¹ Brockelmann, C., Geschichte der arabischen Literatur I (2d ed. Leiden 1943) 535–46 at 544 n. 56 (hereinafter GAL with reference to page and number; reference to the earlier editions, Berlin 1898 and Supplement Leiden 1937, may be made by way of the page numbers given in the margin of this edition). Arabic text: ed. S. Dunya, Cairo 1961. Translations: G. Beer, Al-Ġazzâlî's Makaṣid al-Falâsifat I. Teil—die Logik, cap. i-ii … hrsg. und übersetzt (Leiden 1888) (hereinafter Beer); M. Alonso S. J., Algazel: Maqāsid al-Falāsifa o Intenciones de los filósofos. Trad., prólogo y notas (Barcelona 1963) (hereinafter Alonso). Summary and excerpts: M. Asín Palacios, La Espiritualidad de Algazel y su sentido cristiano IV (Madrid 1941) 184-92 (hereinafter Asín, Espiritualidad). History of entire tradition concerning Maqāṣid: M. Steinschneider, Die hebräischen Übersetzungen des Mittelalters und die Juden als Dolmetscher (Berlin 1893) 296-326 (hereinafter Steinschneider HÜ).Google Scholar

² GAL 544 n. 55; Arabic text: crit. ed. M. Bouyges S. J., (Bibl, arabica Scholasticorum. sér. arabe, 2; Beirut 1927); ed. S. Dunya, Cairo 1958. Translations: S. A. Kamali, Incoherence of the Philosophers (Lahore 1958); T. de Boer, Die Widerprüche der Philosophie nach al-Ghazzālī und ihr Ausgleich durch Ibn Roschd (Strassburg 1894); B. Carra de Vaux ‘Les destructions des philosophes,’ Muséon 18 (1899) 143-57, 274-308, 400-407; N.S. 1 (1900) 346-76. Summary and excerpts: Asín, Espiritualidad IV 303-72. Tradition: Steinschneider HÜ 326-37.Google Scholar

³ Macdonald, D. B., ‘The Meanings of the Philosophers by al-Ghazzālī’ Isis 25 (1936) 9–15; 27 (1937) 9-10. In the first of these articles summarizing research on the Maqāṣid the prologue is translated on p. 11.Google Scholar

⁴ For knowledge of the Maqāṣid among the Latins, see below § 3.Google Scholar

⁵ Schmoelders, A., Essai sur les écoles philosophiques chez les Arabes et notamment sur la doctrine d’Algazzel (Paris 1842) 220.Google Scholar

⁶ Ritter, H., Geschichte der Philosophie VIII (Hamburg 1829–53) 59f.Google Scholar

⁷ Mélanges de philosophie juive et arabe (Paris 1857) 369-72.Google Scholar

⁸ Beer; T. de Boer, Geschichte der Philosophie im Islam (Stuttgart 1901) 140.Google Scholar

⁹ Gosche, R., ‘Über Ghazzâlîs Leben und Werke,’ Abh. Akad. Berlin (1858) Nr. 7, 239–311 at 287; Macdonald, D. B., ‘The life of al-Ghazzālī, with especial reference to his religious experiences and opinions,’ Journal of the American Oriental Society 20 (1899) 71-132 at 98f.; Asín Palacios, M., Algazel: Dogmática, moral, ascética (Zaragoza 1901) 201 n. 1.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Hauréau, B., Histoire de la philosophie scolastique II 1 (Paris 1880) 34f.; Feret, P., La Faculté de théologie de Paris … Moyen Age II (Paris 1895) 118-20; Duhem, P., Le Système du monde IV (Paris 1913–17) 496-511 at 501 n. 2; Rougier, L., La Scolastique et le thomisme (Paris 1925) 316f.Google Scholar

¹¹ ‘Notes sur les philosophes arabes connus des latins au moyen âge,’ Mélanges de la Faculté Orientale, Université St. Joseph, Beyrouth 7 (1921) 397–406 at 404-6.Google Scholar

¹² Algazel's Metaphysics: a Medieval Translation (Toronto 1933) (hereinafter Muckle).Google Scholar

¹³ ‘Algazel et les latins,’ Archives d'histoire doctrinale et littéraire du moyen âge (hereafter: AHDLMA) 10 (1935–36) 103-27 (hereinafter Salman).Google Scholar

¹⁴ Macdonald, D. B., art. cit. (n. 9 supra); id., art. ‘al-Ghazzālī,’ Enzyklopädie des Islams 2 (Leipzig 1927) 154-7; Sarton, G., Introduction to the History of Science I (Baltimore 1927) 753f.; Wensinck, A. J., La Pensée de Ghazzâlî (Paris 1940); GAL I 535-7; Jabre, F., C. M., ‘La biographie et l’œuvre de Ghazālī reconsidérées à la lumière des Ṭabaqāt de Sobkī,’ Mélanges de l’Institut Dominicain d’Études Orientales 1 (1954) 73-102. For the chronology of al-Ghazālī's works: Watt, W. M., ‘The authenticity of the works attributed to al-Ghazālī,’ Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1952) 24-45; Hourani, G., ‘The chronology of Ghazālī's writings,’ Journal of the American Oriental Society 79 (1959) 225-33; Bouyges, M., Essai de chronologie des œuvres de al-Ghazālī (Algazel) (ed. Allard, M.; Beirut 1959). Further bibliography: de Menasce, P. J., ‘Arabische Philosophie,’ Bibliographische Einführungen in das Studium der Philosophie 6 (Bern 1948) 31-5; van Leeuwen, A. P., ‘Essai de bibliographie sur al-Ghazzali,’ Institut des belles lettres arabes 21 (1958) 221-7.Google Scholar

