Hostname: page-component-7b7567c8c-2n9c9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-11-14T08:39:24.678Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Rolling Out Revolution: Using Radiocarbon Dating in Archaeology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 July 2016

Alex Bayliss
Alex Bayliss*
Affiliation:
English Heritage, 1 Waterhouse Square, 138-142 Holborn, London, EC1N 2ST, United Kingdom. Email: Alex.Bayliss@english-heritage.org.uk
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the 'Save PDF' action button.

Sixty years ago, the advent of radiocarbon dating rewrote archaeological chronologies around the world. Forty years ago, the advent of calibration signaled the death knell of the diffusionism that had been the mainstay of archaeological thought for a century. Since then, the revolution has continued, as the extent of calibration has been extended ever further back and as the range of material that can be dated has been expanded. Now a new revolution beckons, one that could allow archaeology to engage in historical debate and usher in an entirely new kind of (pre)history. This paper focuses on more than a decade of experience in utilizing Bayesian approaches routinely for the interpretation of 14C dates in English archaeology, discussing both the practicalities of implementing these methods and their potential for changing archaeological thinking.

Information

Type
Archaeology
Information
Radiocarbon , Volume 51 , Issue 1 , 2009, pp. 123 - 147
Copyright
Copyright © 2009 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona 

References

REFERENCES

Allen, MJ, Bayliss, A. 1995. Appendix 2: the radiocarbon dating programme. In: Cleal, RMJ, Walker, KE, Montague, R. Stonehenge in Its Landscape: Twentieth-Century Excavations. Swindon: English Heritage Archaeological Report 10. p 511–35.Google Scholar
Allen, MJ, Bayliss, A. 2008. Dating the Neolithic monuments. In: Allen MJ, Leivers M, Ellis C. Neolithic causewayed enclosures and later prehistoric farming: duality, imposition, and the role of predecessors at Kingsborough, Isle of Sheppey, Kent, UK. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 74:263–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnold, JR, Libby, WF. 1949. Age determinations by radiocarbon content: checks with samples of known age. Science 110(2869):678–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arnold, JR, Libby, WF. 1951. Radiocarbon dates. Science 113(2927):111–20.Google Scholar
Ashmore, PJ. 1999. Radiocarbon dating: avoiding errors by avoiding mixed samples. Antiquity 73(279):124–30.Google Scholar
Baillie, MGL. 1991. Suck-in and smear: two related chronological problems for the 90s. Journal of Theoretical Archaeology 2:12–6.Google Scholar
Barclay, A, Bayliss, A. 1999. Cursus monuments and the radiocarbon problem. In: Barclay, A, Harding, J, editors. Pathways and Ceremonies: The Cursus Monuments of Britain and Ireland. Neolithic Studies Group Seminar Paper 4. Oxford: Oxbow. p 11–29.Google Scholar
Bayliss, A. 1995. Radiocarbon dates. In: Ratcliffe J. Duckpool, Morwenstow: a Romano-British and early medieval industrial site and harbour. Cornish Archaeology 34:81–171.Google Scholar
Bayliss, A. 2002a. The radiocarbon dating. In: Sidell, J, Cotton, J, Rayner, L, Wheeler, L. The Prehistory and Topography of Southwark and Lambeth. London: Museum of London Archaeology Service Monograph 14. p 26–7.Google Scholar
