^1. Standard accounts are Braham, Randolph L., The Holocaust in Hungary, 2 vols. (New York, 1981); Janos, Andrew, The Politics of Backwardness in Hungary, 1825-1945 (Princeton, 1982); and Gy. Ránki, ed., Magyarország Története Tíz Kötetben, vol. 8 (Budapest, 1976).Google Scholar

^2. Details in Bernstein, Béla, ed., A negyvennyolcas magyar szabadságharc és a zsidók (Budapest, 1898; reissued 1939), ch. 2.Google Scholar

^3. Mark the disappointment about this in Gyula Szekfűu's classic Három Nemzedék (Budapest, 1920), pt. 4; and Klaus Schickert's Nazi Die Judenfrage in Ungarn (Essen, 1937), pp. 125ff.Google Scholar

^4. Király, Béla, “Peasant Movements in the 19th Century” in Held, Joseph, ed., The Modernization of Agriculture: Rural Transformation in Hungary, 1848-1975 (Boulder and New York, 1980), pp. 151ff.Google Scholar

^5. Erdei, Ferenc, A magyar falu (Budapest, 1940), pp. 48ff.Google Scholar

^6. Bibó, István, “A zsidókérdés Magyarországon,” in Harmadik út (London, 1960), p. 254.Google Scholar

^7. Convenient figures in István Hoóz, Népesedés politika és népesség fejlődés Magyarországon a két világháboru között (Budapest, 1970), pp. 67–68.Google Scholar

^8. Kerék, Mihály, A magyar fold (Budapest, 1941), pp. 112-13.Google Scholar

^9. Weis, István, A mai magyar társadalom (Budapest, 1930), chs. 1, 2.Google Scholar

^10. Effective summary in Gyula Borbandi, Der ungarische Populismus (Mainz, 1976), ch. 2.Google Scholar

^11. Thesis of Held, Joseph, “The Interwar Years and Agrarian Change,” in Held, ed., Modernization of Agriculture, pp. 293ff.Google Scholar

^12. Tendency of Marxists, for example, Ferenc Pölöskei and Kálmán Szakács, Földmunkas és szegényparaszt mozgalmak Magyarországon, 1848-1948, 2 vols. (Budapest, 1962)Google Scholar

^13. Janos, , Politics of Backwardness, pp. 240ff.Google Scholar

^14. Convenient statistics in Alajos Kovács, A zsidoság térfoglalása Magyarországon (Budapest, 1922); his A Csonkamagyarországi zsidóság a statisztika tükrében (Budapest, 1938); Ernő László, “Hungary's Jewry: A Demographic Overview, 1918-1945,” Hungarian Jewish Studies 2 (1969): 137-82; and Braham, The Holocaust in Hungary, p. 1143.Google Scholar

^15. László, , “Hungary's Jewry,” pp. 168-70Google Scholar

^16. Ibid., pp. 158-61Google Scholar

^17. Ibid., p. 150.Google Scholar

^18. Schickert, , Die Judenfrage, pp. 97ff; Kovács, A zsidoság térfoglalása, pp. 45ff.Google Scholar

^19. Kovács, , Csonkamagyarországi zsidóság a statisztika tükrében, pp. 39–47.Google Scholar

^20. McCagg, William O., Jewish Nobles and Genuises in Modern Hungary (Boulder and New York, 1972; reissue 1986), ch. 6; Ránki, Magyarország története, pp. 473ff.Google Scholar

^21. Sozan, Michael, “The Jews of Aba,” East European Quarterly 20 (1986): 195, n. 9.Google Scholar

^22. Ibid., pp. 179-80Google Scholar

^23. Ibid., p. 181.Google Scholar

^24. Ibid., p. 184.Google Scholar

^25. My Jewish Nobles and Geniuses provides background for the following. For the situation in Poland, see most recently Josef Marcus, Social and Political History of the Jews in Poland, 1919-1939 (Amsterdam, 1983), pts. 1 and 2; for Rumania, C. Iancu, Histoire des juifs en Rumanie (Aix, 1978).Google Scholar

^26. Gyula Illyés, People of the Puszta (Budapest, 1937), p. 7.Google Scholar

^27. Ibid., chs. 8, 9.Google Scholar

^28. Literature is cited by Peter Nagy in “The Ideas of the Hungarian Radical Right,” East European Quarterly 20 (1986): 215-25; George Barany, “Hungary: From Aristocratic to Proletarian Nationalism,” in Peter Sugar and Ivo J. Lederer, eds., Nationalism in Eastern Europe (Seattle, 1969), pp. 294ff; and Borbandi, Ungarischer Populismus, pp. 91ff.Google Scholar

^29. Király, Béla, “Peasant Movements in the Twentieth Century,” Mondernization of Agriculture, pp. 319ff.Google Scholar

^30. There is a clear account in Borbandi, Ungarischer Populismus; see also the useful belittlement of village-exploring “sociography” in Michael Sozan, The History of Hungarian Ethnography (Washington, 1977), pp. 245ff.Google Scholar

^31. Cf. Révai's, József 1937 essay, “Marxismus és népiesség,” in his Marxismus, népiesség, magyarság (Budapest, 1949).Google Scholar

^32. Juhász, Gyula, “Hungarian Intellectual Life and the ‘Jewish Problem’ During World War II,” in Braham, Randolph L., ed., The Holocaust in Hungary Forty Years Later (New York, 1985), esp. pp. 65ff.Google Scholar

^33. A Marxist account is provided by Kálmán Szakács, Kaszáskeresztesek (Budapest, 1963). Sectarianism is emphasized in Kovács, Imre, A néma forradalom (Budapest, 1937), pp. 246ff. See also Király, “Peasant Movements in the Twentieth Century,” p. 342; and István Deák, “Hungarian Fascism,” in Hans Rogger and Eugene Weber, eds., The European Right (Berkeley, 1965), pp. 383ff.Google Scholar

^34. Bibó, “Zsidókérdés Magyarországon,” pt. 2, esp. pp. 275ff.Google Scholar

^35. A comparative view is given in Ezra Mendelsohn, The Jews of East Central Europe Between the Two Wars (Bloomington, 1983), ch. 2.Google Scholar

^36. In general, see Bitton, Livia, “Jewish Nationalism in Hungary,” unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, New York University, 1968.Google Scholar

^37. Farkas, Dezső, A magyarországi szociáldemokrata Párt és az agrárkérdés (Budapest, 1974).Google Scholar

^38. Nagy, Zsuzsa L., “A liberális ellenzék pártjai és szervezetei, 1919-1944,” in Történelmi Szemle (1976), pp. 335ff.Google Scholar