¹⁵ For the works of this period, see Bouyges, Chronol. 10-40.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Munqidh 78f. (Watt transl. p. 26f). The Munqidh has often been translated, most recently by W. M. Watt, The Faith and Practice of al-Ghazālī (London 1953) 19-85, to which page references are given.Google Scholar

¹⁷ GAL I 545 n. 62; ed. S. Dunya, Cairo 1961; Bouyges, Chronol. 25 n. 18; M. Asín Palacios, El justo medio en la creencia: compendio de teología dogmática (Madrid 1929).Google Scholar

¹⁸ GAL Suppl. I 425 n. 64a; Bouyges, Chronol. 27 n. 20; Asín, El justo medio. Google Scholar

¹⁹ GAL I 538 n. 9; Bouyges, Chronol. 33 n. 24; Asín, El justo medio; Analysis: L. Gardet and M. M. Anawati, Introduction à la théologie musulmane (Paris 1948) 157-60.Google Scholar

²⁰ GAL Suppl. I 422 n. 28; Bouyges, Chronol. 30 n. 22; I. Goldziher, Streitschrift des Ġazālī gegen die Bātinijja-Sekte (Leiden 1916); Excerpt: A. Jeffrey, A Reader on Islam: Passages from Standard Arabic Writings…. ('s-Gravenhage 1962) 254-79; cf. M. Hodgson, The Order of Assassins … ('s-Gravenhage 1955) 126-31.Google Scholar

²¹ Munqidh 85 (Watt transl. p. 30).Google Scholar

²² Bouyges, Chronol. 23 n. 16.Google Scholar

²³ Ibid., 23 n. 17.Google Scholar

²⁴ Steinschneider HÜ 309f.; Alonso xlv-lii; the Dānish Nāmeh has been translated: Avicenne: Le Livre de science (Trad. M. Achena et H. Massé; Paris 1955–58, 2 Vols.).Google Scholar

²⁵ GAL I 540 n. 28; Asín, Espiritualidad IV 273-97; V. Chelhot, ‘“al-Qisṭās al-Mustaqīm” et la connaissance rationnelle chez Gazālī,’ Bulletin d’Études Orientales 15 (1955–57) 7-98.Google Scholar

²⁶ Macdonald transl. (art. cit. n. 3 supra).Google Scholar

²⁷ For the place of Ghazālī in the development of Islamic theology: D. B. Macdonald, art. ‘Kalām,’ Enz. Islam 2 (1927) 717-23; Gardet-Anawati, Introduction; W. M. Watt, Islamic Philosophy and Theology (Edinburgh 1962). For the role of logic in that theology: S. Van den Bergh, art. ‘Manṭik,’ Enz. Islam 3 (1936) 280-3; I. Madkour, L’Organon d’Aristote dans le monde arabe … (Paris 1934) esp. 251-6; N. Rescher, The Development of Arabic Logic (Pittsburgh 1964). For the logic of the Maqāṣid and its relation to al-Fārābī and Ibn Sīnā: G. Prantl, Geschichte der Logik im Abendlande II (München 1885) 367-80. The section De exemplo of Maneria quarta gives a sort of history of logic in Islām.Google Scholar

²⁸ Munqidh 126-30 (Watt transl. p. 55-9). On the ‘conversion’ of al-Ghazālī there is a considerable literature: I. Goldziher, Vorlesungen über den Islam (Heidelberg 1910) 176-81; M. Bouyges, S. J., ‘Algazeliana,’ Mélanges de la Faculté Orientale, Univ. St. Joseph 8 (1922) 479-519 at 480-2; L. Gauthier, ‘Scolastique musulmane et scolastique chrétienne,’ Revue d'histoire de la philosophie 2 (1928) 221-253, 333-65 at 358-65; A. J. Wensinck, ‘Ghazālīs’ Bekeering,’ Semietische Studien … (Leiden 1941) 154-77.Google Scholar

²⁹ GAL I 539 n. 25; Asín, Espiritualidad amounts to a paraphrasing summary of the Iḥyā’; G. Bousquet, Ghazâlî: Ihya’ ‘ouloûm ed-dîn ou Vivification des sciences de la foi. Analyse et index (Paris 1955); Gardet-Anawati, Introduction 113-18.Google Scholar

³⁰ Cf. Husik, I., A History of Mediaeval Jewish Philosophy (Philadelphia 1946) 80, 152f.Google Scholar

³¹ Steinschneider HÜ 326-37.Google Scholar

³² Ibid., 299-309.Google Scholar

³³ Ibid., 311-25.Google Scholar

³⁴ Auerbach, H., Albalag und seine Übersetzung des Maqâsid al-Gazzalis. Teil, I. (Breslau 1906); Vajda, G., Isaac Albalag: Averroiste juif, traducteur et annotateur d'al-Ghazâlî (Paris 1960).Google Scholar

³⁵ Wolfson, H. A., Crescas’ Critique of Aristotle… (Cambridge, Mass., 1929) 10–18.Google Scholar

³⁶ An error first made by A. Jourdain, Recherches critiques sur l’âge et l'origine des traductions latines d’Aristote (Paris 1819) 111-25, whence it came into the standard texts: Steinschneider HÜ 299; id., ‘Die europäischen Übersetzungen aus dem Arabischen bis Mitte des 17. Jahrhunderts,’ SB Akad. Wien 149 (1904) Abh. IV (at 40-50); Duhem, op. cit. (supra n. 10) III 177-83; Thorndike, L., A History of Magic and Experimental Science II (New York 1923) 73-8; Haskins, C. H., Studies in the History of Mediaeval Science (Cambridge, Mass. 1924) 13; Überweg-Geyer, Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie II (Berlin 1928) 343; Sarton, G., op. cit. (supra n. 14) II (Baltimore 1931) 169-73.Google Scholar