Bayliss, A. 2002b. Radiocarbon analyses of human bone from Bainesse (Site 46). In: Wilson, P. Cataractonium: Roman Catterick and Its Hinterland, Excavations and Research 1958–1997. York: Council for British Archaeology Research Report 129. p 381–2.Google Scholar
Bayliss, A. 2005. Radiocarbon dates. In: Wallis, H. Excavations at Mill Lane, Thetford, 1995. Braintree: East Anglian Archaeology Report 108. p 111–3.Google Scholar
Bayliss, A. 2007. Bayesian buildings: an introduction for the numerically challenged. Vernacular Architectecture 38:75–86.Google Scholar
Bayliss, A, Bronk Ramsey, C. 2004. Pragmatic Bayesians: a decade integrating radiocarbon dates into chronological models. In: Buck, CE, Millard, AR, editors. Tools for Constructing Chronologies: Tools for Crossing Disciplinary Boundaries. London: Springer. p 25–41.Google Scholar
Bayliss, A, Bronk Ramsey, C. 2007. Radiocarbon dating. In: Barrowman, RC, Batey, CE, Morris, CD. Excavations at Tintagel Castle, Cornwall, 1990–1999. Report to the Research Committee, Society of Antiquaries of London 74. p 297–8.Google Scholar
Bayliss, A, Harry, R. 1997. The radiocarbon dating programme. In: Harry R, Morris C. Excavations on the lower terrace, site C, Tintagel Island 1990–94. The Antiquaries Journal 77:108–15.Google Scholar
Bayliss, A, Hey, G. 2004. Scientific dating. In: Hey, G. Yarnton Saxon and Medieval Settlement and Landscape. Thames Valley Landscape Monograph 20. Oxford: Oxford Archaeology. p 255–66.Google Scholar
Bayliss, A, Pryor, F. 2001. Radiocarbon and absolute chronology. In: Pryor, F. The Flag Fen Basin: Archaeology and Environment of a Fenland Landscape. Swindon: English Heritage Archaeological Report. p 390–9.Google Scholar
Bayliss, A, Whittle, A, editors. 2007. Histories of the dead: building chronologies for five southern British long barrows [special issue]. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 17(Supplement S1).Google Scholar
Bayliss, A, Pettitt, P, Malim, T. 1996. The radiocarbon determinations. In: Malim T. New Evidence on the Cambridgeshire Dykes and Worsted Street Roman Road. Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 85:95–8.Google Scholar
Bayliss, A, Bronk Ramsey, C, McCormac, FG. 1997. Dating Stonehenge. In: Cunliffe, B, Renfrew, C, editors. Science and Stonehenge. Proceedings of the British Academy 92. London: British Academy. p 39–59.Google Scholar
Bayliss, A, Groves, C, McCormac, G, Baillie, M, Brown, D, Brennand, M. 1999. Precise dating of the Norfolk timber circle. Nature 402(6761):479.Google Scholar
Bayliss, A, Cook, GT, McCormac, FG, Pettitt, P. 2002. The radiocarbon determinations. In: Rudling, D, editor. Downland Settlement and Landuse: The Archaeology of the Brighton Bypass. UCL Field Archaeology Unit Monograph 1. London: Archetype and English Heritage. p 239–48.Google Scholar
Bayliss, A, Barclay, A, Lambrick, G, Robinson, M. 2003a. Radiocarbon determinations. In: Barclay, AJ, Lambrick, G, Moore, J, Robinson, M. Cursus Monuments in the Upper Thames Valley: Excavations at the Drayton and Lechlade Cursuses. Thames Valley Landscapes Monograph 15. Oxford: Oxford Archaeology. p 180–5.Google Scholar
Bayliss, A, Groves, C, McCormac, FG, Bronk Ramsey, C, Baillie, MGL, Brown, D, Cook, GT, Switsur, RV. 2003b. Dating. In: Clark, P. The Dover Bronze Age Boat. Swindon: English Heritage Archaeology Monograph. p 250–5.Google Scholar
Bayliss, A, Evans, C, McCormac, FG, Bronk Ramsey, C. 2003c. Absolute chronology. In: Evans, C. Power and Island Communities: Excavations at the Wardy Hill Ringwork, Coveney, Isle of Ely. Braintree: East Anglian Archaeology Report 103. p 238–49.Google Scholar
