Hostname: page-component-7b7567c8c-7pwfn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-11-15T17:51:28.593Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Surface Chemical Characterization Methods Applied to Energetic Materials

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 February 2011

B. C. Beard and
I. Sharma
B. C. Beard
Affiliation:
Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division, White Oak, Silver Spring, MD 20903
I. Sharma
Affiliation:
Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division, White Oak, Silver Spring, MD 20903
Get access

Abstract

The reaction chemistry of energetic materials is often considered only with respect to the types and quantities of gaseous products formed. For a thorough understanding of the initi reaction steps, that largely determine the sensitivity of the material, both gaseous and solid products must be determined. In addition, it is the solid state partial decomposition intermediates remaining in a damaged material that can lead to increased sensitivity. The preference for the initial reactions to take place at the surface of particles and the low concentrations of intermediates formed demands the use of highly sensitive surface specific chemical probe techniques. State of the art surface chemical techniques will be discussed, focusing on x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and surface mass spectrometry. Principles of operation and performance will be highlighted, comparisons will be made to bulk chemical analysis, and examples of applications will be presented.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

1. Hoffsommer, J.C., Glover, D.J. and Elban, W.L., J. Energetic Materials, 3 (1985) 149.Google Scholar
2. Sharma, J., Hoffsommer, J.C., Glover, D.J., Coffey, C.S., Forbes, J.W., Liddiard, T.P., Elban, W.L. and Santiago, F., Eighth Symposium (International) on Detonation, July 15–19 1985, Albuquerque, New Mexico, NSWC MP 86–194, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Silver Spring MD. 20903-5000, pg 931.Google Scholar
3. Briggs, D. and Seah, M.P, Practical Surface Analysis, by Auger and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, John Wiley & Sons, New York, ©1983 Google Scholar
4. Methods and Phenomena 1 / Methods of Surface Analysis, Ed. Czanderna, A.W., Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co., Amsterdam, ©1975.Google Scholar
5. Leckey, R.C.G., J. Elec. Spectr. Rel. Phen., 43 (1987) 183 Google Scholar
6. “Cellulose Nitrate as a Binding Energy Reference in N(ls) XPS Studies of Nitrogen Containing Organic Molecules”, Beard, B.C., Applied Surface Science 45 (1990) 221.Google Scholar
7. Cros, A., J. Elect. Spectr. Rel. Phen., 59 (1992) 1 Google Scholar
8. Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, Basic Concepts, Instrumental Aspects, Applications and Trends, Benninghoven, A., Rudenauer, F.G. and Werner, H.W., Wiley-Interscience, Chemical Analysis series Volume 86, ©1987.Google Scholar
9. Becker, C.H. and Gillen, K.T., Anal, Chem. 56 (1984) 1671 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10. Schuhle, U., Pallix, J.B. and Becker, C.H., J. Vac. Sci. Tech.., A6(3) (1988) 936 Google Scholar
11. Becker, C.H. and Gillen, K.T., Anal. Chem., 56 (1984) 1671.Google Scholar
12. Schuhle, U., Pallix, J.B. and Becker, C.H., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 110 (1988) 2323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13. Sharma, J., Forbes, J.W., Coffey, C.S. and Liddiard, T.P., J. Phys. CHem., 91 (1987) 5139.Google Scholar
14. Comparative Study of Molecular Fragmentation in Sub-initiated TATB Caused by Impact, UV, Heat and Electron Beams, Sharma, J., Hoffsommer, J.C., Glover, D.J., Coffey, C.S., Santiago, F., in SHOCK WAVES IN CONDENSED MATTER - 1983, Asay, J.R., Graham, R.A. and Straub, F.K. (Editors), ©Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1984.Google Scholar
15. Willer, R.L., Technical Report No. TP 6397, 1982 Naval Weapons Center, China Lake, CA; Technical Report No. TP 6461, 1983, Naval Weapons Center, China Lake, CA.Google Scholar
16. Structure and Stability of Salts of Halogen Oxyacids in the Solid Phase, Solymosi, F., John Wiley & Sons, New York, ©1977, pg 259.Google Scholar
17. Kirk-Othmer, , Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Third Edition, Vol.5, ©1981, John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
18. Structure and Stability of Salts of Halogen Oxyacids in the Solid Phase, Solymosi, F., John Wiley & Sons, New York, ©1977, pg 129.Google Scholar
19. Structure and Stability of Salts of Halogen Oxyacids in the Solid Phase, Solymosi, F., John Wiley & Sons, New York, ©1977, pg 259.Google Scholar
20. Majer, J.R. and Smith, M., Combustion and Flame, 13 (1969) 635.Google Scholar
21. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, Cotton, F.A. and Wilkinson, F., Fifth Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, ©1988, Pg 332.Google Scholar
22. Dislocation Density Variation in Shocked Single Crystal Ammonium Perchlorate, Shock Compression of Condensed Matter 1991, Williamsburg, V A, Schmidt, S.C., Dick, R.D., Forbes, J.W. and Tasker, D.G (Editors), Pg,571, North-Holland, New York, ©1992.Google Scholar
23. “Correlation of Catastrophic Solid Rocket Motor Failure with Silicone Contamination at the Propellant/Liner Interface.” Beard, B.C. and Crowley, B., NSWC-TR-89-64, 1 March 1989.Google Scholar
24. “X-Ray Radiation Decomposition of (RDX), Cyclo-1,3,5-trimethylene-2,4,6-trinitramine, at Low Temperature: Initial Reaction Steps”, Beard, B.C., Propellants Explosives and Pyrotechnics, 16 (1991) 81.Google Scholar
25. Hoffsommer, J.C. and Glover, D.J., Combustion and Flame, 59 (1985) 303.Google Scholar