³⁷ After H. Bédoret, ‘Les premières versions tolédanes de philosophie,’ Revue néoscolastique de philosophie 41 (1938) 80-97, 374-400, suggested that the translations were commissioned not by the Archbishop Raymond but by his successor, John, it was shown by M. Alonso-Alonso, S. J., that we must distinguish John of Seville from the collaborator of Gundissalinus and that the latter's activity must be put into the second half of the century: ‘Notas sobre los traductores toledanos Domingo Gundisalvo y Juan Hispano,’ Al-Andalus 8 (1943) 115-88; ‘Traducciones del arcediano Domingo Gundisalvo,’ ibid. 12(1947) 295-338, esp. 331-3; ‘Traducciones del árabe al latín por Juan Hispano (Ibn Dāwūd),’ ibid., 17 (1952) 129-51; ‘Juan Sevillano: sus obras propias y sus traducciones,’ ibid. 18 (1953) 17-49.Google Scholar

³⁸ That Johannes magister is not to be identified with Avendauth is the conclusion of M.-T. d’Alverny, ‘Notes sur les traductions médiévales d’Avicenne,’ AHDLMA 19 (1952) 337-58; ‘Avendauth?,’ Homenaje a Millás Vallicrosa I (Barcelona 1954) 19-43. These results are brought together with special emphasis on Johannes Hispalensis by L. Thorndike, ‘John of Seville,’ Speculum 34 (1959) 20-38. For the character of the translation of the Maqāṣid, see Alonso xx-xxiv.Google Scholar

³⁹ Bouyges, M., S. J., ‘Roger Bacon a-t-il lu des livres arabes?,’ AHDLMA 5 (1930) 311–15; Salman 110-18.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Salman 108-10.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Salman 118-20; M.-T. d’Alverny, ‘Avicenna latinus,’ AHDLMA 29 (1962) 220-2.Google Scholar

⁴² Salman 111, 118 n. 4; for date of Communia naturalium, see T. Crowley, Roger Bacon … (Louvain-Dublin 1950) 64.Google Scholar

⁴³ Cf. for example, Quaestiones supra undecimum Primae Philosophiae Aristotelis (OHI VII 66); other places cited by Alonso xxviii-xxix, Salman 115 n. 7, 8.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Asín Palacios, M., ‘La mystique d'al-Ḡazzālī,’ Mélanges de la Faculté Orientale, Univ. St. Joseph, Beyrouth 7 (1914–21) 67–104; Asín, Espiritualidad I 19; Berthier, A., ‘Un maître orientaliste du XIII^e siècle: Raymond Martin O. P.,’ Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum 6 (1936) 267-311, esp. 297, 303.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ See Duhem, Système du monde III-VI passim; Gilson, E., ‘Les sources gréco-arabes de l'augustinisme avicennisant,’ AHDLMA 4 (1929) 5-129 at p. 74-9; Salman; Cabanelas, D., ‘Notas para la historia de Algazel en España,’ Al-Andalus 17 (1953) 223-32; Alonso-Alonso, M., S. J., ‘Influencia de Algazel en el mundo latino,’ Al-Andalus 23 (1958) 371-80; Alonso xxv-xliii. To Alonso's list we may, in addition to the references given in the following notes, make these random additions: Adam of Buckfield, Comm. in Metaph. (Oxford, Balliol 241, fol. 2^r); anon., Quaestiones in Physicam Arist., (Cambridge, Gonville and Caius 367, fol. 120^r); anon., Comm. in Praedicab. Porph. (Escorial, Real Bibl. f. III. 24, fol. 1^r).Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Alonso, ‘Influencia …’ at p. 372f; Alonso xxvi; long excerpts from the Metaphysica are found in a work edited by M.-T. d’Alverny, ‘Les pérégrinations de l’âme dans l'autre monde d'après un anonyme de la fin du XII^e siècle,’ ADHLMA 13 (1940–42) 239-99.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ For example: Ps.-Grosseteste, Summa philosophiae (ed. L. Baur Beiträge zur Geschichte der Philosophie des Mittelalters 9; Münster i. W. [1912] 301). In the library of Grosseteste himself there was a copy of Algazel: R. W. Hunt, ‘The Library of Robert Grosseteste,’ Robert Grosseteste: Scholar and Bishop (ed. D. A. Callus, Oxford 1955) 121-45 at 145. Algazel furnished Thomas of York with his metaphysics of finite being in all its categories: DTC 15 (1946) 786; cf. H. Pouillon, ‘La beauté, propriété transcendentale, chez les scolastiques (1220–70),’ AHDLMA 15 (1946) 263-329 at 292, 324.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Anon., De esse et essentia (ed. W. Senko, AHDLMA 27 [1960] 229-66 at 258).Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Siger of Brabant, Quaestiones in Physicam Aristotelis I q. 37 (ed. P. Delhaye, Siger de Brabant … [Les Philos. Belges XV; Louvain 1941] 75), ibid., VIII q. 5 (ed. cit. 195). Cf. also pp. 82, 105.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Siger of Brabant, ibid. VIII q. 6 (ed. cit. 202); De quindecim problematibus 5 (ed. P. Mandonnet, Siger de Brabant II [Louvain 1908] 40). On this problem which also engaged Thomas Aquinas, see DTC 15 (1946) 670; 4 (1911) 1213–28.Google Scholar