Bayliss, A, Shepherd Popescu, E, Beavan-Athfield, N, Bronk Ramsey, C, Cook, GT, Locker, A. 2004. The potential significance of dietary offsets for the interpretation of radiocarbon dates: an archaeologically significant example from medieval Norwich. Journal of Archaeological Science 31(5):563–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayliss, A, Thomas, N, Bronk Ramsey, C, McCormac, FG. 2005. Interpreting chronology. In: Conderton Camp, Hereford and Worcester: A Small Middle Iron Age Hillfort on Bredon Hill. York: Council for British Archaeology Research Report 143. p 237–45.Google Scholar
Bayliss, A, Brett, M, Bronk Ramsey, C, Collard, M, Meadows, J, van der Plicht, J. 2006. Radiocarbon dating. In: Collard M, Darvill T, Watts M. Ironworking in the Bronze Age? Evidence from a 10th-century BC settlement at Hartshill Copse, Upper Bucklebury, West Berkshire. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 72:381–4.Google Scholar
Bayliss, A, Bronk Ramsey, C, van der Plicht, J, Whittle, A. 2007a. Bradshaw and Bayes: towards a timetable for the Neolithic. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 17(Supplement S1):1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayliss, A, Boomer, I, Bronk Ramsey, C, Hamilton, D, Waddington, C. 2007b. Chapter 6: Absolute Dating. In: Waddington, C, editor. Mesolithic Settlement in the North Sea Basin: A Case Study from Howick, North-East England. Oxford: Oxbow. p 65–74.Google Scholar
Bayliss, A, Benson, D, Galer, D, Humphrey, L, McFadyen, L, Whittle, A. 2007c. One thing after another: the date of the Ascott-under-Wychwood long barrow. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 17(Supplement S1):29–44.Google Scholar
Bayliss, A, Whittle, A, Wysocki, M. 2007d. Talking about my generation: the date of the West Kennet long barrow. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 17(Supplement S1):85–101.Google Scholar
Bayliss, A, McAvoy, F, Whittle, A. 2007e. The world recreated: redating Silbury Hill in its monumental landscape. Antiquity 81(311):26–53.Google Scholar
Bayliss, A, Cook, GT, Heighway, C. 2007f. Chapter 14: Radiocarbon Dating. In: Mays, S, Harding, C, Heighway, C. Wharram: A Study of Settlement on the Yorkshire Wolds, XI (the Churchyard). York: York University Archaeology Publications 13. p 193–215.Google Scholar
Bayliss, A, Whittle, A, Healy, F. 2008. Timing, tempo and temporalities in the early Neolithic of southern Britain. In: Fokkens, H, Coles, BJ, van Gijn, AL, Kleijne, JP, Ponjee, HH, Slappendel, CG, editors. Between Foraging and Farming: An Extended Broad Spectrum of Papers Presented to Leendert Louwe Kooijmans. Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia 40. Leiden: Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University. p 26–42.Google Scholar
Bayliss, A, Bronk Ramsey, C, Cook, G, Ladle, L, Meadows, J, van der Plicht, J, Scaife, R, Woodward, A. Forthcoming. Chapter 6: Radiocarbon Dating. In: Ladle, L, Woodward, A. Excavations at Bestwall Quarry, Wareham, 1992–2005, Volume 1: The Prehistoric Landscape. Dorchester: Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society Monograph.Google Scholar
Berstan, R, Stott, AW, Minnitt, S, Bronk Ramsey, C, Hedges, REM, Evershed, RP. 2008. Direct dating of pottery from its organic residues: new precision using compound-specific carbon isotopes. Antiquity 82(317):702–13.Google Scholar
Binford, SR, Binford, LR. 1968. New Perspectives in Archaeology. Chicago: Aldine. 374 p.Google Scholar
