Hostname: page-component-74656f9884-npj9w Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-11-09T01:56:58.089Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Sensitivity to visual motion in amblyopic macaque monkeys

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 April 2006

LYNNE KIORPES ,
CHAO TANG  and
J. ANTHONY MOVSHON
LYNNE KIORPES
Affiliation:
Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York
CHAO TANG
Affiliation:
Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York
J. ANTHONY MOVSHON
Affiliation:
Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Amblyopia is usually considered to be a deficit in spatial vision. But there is evidence that amblyopes may also suffer specific deficits in motion sensitivity as opposed to losses that can be explained by the known deficits in spatial vision. We measured sensitivity to visual motion in random dot displays for strabismic and anisometropic amblyopic monkeys. We used a wide range of spatial and temporal offsets and compared the performance of the fellow and amblyopic eye for each monkey. The amblyopes were severely impaired at detecting motion at fine spatial and long temporal offsets, corresponding to fine spatial scale and slow speeds. This impairment was also evident for the untreated fellow eyes of strabismic but not anisometropic amblyopes. Motion sensitivity functions for amblyopic eyes were shifted toward large spatial scales for amblyopic compared to fellow eyes, to a degree that was correlated with the shift in scale of the spatial contrast sensitivity function. Amblyopic losses in motion sensitivity, however, were not correlated with losses in spatial contrast sensitivity. This, combined with the specific impairment for detecting long temporal offsets, reveals a deficit in spatiotemporal integration in amblyopia which cannot be explained by the lower spatial resolution of amblyopic vision.

Keywords

AmblyopiaVisual motion sensitivityContrast sensitivityTemporal integration

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
Visual Neuroscience , Volume 23 , Issue 2 , March 2006 , pp. 247 - 256
Copyright
2006 Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