⁵¹ Rohmer, J., ‘Sur la doctrine franciscaine des deux faces de l’âme,’ AHDLMA 2 (1927) 73–77; id., ‘La théorie de l'abstraction dans l'école franciscaine,’ AHDLMA 3 (1928) 105-84 esp. 122-4. In psychology Alphonse the Wise was also influenced by Algazel: J. Herriot, ‘The ten senses in the “Siete Partidas,”’ Hispanic Review 20 (1952) 269-81.Google Scholar

⁵² Alonso xxix.Google Scholar

⁵³ Opus maius VI 1 (ed. Bridges II 170), ibid., VII 3 (II 262f. = long verbatim citation); Opus tertium 15 (ed. Brewer 55); Compendium studii philosophiae 2 (ed. Brewer 407).Google Scholar

⁵⁴ See Platzeck, E., Raimund Lull … II (Düsseldorf 1964) 11*, 14*.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ Cf. Boehner, P., O. F. M., Medieval Logic (Manchester 1952) 80–3. Algazel's conception of logic as the only way to scientia is cited by Angelus de Camerino, Explanatio libri Topicorum (cited by A. Zumkeller, ‘Manuskripte von Werken der Autoren des Augustiner-Eremitenordens,’ Augustiniana 11 [1961] 80).Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Salman.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Gauthier, R., ‘Trois commentaires “averroïstes” sur l’Éthique à Nicomaque,’ AHDLMA 16 (1947–48) 187–336 at 260, 281, 283.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ He is still identified with Avicenna by Jean de Ripa; cf. A. Combes, ‘Présentation de Jean de Ripa,’ AHDLMA 23 (1956) 145-242 at 166 n. 2.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Koch, J. and Riedl, J., Giles of Rome: Errores philosophorum … (Milwaukee 1944) 38–47.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ Venice 1595, p. 239f.Google Scholar

⁶¹ Steinschneider HÜ 299.Google Scholar

⁶² Alonso, ‘Influencia …’ (art. cit. n. 45 supra) 375-80; J. Millás Vallicrosa, Las traducciones orientales en los manuscritos de la Biblioteca Catedral de Toledo (Madrid 1942) 40, 134-6.Google Scholar

⁶³ English translation by S. Van den Bergh, Averroes’ Tahafut al-Tahafut (The Incoherence of the Incoherence) (Oxford 1954).Google Scholar

⁶⁴ Cf. Bouyges, M., S. J., Tahafot at-Tahafot (Bibliotheca arabica Scholasticorum 3; Beirut 1930) xxiii-xxvii.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ Zedler, B., ed., Averroes’ Destructio destructionum philosophiae Algazelis in the Latin version of Calo Calonymos (Milwaukee 1961). Cf. Sarton, op. cit. (n. 14 supra) III (Baltimore 1947) 429; Steinschneider HÜ 332-4.Google Scholar

⁶⁶ Cf. Gilson, E., ‘Autour de Pomponazzi,’ AHDLMA 28 (1961) 163–279 at 228 n. 34.Google Scholar

⁶⁷ This list is based in the main on Muckle vii-xii, Salman 120-3, Alonso xix f. In the earlier literature there is mention of a Turin manuscript which I have been unable to find: F. Wüstenfeld, ‘Die Übersetzungen arabischer Werke in das Lateinische seit dem XI. Jahrhundert,’ Abh. Akad. Göttingen 22 (1877) Abh. 5 at 38f. (‘Turin, Montfaucon, tom. II, pag. 1393’); Steinschneider, ‘Die europäischen Übersetzungen …’ (art. cit. n. 36 supra) 45 (‘Turin [W. S. 39], ms Libri, p. 11, n. 37’). In the inventory of the library of D. Sancho, Archbishop of Toledo (1266–75) which was at least in part integrated into the Biblioteca Catedral, there is reference to ‘Libro de Algazel de philosophia’: Millás Vallicrosa, op. cit. (n. 62 supra) 16. — Since this article was set in type, a continuing search yielded the manuscripts listed below under Edinburgh, Firenze, London.Google Scholar

¹ Tractatus de logica] Incipit liber Algazelis De summa theoricae philosophiae, translatus a magistro Iohanne et D. (Dominico A) archidiacono in Toleto de arabico in latinum. Tractatus de logica TMA; Incipit Logica Algazelis; in alio: Incipit Logica Avicennae P; Tractatus de logica secundum Algazelem R; Incipit Liber Agazelis super logicam Q; Incipit logica Algazelis Xe; om. NGVWLSC 3 Capitulum] add. primum W; om. e 3 debent praeponi] praeponi debent P 4 Capitulum — eius²] Capitulum de his quae praeponenda sunt Q; De praemittendis in logica S; om. XLC; et partes eius] om. P; add. capitulum primum e 5 praeponi debet] debet praeponi ANG 5 scilicet] om. A 5 quod — quod] om. e 6 multi sint] sint multi QWXL; multi sunt NC 6 primae partes] proprietates e 9 apprehensio significationis] apprehensio WX; significatio C 9 lapis] canis VPRQWXLe 10 angelus spiritus] spiritus angelus SCe 14 mundus — est] om. add. in mg. V; om. P 15 intelliget] poterit intelligere TM 15 credulitatem] diversitatem TM 17 bundus] undus TM; mundus XC; bened’ L 18 eam] eram N; om. WXLC 19 cebit] cepit TMGWQC; velut — cebit] om. LX 19 quasi nulla] quae quasi nulla est G 19 et tunc] unde WXL 19 diceretur] diceret ANG 19 bundus cebit] mundus cepit TMXC; bundus cepit AG; mundus cebit VP; mundus cepit corr. ex bundus cebit Q; bundus etc. W; bened’ cepit LGoogle Scholar