Blaauw, M, Christen, JA. 2005. Radiocarbon peat chronologies and environmental change. Applied Statistics 54(4):805–16.Google Scholar
Blackwell, PG, Buck, CE. 2003. The Late Glacial human reoccupation of north-western Europe: new approaches to space-time modelling. Antiquity 77(296):232–40.Google Scholar
Blockley, SPE, Lowe, JJ, Walker, MJC, Asioli, A, Trincardi, F, Coope, GR, Donahue, RE. 2004. Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon chronologies: examples from the European Late-glacial. Journal of Quaternary Science 19(2):159–75.Google Scholar
Blockley, SPE, Blaauw, M, Bronk Ramsey, C, van der Plicht, J. 2007. Building and testing age models for radiocarbon dates in Lateglacial and Holocene sediments. Quaternary Science Reviews 26(15–16):1915–26.Google Scholar
Boomer, I, Waddington, C, Stevenson, T, Hamilton, D. 2007. Holocene coastal change and geoarchaeology at Howick, Northumberland, UK. The Holocene 17(1):89–104.Google Scholar
Bronk Ramsey, C. 1994. Analysis of chronological information and radiocarbon calibration: the program OxCal. Archaeological Computing Newsletter 41:11–6.Google Scholar
Bronk Ramsey, C. 1995. Radiocarbon calibration and analysis of stratigraphy: the OxCal program. Radiocarbon 37(2):425–30.Google Scholar
Bronk Ramsey, C. 1998. Probability and dating. Radiocarbon 40(1):461–74.Google Scholar
Bronk Ramsey, C. 2001. Development of the radiocarbon calibration program. Radiocarbon 43(2A):355–63.Google Scholar
Bronk Ramsey, C. 2008. Deposition models for chronological records. Quaternary Science Reviews 27(1–2):42–60.Google Scholar
Brown, A. 2007. Dating the onset of cereal cultivation in Britain and Ireland: the evidence from charred cereal grains. Antiquity 81(314):1042–52.Google Scholar
Buck, CE, Litton, CD. 1995. The radiocarbon chronology: further consideration of the Danebury dataset. In: Cunliffe, B, editor. Danebury: An Iron Age Hillfort in Hampshire, Volume 6, A Hillfort Community in Hamp. York: Council for British Archaeology Research Report 102. p 130–6.Google Scholar
Buck, CE, Kenworthy, JB, Litton, CD, Smith, AFM. 1991. Combining archaeological and radiocarbon information: a Bayesian approach to calibration. Antiquity 65(249):808–21.Google Scholar
Buck, CE, Litton, CD, Smith, AFM. 1992. Calibration of radiocarbon results pertaining to related archaeological events. Journal of Archaeological Science 19(5):497–512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buck, CE, Christen, JA, Kenworthy, JB, Litton, CD. 1994a. Estimating the duration of archaeological activity using 14C determinations. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 13(2):229–40.Google Scholar
Buck, CE, Litton, CD, Scott, EM. 1994b. Making the most of radiocarbon dating: some statistical considerations. Antiquity 68(259):252–63.Google Scholar
Buck, CE, Cavanagh, WG, Litton, CD. 1996. Bayesian Approach to Interpreting Archaeological Data. Chichester: Wiley. 402 p.Google Scholar
Buck, CE, Christen, JA, James, GN. 1999. BCal: an on-line Bayesian radiocarbon calibration tool. Internet Archaeology 7: http://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue7/buck_index.html.Google Scholar
Callow, WJ, Baker, MJ, Pritchard, DH. 1963. National Physics Laboratory radiocarbon measurements I. Radiocarbon 5:34–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chiverrell, RC, Foster, GC, Thomas, GSP, Marshall, P, Hamilton, D. 2008. Robust chronologies for landform development. Earth Surface Processes and Land-forms 34(2):319–28.Google Scholar
