Pampas deer, which are on the verge of extinction in Argentina, have declined in Uruguay to an estimated 1000 animals. Mostly they occur in small scattered herds, which have survived because of their remoteness and the absence of sheep, and because a small number of landowners have protected them. Sheep, however, are likely to spread because rising oil prices have made synthetic fibres more expensive and wool more competitive. The authors recommend the measures that should be taken quickly, including action against poaching, a study to find out the deer's needs, and steps to set up both reserves and captive breeding units.