^{page 29 note 1} P2, vol. 1, p. 29.

^{page 29 note 2} The criticisms made of Massignon in this paper may seem inappropriate to a memorial lecture; but the man did not hide his contempt for dishonest memorialists (P2, vol. 1, p. 27), and to give a conventional homage would be an insult to his memory.

^{page 29 note 3} On Fernand Massignon, known as Pierre Roche (1855–1922), see Bénézit, E., Dictionnaire critique et documentaire des peintres, sculpteurs, dessinateurs et graveurs, new edition vol. 7 ([Paris], 1957), p. 294;Google ScholarThieme, Ulrich and Becker, Felix, Allgemeines Lexicon der bildenden Künstler von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart, vol. 28 (Leipzig, 1934), p. 448;Google ScholarEdouard-Joseph, René, Dictionnaire biographique des artistes contemporains, 1910–1930, vol. 3 (Paris, 1934), s.v.;Google ScholarMalicet, , in MC, p. 9;Google ScholarOM, vol. III, p. 716.Google Scholar

^{page 30 note 1} Harpigny, Guy, Islam et christianisme selon Louis Massignon (Louvain-la-Neuve, 1981), p. 55;Google ScholarOM, vol. III, pp. 640–1;Google ScholarMalicet, , in MC, p. 9;Google ScholarMonteil, , in PD, pp. 12–3 and 23;Google ScholarMorillon, Jean, Massignon (Paris, 1964), p. 8.Google Scholar

^{page 30 note 2} Cf. Capéran, Louis, L'Anti-cléricalisme et I'Affaire Dreyfus (Toulouse, 1948).Google Scholar

^{page 30 note 3} Cf. Baldick, Robert André Edouard, The Life of J.-K. Huysmans (Oxford, 1955), pp. 286–7.Google Scholar

^{page 30 note 4} Joris- (or Jorris-) Karl Huysmans (pseud. of Charles-Marie-Georges Huysmans, 1848–1907), Sainte Lydwine de Schiedam (Paris, 1901), English trans. by Hastings, Agnes, Saint Lydwine of Schiedam (London, 1923).Google Scholar

^{page 30 note 5} See below, p. 36, note 3.

^{page 30 note 6} The poet was Dubus, Edouard, 1864–1895.Google Scholar See Baldick, , op. cit., index s.v.;Google Scholard'Amat, Roman and Limouzin-Lamothe, R., Dictionnaire de biographie française, vol. II (Paris, 1967), s.v.;Google ScholarTalvart, Hector and Place, Joseph, Bibliographie des auteurs modernes de langue française, vol. 4 (Paris, 1933), pp. 360–2;Google ScholarGriffiths, Richard, The Reactionary Revolution, The Catholic revival in French literature, 1870–1914 (London, 1966), p. 137;Google ScholarRetté, Adolphe, Le Symbolisme (Paris, 1903), pp. 53 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 31 note 1} Baldick, , loc. cit., p. 287Google Scholar, and personal communication; Monteil, , in PD, p. 13.Google Scholar This was Gustave Boucher (1863–1933), a police spy (see Garçon, Maurice, Huysmans Inconnu (Paris, 1941), pp. 41–3).Google Scholar

^{page 31 note 2} See Harpigny, , op. cit., index s.v., Sodome;Google ScholarOM, vol. III, pp. 589–90, 657, 665 and 670; MC, p. 52.

^{page 31 note 3} Lacouture, Jean, François Mauriac (Paris, 1980), p. 97.Google Scholar Cf. OM, III, p. 841 and Hourani, Albert Habib, ‘T. E. Lawrence and Louis Massignon’, in Times Literary Supplement, no. 4, 188 (Friday, 8 07 1983), p. 734.Google Scholar

^{page 31 note 4} Harpigny, , op. cit. p. 56Google Scholar and note 84, pp. 66–7, and p. 114 and note 227.

^{page 31 note 5} Ibid. pp. 59, 266; Monteil, , in PD, p. 30;Google ScholarFabre-Luce, Alfred, Vingt-cinq années de liberté, vol. 2, L'Epreuae (Paris, 1963), p. 114.Google Scholar

^{page 31 note 6} Ibid. pp. 56–8, and Hourani, , op. cit. p. 733.Google Scholar

^{page 32 note 1} Translation of the text in L'Age nouveau, 90, January 1955, p. 73. This differs from the text in PD, pp. 282–3.

^{page 32 note 2} On this style, cf. Lacouture, , op. cit. p. 471.Google Scholar

^{page 32 note 3} PD, pp. 66–7; the translation by Hourani, , op. cit. p. 733Google Scholar, has been only slightly modified.

^{page 32 note 4} Harpigny, , op. cit. pp. 53, 57–9;Google ScholarBaldick, , op. cit. pp. 347–9, note 79.Google Scholar

^{page 33 note 1} Cf. Griffiths, , op. cit. pp. 43–53;Google ScholarBloy, Léon, Oeuvres, edited by Bollery, Joseph and Petit, Jacques, vol. ([Paris] 1964), p. 29;Google ScholarLuke, 3. 22.Google Scholar

^{page 33 note 2} MC, passim.