Christen, JA. 1994. Summarizing a set of radiocarbon determinations: a robust approach. Applied Statistics 43(3):489–503.Google Scholar
Christen, JA, Clymo, RS, Litton, CD. 1995. A Bayesian approach to the use of 14C dates in the estimation of the age of peat. Radiocarbon 37(2):431–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, G. 1961. World Prehistory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 283 p.Google Scholar
Clarke, DL. 1973. Archaeology: the loss of innocence. Antiquity 47(185):6–18.Google Scholar
Crowson, A, Bayliss, A. 1999. Dating a burnt mound and its beakers at Northwold, Norfolk. Mémoires de la Societé Préhistorique Française 26:243–8.Google Scholar
Dark, P, Higham, TFG, Jacobi, R, Lord, TC. 2006. New radiocarbon accelerator dates on artefacts from the early Mesolithic site of Star Carr, North Yorkshire. Archaeometry 48(1):185–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dean, JS. 1993. Geoarchaeological perspectives on the past: chronological considerations. In: Stein, JK, Linse, AR, editors. Effects of Scale on Archaeological and Geoscientific Perspectives. Boulder: Geological Society of America Special Paper 283. p 59–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennell, R. 1987. Accelerator dating: the first years reviewed. Antiquity 61(231):137–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dobres, M-A, Robb, JE. 2000. Agency and Archaeology. New York: Routledge. 288 p.Google Scholar
Foxhall, L. 2000. The running sands of time: archaeology and the short-term. World Archaeology 31(3):484–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fletcher, M, Lock, GR. 1991. Digging Numbers: Elementary Statistics for Archaeologists. Oxford: Oxford University Committee for Archaeology.Google Scholar
Gearey, BR, Marshall, P, Hamilton, D. Forthcoming. Correlating archaeological and palaeoenvironmental records using a Bayesian approach: a case study from Sutton Common, South Yorkshire, England. Journal of Archaeological Science.Google Scholar
Germany, M. 2007. Neolithic and Bronze Age Monuments and Middle Iron Age Settlement at Lodge Farm, St Osyth, Essex. Braintree: East Anglian Archaeology Report 117.Google Scholar
Hamilton, WD, Bayliss, A, Bronk Ramsey, C, Meadows, J, van der Plicht, H. 2007a. Chapter 4: Radiocarbon Dating. In: Germany, M. Neolithic and Bronze Age Monuments and Middle Iron Age Settlement at Lodge Farm, St Osyth, Essex. Braintree: East Anglian Archaeology Report 117. p 95–102.Google Scholar
Hamilton, WD, Bayliss, A, Menuge, A, Bronk Ramsey, C, Cook, G. 2007b. “Rev Thomas Bayes: Get Ready To Wiggle” – Bayesian modelling, radiocarbon wiggle-matching, and the North Wing of Baguley Hall. Vernacular Architectecture 38:87–97.Google Scholar
Hamilton, WD, Marshall, P, Roberts, HM, Bronk Ramsey, C, Cook, G. 2008. Appendix 1 Gwithian: scientific dating. In: Nowakowski, JA, Quinnell, H, Sturgess, J, Thomas, C, Thorpe, C, editors. Return to Gwithian: shifting the sands of time. Cornish Archaeology 46:61–70.Google Scholar
Hamilton, WD, Marshall, PD, Bronk Ramsey, C, Cook, G, van der Plicht, J. 2009. Radiocarbon dating. In: Carver, M, Hills, C, Scheschkewitz, J. Wasperton: A Roman, British, and Anglo-Saxon Community in Central England. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. p 45–8.Google Scholar
Harris, DR, Gove, HE, Damon, P. 1987. The impact on archaeology of radiocarbon dating by accelerator mass spectrometry. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A 323(1569):23–43.Google Scholar