¹⁷ The sentence Sed hoc — bundus appears to be out of place, either in the Latin translation or in the transmitted Arabic text (Alonso 8; Beer 23). In the Arabic it follows negabit. The word corresponding to bundus does not appear. Coepit = ḥādith; cebit = mādit. Google Scholar

²⁰ crederet — contradiceret] credunt nec contradicunt L 22 unaquaeque dividitur] unamquamque iem dividunt L 24 et excogitatione — inquisitione] om. N 25 et excogitatione — inquisitione] om. X 26 ens — sicut] om. C 26 angeli] add. et similia Q 28 sententia] essentia TM; scientia NWeC 30 aequalia eidem] sunt aequalia eidem Q; aequalia sunt eidem WL; sunt eidem aequalia X 30 et inter se] et inter se sunt aequalia NG et sunt aequalia inter se W; sibi invicem sunt aequalia X; et inaequalia sunt aequalia L; et inter se credibilia in alia Se 32 tredecim] septem R 34 quae comprehenduntur — inquisitione] om. X 35 similia] add. De inquisitione scientiae imaginationis et credulitatis Q; add. De praecognoscendis S; add. et credibilia in his comprehenduntur C 42 mortale] om. SC 44 nobis] om. SCGoogle Scholar

³³ IV 531ff. (References are to Maneria and line).Google Scholar

⁴⁹ est formatus] formatus est WX 51 quae inquiritur] ignoti TM; quae acquiritur NW; ignoti corr. ex quae inquiritur Q 56 Sequitur — logicae] Sequitur quod de utilitate loquar TM; Sequitur de utilitate loquor A; Sequitur de utilitate logices NG; De scientia definitionis et argumentationis Q; De utilitate logicae e; om. WXLSC 60 aliquod notum — sed] om. add. in mg. alia manu Q 60 non potest sciri nisi per notum — ignotum²] om. G 60 aliquod proprium] proprium aliquod WXL 61 via] una M 62 illud intellectui] illud intellectu TMAN; illud in intellectu G; intellectui W; intellectui illud L; in intellectu illud e 71 est quasi] est quod insit TM; quasi sit VPR; est quasi sit WL; quod sit X; et mensura ad] in TM 72 autem] om. TMNG; autem quod] quidem A 75 errore]ignorantia SC 76 est¹] add. in QWXLSCGoogle Scholar

⁷⁹ sanctificetur] sequestretur NXL; suspendatur e 83 error] ignorantia error S; error vel ignorantia C 84 cum] om. VRQWLeS; nisi cum] non P 87 apponimus] apponamus A; opponitur N; ponamus G; opponantur VPR; apponantur QWLeS; imprimantur X; apponatur C 87 ei formae pulchrae] ei formas pulchras N; formas ei pulchras G; ei pulchrae formae C; add. nisi e 87 rectitudinem] in rectitudine NGLXe; in rectitudinem AVPRSC 88 esse] essentiae ANG; om. TM 90 autem] add. in anima WX 93 autem] om. add. int. lin. V; om. P; etiam RQ; ergo W; enim XL 96 per] propter TVPRQWSC 98 Sequitur — logicae] Sequitur de partibus eius AMV PRQ; De partibus logicae e; De partibus logices S; om. GC 100 cognoscuntur] cognoscentur TMAYPRSC 103 enim] autem TMAGWX; est autem NGoogle Scholar

⁸⁰ certitudo veritatis = la forma exacta de la verdad (Alonso 11); die Zierde der Wahrheit (Beer 26).Google Scholar

⁸⁷ postea — rectitudinem = cuando enfrente de él se presenta una faz de formas bellas (Alonso 11); … ferner dadurch, dass ihm die Reihe der schönen Formen gegenüber gestellt wird. (Nach der hebr. Übersetzung — nur dass dort der Plural: die Reihen steht) (Beer 26). I. 9 enim] autem TMANG; ei X; omnis LGoogle Scholar

¹⁰⁴ IV 6ff.Google Scholar

112f Nam — sciti = ése es un símil que corresponde exactamente a los cognoscibles (Alonso 12); denn es ist ein Abbild, welches dem Erkannten entspricht (Beer 27).Google Scholar

¹²⁰ IV 5.Google Scholar

¹⁸ habent etiam] habent et TANG; habet Me; habent etiam et VPRQ; habet etiam WL; etiam habent X 25 non] om. TMNG; nisi A 26 Petrus] add. qui VPRQWXLeSGoogle Scholar

¹⁸ Non: One would expect something like Complexum est cuius pars aliquid significat de intellectu totius sicut hoc …, but it seems to have been missing also in the original (cf. Alonso 14; Beer 29). Al-Ghazālī's source, however, did have a definition of a complex diction (L'autre sorte est dite composée et consiste en ceci: les parties du terme désignent les parties du sens; par exemple, tu dis ‘l'homme est sage’ ou bien ‘l'homme sage’ — Ibn Sīnā, Dānish Nāmeh [transl cit., (introd. n. 24) at p. 26]). Cf. Albertus Magnus, De praedicabilibus I 5 (ed. Borgnet I 10): Complexa autem dictio est cuius partes aliquid significant de intellectu totius. Google Scholar

