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² Orwell, , op. cit., 241f.Google Scholar A similar point was made by Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan ch. 5: ‘If a man should talk to me of “a round quadrangle”, or “accidents of bread in cheese”; or “immaterial substances”; or of a “free subject”; or “free will”; or any “free”, but free from being hindered by opposition, I should not say he were in error, but that his words were without meaning, that is to say, absurd’.

³ O'Brien speaks: Orwell, , op. cit., 213.Google Scholar

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⁵ See Tugwell, Simon, Humanity, Immortality and the Redemption of Death (London: Darton Longman & Todd, 1989).Google Scholar

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⁷ Robinson, H., Matter and Sense (Cambridge University Press, 1982), 82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁸ Cupitt, D., Creation out of Nothing (London: SCM Press, 1990), 183.Google Scholar

⁹ Satan speaks: Milton, J., Paradise Lost 1.250–6.Google Scholar

¹⁰ History of the Peloponnesian War 3.82.Google Scholar Cf. Naipaul, V. S., Among the Believers (London: Andre Deutsch, 1981), 34Google Scholar: ‘One of the English-language magazines I bought was… The Message of Peace, and, as its title warned, it was full of rage’.

¹¹ ‘To know and not to know, to be conscious of complete truthfulness while telling carefully constructed lies, to hold simultaneously two opinions which cancelled out…; to use logic against logic, to repudiate morality while laying claim to it…; to forget whatever was necessary to forget, then to draw it back into memory again at the moment when it was needed, and then promptly to forget it again…’; Orwell, op. cit., 31f; see also 171.

¹² Orwell, , op. cit., 45f.Google Scholar ‘As the Party slogan put it: “Proles and animals are free.”’: ibid., 61.

¹³ See Parfit, Derek, Reasons and Persons (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984).Google Scholar

¹⁴ O'Brien speaks; Orwell, , op. cit., 212.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Orwell, , op. cit., 50.Google Scholar

¹⁶ O'Brien speaks: Orwell, , op. cit., 215.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Frost speaks: Lewis, C. S., That Hideous Strength (London: Bodley Head, 1945), 318f.Google Scholar Lewis's story deals with the (miraculously thwarted) attempt to establish a society very much like Orwell's world, and makes much clearer than Orwell's story does how ordinarily sinful people could come to accept the establishment of Hell-on-earth.

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²⁰ O'Brien speaks: ibid., 214.

²¹ O'Brien speaks: ibid., 197: see also, after Winston's psychological destruction, 238.

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²³ Orwell, , op. cit., 52.Google Scholar

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²⁶ O'Brien speaks, in the Ministry of Love: Orwell, , op. cit., 204.Google Scholar

²⁷ Ibid., 208.

²⁸ Orwell, , op. cit., 51.Google Scholar

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³⁰ ‘“Always there will be the intoxication of power, constantly increasing and constantly growing subtler. Always at every moment, there will be the thrill of victory, the sensation of trampling on an enemy who is helpless”’; O'Brien speaks, Orwell, , op. cit., 215.Google Scholar

³¹ Orwell, , op. cit., 233.Google Scholar

³² Orwell, , op. cit., 102.Google Scholar

³³ Orwell, , op. cit., 176.Google Scholar

³⁴ Orwell, , op. cit., 215.Google Scholar The same prophecy was made by Wickson, in London's, JackThe Iron Heel (Moscow & Leningrad: Cooperative Publishing Society of Foreign Workers in the USSR, 1934; first published 1907), 94f.Google Scholar London's future history is very like Orwell's: what Orwell realized was that the organization of Revolutionary Fighting Groups (ibid., 220ff.) that permeates the organization of the Iron Heel would actually serve the Heel's purposes, and that Socialism itself would serve as the overt ideology of the oppressors (as the Foreign Workers Press so lamentably failed to see). P. Vaillant-Couturier's complacent praise, in the introduction to the Foreign Workers' edition, of the USSR as ‘a revolutionary people that nothing can vanquish because it is armed with a correct doctrine, applied in a consistent manner by a disciplined Party, with the enlightened and enthusiastic support of the masses’ is a reminder that Orwell did not have to invent Ingsoc.

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³⁶ Orwell, ibid.

³⁷ Orwell, , op. cit., 86.Google Scholar

³⁸ Rorty, R., Consequences of Pragmatism (Minneapolis: University of Min nesota Press, 1982), xlii.Google Scholar See Stout, J., Ethics since Babel (Cambridge: James Clarke & Co:, 1990), 257.Google Scholar Stout goes on to say, contra Rorty, that he and ‘the example of every remaining virtuous person, as well as whatever exemplary lives we can keep alive in memory’ can still Condemn the torturer (ibid., 259). But that is to miss Orwell's point.

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⁴¹ Stout, , op. cit., 257 (my italics).Google Scholar

⁴² Gabriel Gale speaks: Chesterton, G. K., The Poet and the Lunatics (London: Darwen Finlayson, 1962; 1st ed. 1949), 91f.Google Scholar

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⁴⁸ Goldstein's, Book: Orwell, , op. cit., 167.Google Scholar Big Brother's face, by the way, is ‘black-haired, black-moustachio'd, full of power and mysterious calm, and so vast that it almost filled up the screen’: ibid., 16.

⁴⁹ Winston meditates: Orwell, , op. cit., 223.Google Scholar See also O'Brien: ibid., 200: ‘reality is not external. Reality exists in the mind of the Party, which is collective and immortal’.

⁵⁰ See my ‘Cupitt and Divine Imagining’: Modern Theology 5, 1988, 45–60.Google Scholar

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⁵² Orwell, , op. cit., 68.Google Scholar The preceding sentence (‘They [the Party intellectuals] were wrong and he was right!’) echoes the Chanson de Roland: ‘Paiens ont tort. Chrétiens ont droit!’

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⁵⁴ Contrast Sartre, J.-P., Nausea (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1965)Google Scholar and Murdoch, I., The Sovereignty of Good (Cambridge University Press, 1967), 41.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ Chesterton, G. K., The Napoleon of Notting Hill (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1946; first published 1904), 154.Google Scholar

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⁵⁷ Chesterton, , Notting Hill, op. cit., 64.Google Scholar

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⁶³ Augustine, , De Libero Arbitrio 2.13.35Google Scholar: The Teacher, The Free Choice of the Will & Grace and Free Will, tr. Russell, R. P. (Washington: Catholic University of America Press, 1968), 144.Google Scholar

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