Harris, EC. 1989. The Principals of Archaeological Stratigraphy. 2nd edition. London: Academic Press. 170 p.Google Scholar
Haselgrove, C, Armit, I, Champion, T, Creighton, J, Gwilt, A, Hill, JD, Hunter, F, Woodward, A. 2001. Understanding the British Iron Age: An Agenda for Action. Salisbury: Wessex Archaeology.Google Scholar
Hedges, REM, Tiemei, C, Housley, RA. 1992. Results and methods in the radiocarbon dating of pottery. Radiocarbon 34(3):906–15.Google Scholar
Hey, G, Bayliss, A, Boyle, A. 1998. Iron Age inhumation burials at Yarnton, Oxfordshire. Antiquity 73(281):551–62.Google Scholar
Hodder, I, editor. 1987. Archaeology as Long-Term History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 145 p.Google Scholar
Hodder, I. 1992. Theory and Practice in Archaeology. New York: Routledge. 249 p.Google Scholar
Jones, M, Nicholls, G. 1999. New radiocarbon calibration software. Radiocarbon 44(3):663–74.Google Scholar
Karlsberg, AJ. 2006. Flexible Bayesian methods for archaeological dating [unpublished PhD dissertation]. University of Sheffield.Google Scholar
Kromer, B, Becker, B. 1993. German oak and pine 14C calibration, 7200–9439 BC. Radiocarbon 35(1):125–35.Google Scholar
Lanting, JN, van der Plicht, J. 1994. 14C AMS: pros and cons for archaeology. Palaeohistoria 35/36:1–12.Google Scholar
Lanting, JN, Aerts-Bijma, AT, van der Plicht, J. 2001. Dating of cremated bones. Radiocarbon 43(2A):249–54.Google Scholar
Le Goff, J. 1989. After Annales: the life as history. Times Literary Supplement (14–20 April 1989):394, 405.Google Scholar
Libby, WF. 1951. Radiocarbon dates, II. Science 114(2960):291–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marshall, PD. 2003. The radiocarbon dates. In: Dodd, A, editor. Oxford Before the University: The Late Saxon and Norman Archaeology of the Thames Crossing, the Defences, and the Town. Thames Valley Landscape Monograph 17. Oxford: Oxford Archaeology. p 417–26.Google Scholar
Marshall, PD. 2004. Radiocarbon determinations. In: Quinnell, H. Trethurgy: Excavations at Trethurgy Round, St Austell: Community and Status in Roman and Post-Roman Cornwall. Truro: Cornwall County Council. p 161–5.Google Scholar
Marshall, PD, Hamilton, D. 2007. Phasing and dating: radiocarbon dating. In: Van de Noort, R, Chapman, HP, Collis, JR, editors. Sutton Common: The Excavation of an Iron Age “Marsh-Fort.” York: Council for British Archaeology Research Report 154. p 93–4.Google Scholar
Marshall, PD, van der Plicht, J. 2005. Dating. In: Schulting R. ‘… Pursuing a rabbit in Burrington Combe’: new research on the early Mesolithic burial cave of Aveline's Hole. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 23:226–33.Google Scholar
Marshall, PD, Hamilton, WD, Thomas, J, Cook, G, Bronk Ramsey, C. 2008a. Radiocarbon dating. In: Thomas, J. Monument, Memory, and Myth: Use and Re-Use of Three Bronze Age Round Barrows at Cossington Leicestershire. Leicester: Leicester Archaeology Monographs 14. p 94–101.Google Scholar
Marshall, PD, Allen, T, Higham, T, van der Plicht, J, Sparks, R. 2008b. Radiocarbon dating. In: Allen, T, Kamash, Z. Saved from the Grave: Neolithic to Saxon Discoveries at Spring Road Municipal Cemetery, Abingdon, Oxfordshire. Thames Valley Landscapes Monograph 28. Oxford: Oxford Archaeology. p 61–3.Google Scholar
Masefield, R, Bayliss, A, McCormac, FG. 2004. New scientific dating of the later Bronze Age wells at Swalecliffe, Kent. The Antiquaries Journal 84:334–9.Google Scholar
