Chevallier, J., Olesen, S., Sorensen, G., Gupta, B., Appl. Phys. Lett. 48, 876 (1986).Google Scholar
34. Kobs, K., Dimigen, H., Hubsch, H., Tolle, H.J., Leutenecker, R. and Ryssel, H., Appl. Phys. Lett. 49, 496 (1986).Google Scholar
35. Mikkelsen, N.J., Chevallier, J., Sorensen, G., and Straede, C.A., Appl. Phys. Lett. 52, 1130 (1988); and Mikkelsen, N. J., and G. Sorensen in New Materials Approaches to Tribology: Theory and Applications, edited by L.E. Pope, L. Fehrenbacher and W.O. Winer, (MRS Proc. 140, 1989).Google Scholar
36. Spalvins, T., Thin Solid Films 73, 291 (1980); ASLE Trans 17, 1 (1974).Google Scholar
37. Kuwano, H., and Nagai, K., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A3, 1809 (1985).Google Scholar
38. Kuwano, H., and Nagai, K., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A4, 2993 (1986).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39. Fusaro, R.L., Tribology Trans. 31, 174 (1988).Google Scholar
40. Bowers, R.C., and Zisman, W.A., J. Appl. Phys. 39, 5385 (1968).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41. Briscoe, B.J., Scruton, B. and Willis, F.R., Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 333, 99 (1973).Google Scholar
42. Briscoe, B.J. and Evans, D.C.B., Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 380, 389 (1982).Google Scholar
43. Seto, J., Nagai, T., Ishimoto, C. and Watanabe, H., Thin Solid Films 134, 101 (1985).Google Scholar
44. Bowden, F.P., and Tabor, D., Part 2, op cit p. 191.Google Scholar
45. Iliuc, I., op cit. p. 64.Google Scholar
46. Fusaro, R.L., Lubrication Eng. 43, 790 (1987).Google Scholar
47. Gardos, M.N., Tribology Trans. 31, 214 (1988).Google Scholar
48. Conte, A.A., ASLE Trans. 26, 200 (1983).Google Scholar
49. Fusaro, R.L., ASLE Trans. 26, 206 (1983).Google Scholar
50. Miyoshi, K., Buckley, D.H., and Srinivasan, M., Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. 62, 494 (1983).Google Scholar
51. Buckley, D.H., Surface Effects in Adhesion. Friction. Wear, and Lubrication, (Elsevier, New York, 1981). Chapters 8 and 9.Google Scholar
52. Weissmantel, C., Bewilogua, K., Breuer, K., Dietrich, D., Ebersbach, U., Erier, H.-J., Rau, B., and Reisse, G., Thin Solid Films 96, 31 (1982).Google Scholar
53. Enke, K., Dimigen, H., and Hubsch, H., Appl. Phys. Lett. 36, 291 (1980); Enke, K, Thin Solid Films 80, 227 (1981).Google Scholar
54. Miyake, S., Takahashi, S., Watanabe, I., and Yoshihara, H., ASLE Trans. 30, 121 (1987).Google Scholar
55. Memming, R., Tolle, H.J., and Wierenga, P.E., Thin Solid Films 143, 311 (1986).Google Scholar
56. Dimigen, H., Hubsch, H., and Memming, R., Appl. Phys. Lett 50, 1056 (1987).Google Scholar
57. Hioki, T., Itoh, A., Hibi, S. and Kawamoto, J., Presented at the NATO Summer Institute on “Structure-Property Relations in Surface Modified Ceramics,” Il Ciocco, Italy, September 1988. (to be published, ed. McHargue, C.J.).Google Scholar
58. Gupta, B.K., Kulshrestha, S. and Agarwal, A.K., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A5, 358 (1987).Google Scholar
59. Gerkema, J., Wear 102, 241 (1985).Google Scholar
60. Gerkema, J., and Miedema, A.R., Surf. Sci. 124, 351 (1983).Google Scholar
61. Lankford, J., Wei, W., and Kossowsky, R., J. Mat. Sci. 22, 2069 (1987); Wei, W., J. Lankford, and R. Kossowsky, Mat. Sci. and Eng. 90, 307 (1987).Google Scholar