REFERENCES

Alliston, E.L. (2004). Glass patterns and random dot motion: Parallel and hierarchical visual processing. PhD Dissertation, New York University. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3127423.
Asper, L., Crewther, D., & Crewther, S.G. (2000). Strabismic amblyopia. Part 1: Psychophysics. Clinical and Experimental Optometry 83, 49–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, C.L. & Braddick, O. (1985). Temporal properties of the short-range process in apparent motion. Perception 14, 181–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bosworth, R.G. & Birch, E.E. (2005). Motion detection in normal infants and young patients with infantile esotropia. Vision Research 45, 1557–1567.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braddick, O., Atkinson, J., & Wattam-Bell, J. (2003). Normal and anomalous development of visual motion processing: Motion coherence and ‘dorsal-stream vulnerability’. Neuropsychologia 41, 1769–1784.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, A. & Freeman, R.D. (1985). Temporal sensitivity in amblyopia: An explanation of conflicting reports. Vision Research 25, 39–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Britten, K.H., Shadlen, M.N., Newsome, W.T., & Movshon, J.A. (1992). The analysis of visual motion: A comparison of neuronal and psychophysical performance. Journal of Neuroscience 12, 4745–4765.Google Scholar
Buckingham, T., Watkins, R., Bansal, P., & Bamford, K. (1991). Hyperacuity thresholds for oscillatory movement are abnormal in strabismic and anisometropic amblyopes. Optometry and Vision Science 68, 351–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Celebrini, S. & Newsome, W.T. (1995). Microstimulation of extrastriate area MST influences performance on a direction discrimination task. Journal of Neurophysiology 73, 437–448.Google Scholar
Chandna, A., Pennefather, P.M., Kovács, I., & Norcia, A.M. (2001). Contour integration deficits in anisometropic amblyopia. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 42, 875–878.Google Scholar
Chung, S.T. & Levi, D.M. (1997). Moving vernier in amblyopic and peripheral vision: greater tolerance to motion blur. Vision Research 37, 2527–2533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellemberg, D., Lewis, T.L., Maurer, D., & Brent, H.P. (2000). Influence of monocular deprivation during infancy on the later development of spatial and temporal vision. Vision Research 40, 3283–3295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finney, D.J. (1971). Probit Analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Fredricksen, R.E., Verstraten, F.A.J., & van de Grind, W.A. (1994a). An analysis of the temporal integration mechanism in human motion perception. Vision Research 34, 3153–3170.Google Scholar
Fredricksen, R.E., Verstraten, F.A.J., & van de Grind, W.A. (1994b). Spatial summation and its interaction with the temporal integration mechanism in human motion perception. Vision Research 34, 3171–3188.Google Scholar
Giaschi, D.E., Regan, D., Kraft, S.P., & Hong, X-H. (1992). Defective processing of motion-defined form in the fellow eye of patients with unilateral amblyopia. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 33, 2483–2489.Google Scholar
Harwerth, R.S., Smith, E.L.III, Boltz, R.L., Crawford, M.L.J., & von Noorden, G.K. (1983). Behavioral studies on the effects of abnormal early visual experience in monkeys: Temporal modulation sensitivity. Vision Research 23, 1511–1517.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hess, R.F. & Anderson, S.J. (1993). Motion sensitivity and spatial undersampling in amblyopia. Vision Research 33, 881–896.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hess, R.F. & Demanins, R. (1998). Contour integration in anisometropic amblyopia. Vision Research 38, 889–894.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hess, R.F., Demanins, R., & Bex, P.J. (1997). A reduced motion aftereffect in strabismic amblyopia. Vision Research 37, 1303–1311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hess, R.F., Howell, E.R., & Kitchin, J.E. (1978). On the relationship between pattern and movement perception in strabismic amblyopia. Vision Research 18, 375–377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hess, R.F. & Malin, S.A. (2003). Threshold vision in amblyopia: Orientation and phase. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 44, 4762–4771.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hess, R.F., McIlhagga, W., & Field, D.J. (1997). Contour integration in strabismic amblyopia: The sufficiency of an explanation based on positional uncertainty. Vision Research 37, 3145–3161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ho, C.S., Giaschi, D.E., Boden, C., Dougherty, R., Cline, R., & Lyons, C. (2005). Deficient motion perception in the fellow eye of amblyopic children. Vision Research 45, 1615–1627.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, S.L. & Buckingham, T.J. (1998). Movement hyperacuity in childhood amblyopia. British Journal of Ophthalmology 82, 991–995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiorpes, L. (1992). Effect of strabismus on the development of vernier acuity and grating acuity in monkeys. Visual Neuroscience 9, 253–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiorpes, L. (1996). Development of contrast sensitivity in normal and amblyopic monkeys. In Infant Vision, ed. Vital-Durand, F., Atkinson, J. & Braddick, O., pp. 3–15. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kiorpes, L. & Boothe, R.G. (1984). Accommodative range in amblyopic monkeys. Vision Research 24, 1829–1834.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiorpes, L., Carlson, M.R., & Alfi, D. (1989). Development of visual acuity in experimentally strabismic monkeys. Clinical Vision Sciences 4, 95–106.Google Scholar
Kiorpes, L. & Kiper, D.C. (1996). Development of contrast sensitivity across the visual field in macaque monkeys (Macaca nemestrina). Vision Research 36, 239–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiorpes, L., Kiper, D.C., & Movshon, J.A. (1993). Contrast sensitivity and vernier acuity in amblyopic monkeys. Vision Research 33, 2301–2311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiorpes, L., Kiper, D.C., O'Keefe, L.P., Cavanaugh, J.R., & Movshon, J.A. (1998). Neuronal correlates of amblyopia in the visual cortex of macaque monkeys with experimental strabismus and anisometropia. Journal of Neuroscience 18, 6411–6424.Google Scholar