Meadows, J, Barclay, A, Bayliss, A. 2007. A short passage of time: the dating of the Hazleton long cairn revisited. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 17(Supplement S1):45–64.Google Scholar
Mercer, R, Healy, F. 2008. Hambledon Hill, Dorset, England: Excavation and Survey of a Neolithic Monument Complex and Its Surrounding Landscape. Swindon: English Heritage. 816 p.Google Scholar
Naylor, JC, Smith, AFM. 1988. An archaeological inference problem. Journal of the American Statistical Association 83:588–95.Google Scholar
Needham, S, Bronk Ramsey, C, Coombs, D, Cartwright, C, Pettitt, P. 1998. An independent chronology for British Bronze Age metalwork: the results of the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Programme. Archaeological Journal 154:55–107.Google Scholar
Parker Pearson, M, Cleal, R, Marshall, P, Needham, S, Pollard, J, Richards, C, Ruggles, C, Sheridan, A, Thomas, J, Tilley, C, Welham, K, Chamberlain, A, Chenery, C, Evans, J, Knüsel, C, Linford, N, Martin, L, Montgomery, J, Payne, A, Richards, M. 2007. The age of Stonehenge. Antiquity 81(313):617–39.Google Scholar
Pearson, GW. 1987. How to cope with calibration. Antiquity 61(231):98–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearson, GW, Pilcher, JR, Baillie, MGL, Corbett, DM, Qua, F. 1986. High-precision 14C measurement of Irish oaks to show the natural 14C variations from AD 1840–5210 BC. Radiocarbon 28(2B):911–34.Google Scholar
Piggott, S. 1949. British Prehistory. London: Oxford University Press. 208 p.Google Scholar
Prendergast, DM. 2000. The problems raised by small charcoal samples for radiocarbon analysis. Journal of Field Archaeology 27:237–9.Google Scholar
Rahtz, PA. 1974. Rescue Archaeology. Harmondsworth: Penguin. 299 p.Google Scholar
Ralph, EK, Michael, HN, Han, MC. 1973. Radiocarbon dates and reality. MASCA Newsletter 9:1–20. University of Pennsylvania (Museum Applied Science Center for Archaeology).Google Scholar
Reimer, PJ, Baillie, MGL, Bard, E, Bayliss, A, Beck, JW, Bertrand, CJH, Blackwell, PG, Buck, CE, Burr, GS, Cutler, KB, Damon, PE, Edwards, RL, Fairbanks, RG, Friedrich, M, Guilderson, TP, Hogg, AG, Hughen, KA, Kromer, B, McCormac, G, Manning, S, Bronk Ramsey, C, Reimer, RW, Remmele, S, Southon, JR, Stuiver, M, Talamo, S, Taylor, FW, van der Plicht, J, Weyhenmeyer, CE. 2004. IntCal04 terrestrial radiocarbon age calibration, 0–26 cal kyr BP. Radiocarbon 46(3):1029–58.Google Scholar
Renfrew, C. 1973. Before Civilization: The Radiocarbon Revolution and Prehistoric Europe. New York: A.A. Knopf. 292 p.Google Scholar
Renfrew, C, editor. 1974. British Prehistory: A New Outline. London: Duckworth. 250 p.Google Scholar
Sawyer, PH, editor. 1976. Medieval Settlement: Continuity and Change. London: Arnold. 357 p.Google Scholar
Scull, C, Bayliss, A. 1999. Radiocarbon dating and Anglo-Saxon graves. In: von Freeden, U, Koch, U, Wieczorek, A, editors. Volker an Nord- und Ostsee und die Franken. Bonn: Habelt-Verlag. p 39–50.Google Scholar
Sheridan, A. 2007. Scottish Beaker dates: the good, the bad and the ugly. In: Larsson, M, Parker Pearson, M, editors. From Stonehenge to the Baltic: Living with Cultural Diversity in the Third Millennium. BAR International Series 1692. Oxford: Archaeopress. p 91–123.Google Scholar