^{page 33 note 3} MC, pp. 152, 201; Revelation 16. 13, 19. 20, 20. 10.

^{page 33 note 4} OM, I, p. 168.

^{page 34 note 1} P ², vol. 1, pp. 31–2, and OM, III pp. 627 ff., 52–63.

^{page 34 note 2} P ¹, pp. 141–6, 155–9, 211; P2, II, p. 427; cf. OM, I, p. 351.

^{page 34 note 3} P ¹, pp. 181–2.

^{page 34 note 4} P2, I, pp. 25–30.

^{page 34 note 5} Essai sur les origines du lexique technique de la mystique musulmane (Paris, 1922).

^{page 35 note 1} Ibid. pp. 45–80.

^{page 35 note 2} Ibid. p. 84.

^{page 35 note 3} For critical observations on Mignon's influence, see, regarding studies of medieval banking, Goitein, Shlomo Dov, A Mediterranean Society, vol. I (Berkeley, 1967), pp. 229–30;Google Scholar regarding studies of urban topography, Lassner, Jacob, The Topography of Baghdad in the Early Middle Ages (Detroit, 1970), Pp. 155–7Google Scholar

^{page 35 note 4} ‘Enquête sur les corporations musulmanes d'artisans et de commercants au Maroc’, Revue du monde musulman, LXIII (1924 – second section), VI + 250 pp.

^{page 35 note 5} Cf. The Islamic City, ed. Hourani, Albert Habib and Stern, Samuel Miklos (Oxford, 1970), pp. 12–5, 36–63Google Scholar (against Massignon and others).

^{page 35 note 6} OM, vol III, pp. 665, 809.

^{page 35 note 7} MC, pp. 78, 104; cf. OM, vol. III, pp. 435–6.

^{page 36 note 1} OM, vol. I, pp. 523–6; P2, vol. I, p. 166, note 5 and pp. 351–2, 367–8, 427.

^{page 36 note 2} See The Encyclopaedia of Islam, new edition, ed. Gibb, Hamilton Alexander R. et al. (Leiden, 1960), s.v.Google ScholarAbdāl.

^{page 36 note 3} Griffiths, , op. cit.Google Scholar has a long chapter on this doctrine of ‘vicarious suffering’, pp. 149–222. The section on Huysmans is on pages 181–9.

^{page 36 note 4} Harpigny, , op. Cit. pp. 53, 265–7.Google Scholar

^{page 36 note 5} Ibid. pp. 113–19 and note 236 on p. 117.

^{page 36 note 6} Ibid., loc. cit. pp. 265–7.

^{page 37 note 1} La Vocation suspendue (Paris, 1950). The first part was published in Les Temps Modernes, vol. V, pp. 1537–88. Massignon appears under the name of La Montagne.

^{page 37 note 2} Griffiths, , op. cit. pp. 235–9.Google Scholar

^{page 37 note 3} Cf. Daniélou, Jean, Et qui est mon prochain? (Paris, 1974), pp. 134, 155Google Scholar (the Dominican review was La Vie intellectuelle and the one edited by Massignon and others was Dieu Vivant).

^{page 37 note 4} OM, vol. I, pp. 755 ff. and Griffiths, , loc. cit. p. 236.Google Scholar

^{page 37 note 5} OM, vol. III, p. 593.

^{page 37 note 6} Cf. Harpigny, , op. cit. pp. 124–41.Google Scholar

^{page 37 note 7} OM, vol. III, pp. 279, 295 ff., 304, 647–8.

^{page 37 note 8} Cf. OM, vol. I, pp. 585, 591, 603–4; vol III, pp. 304, 753; Pierrard, Pierre, 1848…les pauvres, l'évangile et la révolution (Paris, 1977).Google Scholar

^{page 38 note 1} OM, vol. III, pp. 773–4.

^{page 38 note 2} OM, vol. III, p. 379; Harpigny, , op. cit. p. 212.Google Scholar

^{page 38 note 3} OM, Vol. III, pp. 348–9, 485, 670, loc. Cit., pp. 808–11.

^{page 38 note 4} OM, vol. III, pp. 588–91, 596.

^{page 38 note 5} P2, loc. Cit., pp. 27–9.

^{page 38 note 6} OM, vol. III, pp. 554, 650.

^{page 38 note 7} OM, vol. III, p. 378. Cf. Le Monde, 27 October 1955, p. 4.

^{page 38 note 8} Harpigny, , op. cit. p. 186, n. 398;Google ScholarMason, , in P2(E), pp. xxxiv–xxxvii.Google Scholar

^{page 38 note 9} Klossowski, , op. cit. (in Les Temps Modernes), p. 1561.Google Scholar

^{page 38 note 10} P2, loc. cit., p. 26.