62. Kohzaki, M., Noda, S., Doi, H., Kawamoto, H., Kamigaito, O., Mater. Letters A, 6 64 (1987).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
63. Hintermann, H.E., Wear 100, 381 (1984).Google Scholar
64. Boving, H., Hintermann, H.E., and Hanni, W., Proc. 3rd European Space Mechanisms & Tribology Symposium, (Madrid, Spain, Sept, 1987) pp. 155–159.Google Scholar
65. Bolster, R.N., Singer, I.L., Kant, R.A., Sartwell, B.D., and Gossett, C.R., Surf & Coatings Technol. 36, 781 (1988).Google Scholar
66. Miyoshi, K., Buckley, D.H., Pouch, J.J., Alterovitz, S.A., and Sliney, H.E., Surf. Coat. Technol. 33, 221 (1987).Google Scholar
67. Singer, I.L., in Ion Implantation and Ion Beam Processing of Materials, edited by Hubler, G.K., Holland, O.W., Clayton, C.R. and White, C.W. (North-Holland, NY, 1984) p. 585 and references therein.Google Scholar
68. Nastasi, M., Kossowsky, R., Hirvonen, J-P., and Elliott, N., J. Mater. Res. 3, 1072 (1988).Google Scholar
69. Hirvonen, J-P., Nastasi, M., and Mayer, J.W., Appl. Phys. Lett. 51, 232 (1987).Google Scholar
70. Jervis, T.R., Hirvonen, J-P., and Nastasi, M., J. Mater. Res. 3, 1104 (1988) and in New Materials Approaches to Tribologv: Theory and Applications, edited by L.E. Pope, L. Fehrenbacher and W.O. Winer, (MRS Proc. 140, 1989).Google Scholar
71. Ng, L., and Naerheim, Y., presented at the 1987 Ball Bearing Technical Symposium, Orlando, FL, 1987.Google Scholar
72. Pope, Larry E., Follstaedt, D.M., Knapp, J.A., and Barbour, J.C., Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 100, 175 (1988); also, presented at the International Conference on Metallurgical Coatings, San Diego, CA, April 1988.Google Scholar
73. Hutchings, R. and Oliver, W., Wear, 92, 143 (1983); R. Hutchings, Mater. Sci. Eng. f9, 129 (1985).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
74. Pons, F., Pivin, J.C., and Farges, G., J. Mater. Res. 2, 580 (1987).Google Scholar
75. Magie, P.M., Lubr. Eng. 22, 262 (1966).Google Scholar
76. Bose, D.J., ASLE Trans. 10, 19 (1967).Google Scholar
77. Gardos, M.N., ASLE Trans. 2. 8, 231 (1985).Google Scholar
78. Jamison, W.E., Proc. Third International Conference on Solid Lubrication, ASLE SP–14, p. 73, 1984.Google Scholar
79. Miyoshi, K., and Buckley, D.H., Wear 110, 295 (1986).Google Scholar
80. Stott, F.H., Glascott, J. and Wood, G.C., Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. A. 402, 167 (1985).Google Scholar
81. Peterson, M.B., Calabrese, S.J., and Stupp, B., Report No. AD 124248, Defense Tech Info. Center, Washington, DC, 1982.Google Scholar
82. Lindgren, J.R. and Johnson, W.R., Surf. Coat. Technol. 32, 249 (1987).Google Scholar
83. DellaCorte, C., and Sliney, H.E., ASLE Trans. 30, 77 (1987).Google Scholar
84. Sliney, H.E., J. Vac. Sci. Technol., A4, 2629 (1986).Google Scholar
85. , Bowden and , Tabor, Part II, o2 cit Chapter VII.Google Scholar
86. Longson, B., Tribology Inter. 16, 221 (1983)Google Scholar
87. Lancaster, J.K., J. of Tribology 107, 437 (1985).Google Scholar
88. Wei, W., Lankford, J., Singer, I.L. and Kossowsky, R., presented at the International Conference on Metallurgical Coatings, April 1988. (to be published in Surf & Coatings Technol.)Google Scholar