Sidell, J, Thomas, C, Bayliss, A. 2007. Validating and improving archaeological phasing at St Mary Spital, London. Radiocarbon 49(2):593–610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spence, C. 1993. Recording the archaeology of London: the development and implementation of the DUA recording system. In: Harris, EC, Brown, MR III, Brown, GJ, editors. Practices in Archaeological Stratigraphy. London: Academic Press. p 23–46.Google Scholar
Steier, P, Rom, W. 2000. The use of Bayesian statistics for 14C dates of chronologically ordered samples: a critical analysis. Radiocarbon 42(2):183–98.Google Scholar
Stuiver, M, Reimer, PJ. 1993. Extended 14C data base and revised CALIB 3.0 14C age calibration program. Radiocarbon 35(1):215–30.Google Scholar
Stuiver, M, Reimer, PJ, Bard, E, Beck, JW, Burr, GS, Hughen, KA, Kromer, B, McCormac, G, van der Plicht, J, Spurk, M. 1998. INTCAL98 radiocarbon age calibration, 24,000–0 cal BP. Radiocarbon 40(3):1041–83.Google Scholar
Suess, HE. 1967. Bristlecone pine calibration of the radiocarbon time scale from 4100 BC to 1500 BC. In: Radio-active Dating and Methods of Low-Level Counting. STI/PUB/152.Vienna: IAEA. p 143–51.Google Scholar
Taylor, RE. 1995. Radiocarbon dating: the continuing revolution. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 4(5):169–81.Google Scholar
Trigger, B. 2006. A History of Archaeological Thought. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 710 p.Google Scholar
Tyers, C, Sidell, J, van der Plicht, J, Marshall, P, Cook, G, Bronk Ramsey, C, Bayliss, A. 2009. Wiggle-matching using known-age pine from Jermyn Street, London. Radiocarbon 51(2).Google Scholar
van de Noort, R, Middleton, R, Foxton, A, Bayliss, A. 1999. The ‘Kilnsea-boat’, and some implications from the discovery of England's oldest plank boat remains. Antiquity 73(279):131–5.Google Scholar
van der Plicht, J, Beck, JW, Bard, E, Baillie, MGL, Blackwell, PG, Buck, CE, Friedrich, M, Guilderson, TP, Hughen, KA, Kromer, B, McCormac, FG, Bronk Ramsey, C, Reimer, PJ, Reimer, RW, Remmele, S, Richards, DA, Southon, JR, Stuiver, M, Weyhenmeyer, CE. 2004. NotCal04—comparison/calibration 14C records 26–50 cal kyr BP. Radiocarbon 46(3):1225–38.Google Scholar
Waterbolk, HT. 1971. Working with radiocarbon dates. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 37:15–33.Google Scholar
Whittle, A, Bayliss, A, Wysocki, M. 2007a. Once in a lifetime: the date of the Wayland's Smithy long barrow. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 17(Supplement S1):103–21.Google Scholar
Whittle, A, Barclay, A, Bayliss, A, McFadgen, L, Schulting, R, Wysocki, M. 2007b. Building for the dead: events, processes and changing worldviews from the 38th to the 34th centuries cal BC in southern Britain. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 17(Supplement S1):123–47.Google Scholar
Whittle, A, Bayliss, A, Healy, F. 2008. The timing and tempo of change: examples from the fourth millennium cal BC in southern England. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 18(1):65–70.Google Scholar
Wiltshire, PJ, Bayliss, A. 2006. The Easterton Brook palaeochannel. In: Williams, P, Newman, R. Market Lavington, Wiltshire: An Anglo-Saxon Cemetery and Settlement. Salisbury: Wessex Archaeology Report 19. p 118–21.Google Scholar
Wright, EV, Hedges, REM, Bayliss, A, Van de Noort, R. 2001. New AMS radiocarbon dates for the north Ferriby boats—a contribution to dating prehistoric seafaring in northwestern Europe. Antiquity 75(290):726–34.Google Scholar
Wysocki, M, Bayliss, A, Whittle, A. 2007. Serious mortality: the date of the Fussell's Lodge long barrow. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 17(Supplement S1):65–84.Google Scholar