⁴⁵ dixeris] dixisset TMANG 68 eorum propria] eorum TMN; ipsorum W; propria eorum C 76 indifferenter] om. TMANGGoogle Scholar

⁴⁴ Quod non — equus = Der Ausdruck ‘das Pferd’ wird nur zu einem particulären, dadurch dass man sagt: dieses Pferd (Beer 29).Google Scholar

⁸² singula singularum] similia singularum T; singularum N; singula e (cf. n. prox.) 82 ut — rerum] om. MQ 84 et — sidere] de cetu marino W; et ceteris X; de caelesti et marino L; add. et marina bellua ANG II. 5 cum] add. enim NVPRQWXLeSC 5 et] add. hic homo est VPRQWXLeSCGoogle Scholar

⁸⁰ ensis, muero, gladius = layt y asad (lobo); vino y bebida alcohólica (Alonso 16); der Löwe, der Leu; der Wein, der Rauschtrank (Beer 31). The translators have replaced the examples of the original with the standard examples of the Latin tradition, but have at the same time confused the terminology. Ensis etc. are in Martianus Capella, De nupt. philol. et merc. IV 357 (ed. Dick; Leipzig 1925), an example for plurivocum; in Boethius, In Categ. I (PL 64. 164) (cf. In Porph. com. sec. II 6 [PL 64. 96]), an example for multivoca; in Alcuin, De dialectica 3 (PL 101.955), an example of polyonyma. On the terminology, cf. Alonso 15 n. 7.Google Scholar

⁸⁴ canis — sidere = ayn (ojo) respecto del oro, del sol, de la balanza, del ojo de agua (Alonso 16). Again cf. Boethius, De interpr. pr. I 5 (PL 64. 302): Canis enim cum sit aequivocum, semel totum latrabilem, secundo totum caelestem, et rursus totum marinum significat. (Cf. var. lect. of ANG).Google Scholar

¹⁵ est¹] om. TMANG; vero C 15 id cui est] cui est TMANGC; cui est id RS 23 est te] est TMX; om. ANG 34 est ut possit] quia potest TM; quod potest ANG 40 ei] om. VPRQWXLeSCGoogle Scholar

⁵⁴ imaginari — ponere] imaginarios posse ponere TM; imaginari non posse ponere G; nos posse imaginari ponere Q; nos posse imaginari LC 55 aestimari — ponere] aestimari non esse ponere TM; nos aestimari posse ponere X; nos posse aestimari QCGoogle Scholar

¹⁸ Non est — positivum = Es imposible que lo esencial [a una cosa ya efectuada o dada] quede aún efectuable [ab extrinseco] (Alonso 22); das Essentielle ist unmöglich verursacht (Beer 34).Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Cf. Beer's note p. 16.Google Scholar

⁷⁷ ut] add. pallor ex timore C 78 in inseparabile] om. TMANG 84 cum eis intelligatur] intelligatur cum eis NRQeS; intelligatur cum eo VL 95 essentiale] add. dividitur TMANG 96 dividitur] om. TMANG 104 igitur est] est T; est igitur VQX; enim est RWGoogle Scholar

¹⁰³ In the Metaphysica (Muckle 5ff).Google Scholar

¹¹² vero] om. TMANG 118 corvo] add. in corvo enim accidentalis nigredo quia accidit ei post aliquos dies C 131 et] ut G; om. NQWXLC 137 interroganti] add. ergo VPRQWeS; add. autem XL; add. vero C 139 qualis] quem ANY; quae GRS; quam QWXL; quod eGoogle Scholar

¹²² II 71ff.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁵ separatur] separetur ANGXLSC 150 discretio] descriptio NVPRQWXLeSC 151 fit] add. apposita VSGoogle Scholar

¹⁸⁸ et commune accidens] commune et accidens ANG; et accidens commune VPRQWLeC; et commune X; accidens et commune SGoogle Scholar

¹⁸ et] om. TANG 8 vel] add. credulitas et contradictio vel QWXLS 8 falsitas] vel credulitas et contradictio VCGoogle Scholar

³³ hic est] est hic ANSC; est TQX 51 ut] conieci; om. codd. Google Scholar

⁶⁴ alio quod in] alio quod T; alioquin ANG 90 vere negari] vere T; verum negari ANG; negari LGoogle Scholar

¹⁸ 88 On the propositio privativa, see Alonso 32 n. 19.Google Scholar

¹¹² in] om. TANGGoogle Scholar

¹¹³ De singulari — a demonstrativis: Cf. Alonso 33.Google Scholar

¹²³ Oportet — disiunctis = Dejo al lector el cuidado de poner ejemplos de negativas particulares y universales de las condicionales copulativas y disyuntivas (Alonso 33).Google Scholar

¹⁴⁵ non¹] om. TANGVR 145 sed] om. T 145 impossibile] add. non esse G 147 intellige] intelligit ANGVRWLS; intelligitur QWCGoogle Scholar

¹⁴⁷ Non continetur — quantum non impossibile = En este caso lo necesario no se incluye en lo posible, como en el caso primero se incluía. Lo posible en el primer caso no pre-exige que el objeto sea también posible en cuanto a la inexistencia. Mejor dicho, algunas veces tanto la inexistencia como la necesidad de existir son imposibles, porque se trata de lo no imposible. Lo posible en este caso designa solamente lo no imposible (Alonso 34).Google Scholar

¹⁶⁰ contradicent] contradiceret NVQ; contradicerent R; contradicant GW 160 sibi] om. V; alioquin — sibi] om. T 169 si] et VRXLS; om. NC 171 intelligit] intelligis TANGWGoogle Scholar

