¹ Petrarch, , Scipio and the ‘Africa’; The Birth of Humanism's Dream (Johns Hopkins Press: Baltimore 1962).Google Scholar

² For further information on this topic, see Pohlenz, M., Antikes Führertum; Cicero De Officiis und das Libensideal des Panaitios (Leipzig and Berlin 1934); Ib. ‘Cicero De Officiis III,’ Nachr. Gesell. Wissensch. Gött. Philos.-hist. K1. (1934) 1–40; Labowsky, L., Die Ethik des Panaitios (Untersuchungen zur Geschichte des Decorum bei Cicero und Horaz, Leipzig 1934); Gr. Ibscher, Der Begriff des Stitlichen in der Pflichtenlehre des Panaitios (Diss. München 1935).Google Scholar

³ See Wickert, L., ‘Princeps,’ Pauly-Wissowa 22.2 (Stuttgart 1954) 2002–2295; cf. also Drexler, H., ‘Principes, Princeps,’ Maia 10 (1958) 1–37.Google Scholar

⁴ Cf. apropos of this, a very useful work by Reitzenstein, R., Werden und Wesen der Humanität im Altertum (Strassburg 1907), especially p. 4.Google Scholar

⁵ See Pohlenz, , Antikes Führertum, 100, 104.Google Scholar

⁶ See the scanty fragments in M. Tullius Cicero: Cato Maior, Laelius, fasc. 47, ed. Simbeck, K.; De gloria, ed. Plasberg, O. (Lipsiae 1961) 86–90.Google Scholar

⁷ (Princeton University Press: 1965). Google Scholar

⁸ (München and Berlin, 1911, 2nd edn. 1936). Google Scholar

⁹ (Gembloux 1932). Google Scholar

¹⁰ A concise but essential bibliography is given by Gilbert on p. 338. Google Scholar

¹¹ Observe B.L.Ullman's estimations, for instance, in his volume, Studies in the Italian Renaissance, ‘Leonardi Bruni and Humanistic Historiography’ (Rome 1955) 321–344. In regard to Bruni's historical work, he writes: ‘He searched widely for source material, his critical judgment of his sources was sound, he sought for underlying causes, he tried to see events in proper perspective, and he was, therefore, the first modern historian’ (p. 344). Google Scholar

¹² The text is available in vol. 2 of Sabbadini, R. 's Epistolario di Guarino Veronese (Venezia 1916) 458–468 (Miscellanea di Storia Veneta edita per cura della Deputazione, R. di Storia Patria, Serie terza, tomo XI); the criteria for writing history are to be found on pp. 463–465.Google Scholar

¹³ See Trinkaus, C., ‘A Humanist's Image of Humanism: The Inaugural Orations of Bartolomeo della Fonte,’ Studies in the Renaissance 7 (1960) 90–147; note particularly pp. 99–102.Google Scholar

¹⁴ M. Tulli Ciceronis scripta quae manserunt omnia. fasc. 48 De officiis, 4th edn. Atzert, C.; De virtutibus, after Plasberg, O. and Ax, W. 3rd edn. Atzert, C. (Lipsiae 1963) 161–170.Google Scholar

¹⁵ See Cicero, , De officiis 1.62, 80, 94–5. See also Ullman, op. cit., 343, where he states: ‘Clearly Bruni is one of those who helped to transmute Ciceronian virtus into Machiavelli's virtù’; cf. in addition, nn. 60 and 62 on this page.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Vida's ‘Christiad’ and Virgilian Epic (New York and London 1964).Google Scholar

¹⁷ Pennotto, By G. (Colonia: apud Gervasium Grevenbruch 1630); the above texts are from, respectively, pages 815 and 474.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Bibliotheca sancta ex praecipuis catholicae Ecclesiae auctoribus collecta, 2 vols. (Venetiis 1566); cf. vol. I.392 (we have made use of the copy in the Biblioteca Comunale dell’ Archiginnasio di Bologna).Google Scholar

¹⁹ See Cottineau, L.H., Répertoire topo-bibliographique des abbayes et prieurés II (Macon 1937) 1733.Google Scholar

²⁰ Vol. 61 (Venezia 1880) 19–32. Google Scholar

²¹ Fuller details of Pallavicini's life may be found in Ireneo Affò's Memorie degli scrittori e letterati parmigiani, continued by Angelo Pezzana, 9 vols. (Parma 1789–1833); see vol. 2.242–51; see vol. 6 part 2. 196–198; see also my volume, Two Humanistic Anthologies (Studi e Testi 230, Città del Vaticano 1964) 62–4 and n. 16, where other bibliography is indicated. Google Scholar

