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Initial prominence and progressive vowel harmony in Tutrugbu

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2026

Adam G. McCollum and
James Essegbey
Adam G. McCollum*
Affiliation:
Rutgers University, Department of Linguistics, 18 Seminary Place, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
James Essegbey*
Affiliation:
University of Florida, Department of Languages, Literatures, and Cultures, 1012 Turlington Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
*
adam.mccollum@rutgers.edu
essegbey@ufl.edu
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Abstract

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One of the key elements of constraint-based formalisms is their ability to derive a variety of effects from the interaction of general constraints. As for vowel harmony, one persistent question within Optimality Theory is how to encode directionality - directly through directional harmony-driving constraints, or indirectly through asymmetric prominence patterns. This paper presents a typologically unusual case of progressive harmony triggered by prefixes in Tutrugbu. We compare analyzing harmony as purely progressive in a direct sense with an indirect analysis that motivates harmony from initial-syllable prominence. Based on both language-internal and typological evidence, we argue that the prominence-based analysis is superior. We generalize to suggest that progressive harmony should always be reducible to independent factors, and as a result, formalized indirectly through prominence.

Keywords

vowel harmonydirectionalityprominencetypologyKwa

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
Phonological Data and Analysis , Volume 2 , Issue 3 , 2020, pp. 1 - 37
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BY
Published by the Linguistic Society of America with permission of the authors under a CC BY 3.0 license.
Copyright
Copyright © 2020 Adam G. McCollum & James Essegbey.

Footnotes

*

We would like to thank the Tutrugbu speakers who shared their language with us, in addition to Sharon Rose, Eric Baković, and Ginger Boyd for their insightful comments on earlier drafts. We would also like to thank Rachel Walker and three reviewers at Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, as well as Eugene Buckley and two anonymous PDA reviewers for their immensely useful feedback. Any errors are almost certainly the first author's.

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