¹⁶⁰ Coactus est volens = El coaccionado es un ser libre (Alonso 34).Google Scholar

¹⁷⁶ Relationibus: The originai adds here another condition: 6) Que no difieran por razón del tiempo y del lugar (Alonso 35).Google Scholar

¹⁹³ III 100ff.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Prooem. 6ff.Google Scholar

¹¹ On the argument from the present to the absent, see Gardet-Anawati, Introduction 365-7; Vajda, Isaac Albalag 125. Cf. De exemplo, infra. Google Scholar

¹⁸ earum] om. TANG 69 et negativas — particularem] om. TANGV 76 posueris] proposueris TANRQC; praeposueris V; om. GGoogle Scholar

⁸⁵ Sensibile et non lapis appears to have been out of place in the text from which the translation was made; cf. Alonso 40.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁶ commutatur] comitatur TGXC 119 posita] composita TNV 120 excludentur] excluduntur TGQXLC; concluduntur NGoogle Scholar

⁸⁷ On the additions made by the translators in the description of the various modes see Alonso 40-46, nn. 23-32.Google Scholar

¹²² excluduntur] excludentur TAVRWS 138 etiam] autem TANGWX 150 reiecisti] conieci; reiectis TANGYXLS; reūtis R; eiectis Q; W; reitis CGoogle Scholar

¹⁴⁸ After Item 8 the translators appear to have omitted two paragraphs: De consiguiente, la menor afirmativa universal con mayor afirmativa universal da una consecuencia legítima, lo que también ocurre con mayor negativa universal; pero no sucede lo propio con mayores particulares. | La menor afirmativa particular con mayor afirmativa universal y con mayor negativa universal da una conclusión legitima, pero no la da con mayores particulares. (Alonso 41-3).Google Scholar

¹⁷³ per] post TANG 177 semper] add. et (ut N) omnes concludentes de sexdecim modis codd. exc. QGoogle Scholar

¹⁵⁵ E converso minoris affirmativae = apparently a misunderstanding of debido a que la anularán las menores (Alonso 43).Google Scholar

¹⁷⁸ IV 87ff.Google Scholar

²⁰⁵ est particularis etiam hic] est particularis et etiam hic ANG; est hic particularis est et VRQWXL; particularis est hic etiam S; est particularis et hic et C 220 ponendo sententiam illius] sententiam illius ponendo TANG; ponendo scientiam illius VQWXLS; ponendo illius scientiam RGoogle Scholar

²⁴² et] om. NGVQWXGoogle Scholar

²⁷⁵ Sicut — animai] sicut igitur hic est homo hic est animai AG; sicut hic est homo hic est animal VRQSC; sicut hoc si homo est animal X; sicut hic est homo vel est animal LGoogle Scholar

²⁷⁹ Si est homo … The example has been changed (Alonso 47).Google Scholar

³³⁷ Quod quidem] similiter quidquid codd. exc. R 340 quodque¹] quidem TANG 340 omnis] om. TANG 341 quodque] quidem TANG 343 poterit] poteris TR; possit GC; potest L 344 temza] tenza TANG; temza id est cocodrillus Q; temiza W; themica X; LGoogle Scholar

³⁴⁴ Temza = timsāḥ (Arab, ‘crocodile’).Google Scholar

³⁴⁷ In auctoritatibus legis = en jurisprudencia (entre los alfaquíes) (Alonso 50).Google Scholar

³⁵¹ Doctores legis = los juristas (alfaquíes) y los mutakallimūn (teólogos musulmanes) (Alonso 50).Google Scholar

³⁶⁵ suam infirmitati] infirmi T; infirmitati A; infirmari NG 370 firmum esse] infirmum esse ANSC; esse infirmum VRQWXL 382 temza] tenza TG; thensach Q; temiza W; themica X; temica L; C; om. N 384 iam] om. VRQWXLS 384 ante certitudinem] ante certitudo TX; antequam certitudinem WC 385 antequam vim] om. ANGRVQWL; antequam X 385 argumentationis] argumentationem X; antequam vim argumentationis] argumentationis vel propositionis CGoogle Scholar

³⁸¹ IV 344Google Scholar

⁴⁰⁷ esset] add. hoc TANG 412 ultimum] add. non VRQWXLS 426 hoc] add. tamen VRQXSC 428 quia] conieci; et T; nec ANG; vel VRQWXS; item L; sed GGoogle Scholar

⁴²⁹ Hoc non — sine alio = prueba eso que la cosa no consiste en esos tres y que del cuarto no pasa. Aun así non probaría eso que lo que deba decirse, esté irremisiblemente ligado al cuarto, porque posible es que en ese cuarto caso se contengan dos respectos y lo que deba decirse dependa formalmente del uno y no del otro (Alonso 53).Google Scholar

⁴⁴³ duorum] om. VRS 445 Sequitur — composita] om. TA; De argumentatione composita S 460 aperies] duces T; extendes GC; operies ANVRQWXLGoogle Scholar

⁴⁵⁶ Euclid, Elementa I, prop. 1 (ed. Heiberg; Leipzig 1883, I 11f.).Google Scholar

¹⁸ figura om. ANGRQWXLSC 473 introducere] inducere ANGQSC 473 sic sed si] conieci; hic sed si TS; sic si N; hic sic si GVRQW; hic sic L; hic s^t ut X; hic s. si C 474 verum] unum ANGVR 488 figura] add. abg VRQWCGoogle Scholar