²² See Ludwig von Pastor, Geschichte der Päpste, 16 vols. (Freiburg in Breisgau, 1886–1932) 2.267, n. 4: ‘Andere sind der Ansicht, dass die Wahl auf eine Personlichkeit ausserhalb des heiligen Collegiums fallen werde, und zufolge gewissen Weissagungen nennt man den Battista Pallavicini, Bischof von Reggio.’ Google Scholar

²³ See Affò, 2.243, 256; Pezzana, vol. 6, part 2.201. Google Scholar

²⁴ Affò, 2.249, 253–254. The emended manuscript together with the letter is preserved in the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, LXXIII.1 (cf. Bandini III.20). Sabbadini mentions this manuscript and Pallavicini's role in the scholarship on Celsus in his Storia e Critica dei testi Latini (Catania 1914) 294–295, 300, 304, 313–315. Google Scholar

²⁵ The poems of Pallavicini are mostly of religious content; however, a quite well-known poem of his is the ‘De ficu’ in 120 hexameters, the first verse of which is quoted by Walter, H., Carmina Medii Aevi posterioris latina (Göttingen 1959), p. 790. Together with the poem ‘De ficu,’ we discovered three new poems of Pallavicini in Barb. Lat. 42 (cf. my Two Humanistic Anthologies, pp. 62–64).Google Scholar

²⁶ The popularity of the work is reflected in the fact that it was printed for the first time in Parma, 1477 (see Affò 2.251; Hain *12280) and there followed many other later editions (in America, Goff 459 lists several copies of the 1494 edition); the early printed editions of the Historia included several other poems by the same author, the most significant of which is a poem of twenty-six elegiac couplets addressed to the Blessed Virgin Mary. Google Scholar

²⁷ Rajna, P., ‘Intorno al cosidetto Dialogus Creaturarum ed al suo autore,’ Giornale Storico della Letteratura Italiana 3 (1884) 1–26. On p. 18 we read: ‘Intanto mi par probabile che la passione sia stata scritta dal Pallavicino quando era segretario di Eugenio.’Google Scholar

²⁸ See Pohlenz, , Anitkes Führertum 87–88 and n. 2, where other passages are quoted concerning the imagery of the bee in Stoic philosophy.Google Scholar

²⁹ This article appeared in Biblioteca degli Ardenti della Città di Viterbo, Studi e Ricerche nel 150* della fondazione, ed. Augusto Pepponi (Viterbo 1960) 15–37. The appendix of this work by Kristeller (17–37) is important in that it contains several bibliographical notes not mentioned in his Studies. Google Scholar

³⁰ Third edn. by Lehnerdt, M. 2 vols. (Berlin 1893); cf. Zippel, G., Giunte e correzioni (Florence 1897).Google Scholar

³¹ Burckhardt, Jacob, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, tr. S.G.C. Middlemore (London 1951; also Harper Torch Books, 2 vols., New York 1958).Google Scholar

³² It has been translated by Joan Redfern, The History of Italian Literature, 2 vols. (New York 1959). Google Scholar

³³ In 2 vols. (Berlin 1884–1888). Google Scholar

³⁴ In 2 vols. (Paris 1931). Google Scholar

³⁵ (Milan 1964; 2nd edn.). Google Scholar

³⁶ To the foregoing which broadly treat of the humanists, we should add a work which, while not specifically concerned with the problem of the socio-economic situation of the humanists, nevertheless approaches it more closely than the above-mentioned titles. It is Adversity's Noblemen: The Italian Humanists on Happiness, by Charles Trinkhaus (New York 1940) — in brief, their idea of happiness is in part connected with a certain state of comfortable life and economic independence. Google Scholar

³⁷ Martines, Lauro, The Social World of the Florentine Humanists, 1390–1460 (Princeton University Press: Princeton, 1963).Google Scholar

³⁸ Monnier I.168 (see Martines, 12, n. 15). Google Scholar

³⁹ Weiss, Roberto, Italian Renaissance Studies (New York 1960) 72 (see Martines, 12, n. 15).Google Scholar

⁴⁰ He is mentioned by Martines in the appendix (306–308). Marsili, On L. see the recent work by my esteemed colleague, Arbesmann, R., O.S.A. Der Augustinereremitenorden und der Beginn des humanistischen Bewegung (Würzburg 1965; Cassiciacum vol. 19) 73–119.Google Scholar

⁴¹ On him, see Mario Cosenza, Dictionary of Italian Humanists 4 (Boston 1962²) 3444–3446. In the manuscript Riccardiano 834, there is some correspondence addressed to Tranchedinus from Fr. Filelfo, Agostino Dati, Johannes Argyropulos, Decembrio, P.C. Francesco Accolti, Bartolomeo Scala, Gentile de’ Becchi, Pellegrino Agli, etc. See also Kristeller, P.O., Iter Italicum (London-Leiden 1963) 71, 201, 205, 245, 327, 356, 438.Google Scholar