⁴⁹⁴ capitulum — syllogismi] om. TC; in mg. A 502-504 scilicet cum fuerit ex ferro — materiae] om. T 520 ex ea composita] om. T; haec ANG; ex ea RQS; facta ex illa W; facta ex ea XL; ex his C 521 convincenti] convenienti VRQWXLSCGoogle Scholar

⁵²¹ Opinabilis opinione convincenti = cuando las premisas no pasan de opiniones, que por entonces están en boga (Alonso 56).Google Scholar

⁵²⁹ sumica] simica G; fiumei V; fumic'a R 546 omni] om. TQXSGoogle Scholar

⁵²⁹ Sumica: I have not been able to find what Greek word is meant. The Borgnet ed. of Albertus Magnus, I Poster. I 2 (II 5) gives σνῤῥοικα. The meaning is poetica; cf. infra IV 732ff. The word is found in the same sense in Gerard of Cremona's translation of al-Fārābī's Iḥṣā al-'ulūm (Al-Fārābī: Catálogo de las ciencias; éd. y trad por A. González Palencia [Madrid, 1953] 143).Google Scholar

⁵⁵⁹ For this paragraph, cf. Alonso 57f.Google Scholar

⁵⁸² te et dixerit] dicens VRQWXL; te dicens SCGoogle Scholar

⁵⁹² Non ergo — argumentatione = en resumen, no hay duda de que el conocimiento es en este caso motivado por el medio, pero el entendimiento no advierte que su conocimiento se debe a ese medio y silogismo (Alonso 58).Google Scholar

⁵⁹⁵ ita] add. adhaeserunt et C 595 fixae] add. adhaeserunt AVS; add. asserunt G; add. vel adhaeserunt WXL 599 et] add. id quod est locus T; add. ita locus ANGL; add. in mg. id est locus V 601 pleno] add. quod est extra mundum codd. 614 quia hoc] et T; quia G; quod ex eo Q; quod XL; om. WGoogle Scholar

⁶⁶⁸ vel] sed ANG; scilicet VRQWXLSCGoogle Scholar

¹⁸ The sense of this paragraph is clear, but the text appears to be corrupt. Cf. Alonso 62.Google Scholar

⁶⁹⁸ Inquisitores scientiae legis = alfaquíes (Alonso 63).Google Scholar

⁷³² sumicae] poetice S 734 sumicam] poeticam SGoogle Scholar

⁷⁰⁹ Aristotle, Topica. Google Scholar

⁷²⁹ Aristotle, Rhetorica. Google Scholar

⁷³² See above, 529. On the place of the Poetica in this division, see R. Walzer, ‘Zur Traditionsgeschichte der aristotelischen Poetik’ in Greek into Arabic: Essays on Islamic Philosophy (Oxford 1962) 129-36.Google Scholar

⁷⁶⁷ III 149ff.Google Scholar

⁷⁷¹ Ibid. Google Scholar

⁷⁷⁵ quod quia] quod TX; quidquid ANG 776 est] scit ANG; sit VRQLSC; est lapis] sapit X 789 non¹] om. TNG 801 nescies] conieci; nesciens T; nescientes ANGVRQLSC 801 quoniam] add. non codd. 801 scieris] scies T 802 quoniam — moritur] om. X 806 eo] eis VRQXLSCGoogle Scholar

¹⁸ argumentationum] argumentationis et add. de analyticis posterioribus VRQXS 9 rei] om. TANG 14 inanitas] humanitas NGQLS 18 necten] netem T; neccen NS; G; V; neten ARXL; ntē CGoogle Scholar

¹⁸ Aristotle, Analytica Posteriora. Google Scholar

¹⁸ necten: I have been unable to determine the Greek word intended. The translators have changed the example given by Ghazālī; cf. Alonso 67.Google Scholar

⁵¹ causa — causatum] om. TANG 62 enim] add. non TANGCGoogle Scholar

¹⁸ 719-98 per eas — dicuntur] om. WGoogle Scholar

⁹⁹ petitiones = proposiciones (Alonso 70).Google Scholar

¹¹⁷ omni communicanti] omni incommunicanti TANGVXL; non communicanti SGoogle Scholar

¹⁰⁹ Omnis mensura — inquiri = toda magnitud participada por otra magnitud es del mismo género que ella y en el género no pueden distinguirse (Alonso 70).Google Scholar

¹¹⁷ Omnis mensura — simpliciter = las magnitudes distintas de una cosa son también distintas de toda otra magnitud que convenga con ellas y por eso se ha tomado la magnitud distinta (individual) y no la magnitud abstracta (Alonso 70).Google Scholar

¹²⁷ Euclid, Elementa I, prop. 13 (Heiberg ed.; I 37).Google Scholar

¹³¹ Ibid., prop. 32 (Heiberg ed.; I 77).Google Scholar

¹⁴³ quoque] quae TNG; quidem A 145 magistro] discipulo S 150 posse] add. et omnes lineas exeuntes a centro circuii ad circumferentiam eiusdem aequales esse codd. Google Scholar

¹⁴² Ibid., comm. conc. 2, 3 (Heiberg ed.; I 11).Google Scholar

¹⁴⁸ Ibid., postul. 3 (Heiberg ed.; I 9).Google Scholar

¹⁵⁹ IV 676ff.Google Scholar

¹⁶⁰ ut animal homini = como animal respecto de hombre (Alonso 72).Google Scholar

¹⁶⁵ praedicatus — subiectum = el predicado de la premisa está fundado en el sujeto en cuanto tal (Alonso 72).Google Scholar

¹⁸³ vel] om. TANGC 207 secundum] add. scilicet TANGGoogle Scholar