Kiorpes, L. & Movshon, J.A. (1998). Peripheral and central factors limiting the development of contrast sensitivity in macaque monkeys. Vision Research 38, 61–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiorpes, L. & Movshon, J.A. (2004). Development of sensitivity to visual motion in macaque monkeys. Visual Neuroscience 21, 851–859.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiorpes, L., Tang, C., & Movshon, J.A. (1999). Factors limiting contrast sensitivity in experimentally amblyopic monkeys. Vision Research 39, 4152–4160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiorpes, L. & Wallman, J. (1995). Does experimentally-induced amblyopia cause hyperopia in monkeys? Vision Research 35, 1289–1297.Google Scholar
Kiorpes, L., Walton, P.J., O'Keefe, L.P., Movshon, J.A., & Lisberger, S.G. (1996). Effects of early onset strabismus on pursuit eye movements and on neuronal responses in area MT of macaque monkeys. Journal of Neuroscience 16, 6537–6553.Google Scholar
Kovács, I., Polat, U., Pennefather, P.M., Chandna, A., & Norcia, A.M. (2000). A new test of contour integration deficits in patients with a history of disrupted binocular experience during visual development. Vision Research 40, 1775–1783.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kozma, P. & Kiorpes, L. (2003). Contour integration in amblyopic monkeys. Visual Neuroscience 20, 577–588.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kubova, Z., Kuba, M., Juran, J., & Blakemore, C. (1996). Is the motion system relatively spared in amblyopia? Evidence from cortical evoked responses. Vision Research 36, 181–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levi, D.M. & Klein, S. (2003). Noise provides some new signals about the spatial vision of amblyopes. Journal of Neuroscience 23, 2522–2526.Google Scholar
Levi, D.M., Klein, S., & Aitsebaomo, P. (1984). Detection and discrimination of the direction of motion in central and peripheral vision of normal and amblyopic observers. Vision Research 24, 789–800.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, L., Wang, K., Liao, B., Xu, L., & Han, S. (2004). Perceptual salience of global structures and the crowding effect in amblyopia. Graefe's Archives of Clinical Experimental Ophthalmology 242, 566–570.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manny, R. & Levi, D.M. (1982). Psychophysical investigations of the temporal modulation sensitivity function in amblyopia: Spatiotemporal interactions. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 22, 525–534.Google Scholar
McKee, S.P., Levi, D.M., & Movshon, J.A. (2003). The pattern of visual deficits in amblyopia. Journal of Vision 3, 380–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, M.J. & Ward, R. (1980). Conditions for motion flow in dynamic visual noise. Vision Research 20, 431–435CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morrone, M.C., Burr, D.C., & Vaina, L.M. (1995). Two stages of visual processing for radial and circular motion. Nature 376, 507–509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Movshon, J.A. & Kiorpes, L. (1988). Analysis of the development of spatial contrast sensitivity in monkey and human infants. Journal of the Optical Society of America A 5, 2166–2172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mussap, A.J. & Levi, D.M. (1999). Orientation-based texture segmentation in strabismic amblyopia. Vision Research 39, 411–418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mussap, A.J. & Levi, D.M. (2000). Amblyopic deficit in detecting a dotted line in noise. Vision Research 40, 3297–3307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newsome, W.T. & Pare, E.B. (1988). A selective impairment of motion perception following lesions of the middle temporal visual area (MT). Journal of Neuroscience 8, 2201–2211.Google Scholar
Pelli, D.G., Levi, D.M., & Chung, S.T.L. (2004). Using visual noise to characterize amblyopic letter identification. Journal of Vision 4, 904–920.Google Scholar
Popple, A.V. & Levi, D.M. (2000). Amblyopes see true alignment where normal observers see illusory tilt. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 97, 11667–11672.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharma, V., Levi, D.M., & Klein, S.A. (2000). Undercounting features and missing features: Evidence for a high-level deficit in strabismic amblyopia. Nature Neuroscience 3, 496–501.Google Scholar
Simmers, A.J. & Bex, P.J. (2004). The representation of global spatial structure in amblyopia. Vision Research 44, 523–533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simmers, A.J., Ledgeway, T., & Hess, R.F. (2005). The influences of visibility and anomalous integration processes on the perception of global spatial form versus motion in human amblyopia. Vision Research 45, 449–460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simmers, A.J., Ledgeway, T., Hess, R.F., & McGraw, P.V. (2003). Deficits to global motion processing in human amblyopia. Vision Research 43, 729–738.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skottun, B.C., Bradley, A., & Freeman, R.D. (1986). Orientation discrimination in amblyopia. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 27, 532–537.Google Scholar
Smith, M.A., Bair, W., & Movshon, J.A. (2002). Signals in macaque striate cortical neurons that support the perception of Glass patterns. Journal of Neuroscience 22, 8334–8345.Google Scholar
Steinman, S.B., Levi, D.M., & McKee, S.P. (1988). Discrimination of time and velocity in the amblyopic visual system. Clinical Vision Sciences 2, 265–276.Google Scholar
Tang, C. (1999). Apparent motion detection in amblyopic monkeys. PhD Dissertation. New York University. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9917087.
Tychsen, L. & Lisberger, S.G. (1986). Maldevelopment of visual motion processing in humans who had strabismus with onset in infancy. Journal of Neuroscience 6, 2495–2508.Google Scholar
Valmaggia, C., Proudlock, F., & Gottlob, I. (2003). Optokinetic nystagmus in strabismus: Are asymmetries related to binocularity? Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 44, 5142–5150.Google Scholar
Wang, H., Levi, D.M., & Klein (1998). Spatial uncertainty and sampling efficiency in amblyopic position acuity. Vision Research 38, 1239–1245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watanabe, I., Bi, H., Zhang, B., Sakai, E., Mori, T., Harwerth, R.S., Smith, E.L., III, & Chino, Y.M. (2005). Directional bias of neurons in V1 and V2 of strabismic monkeys: Temporal-to-nasal asymmetry? Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 46, 3899–3905.Google Scholar
Wilson, H.R. & Bergen, J.R. (1979). A four mechanism model for threshold spatial vision. Vision Research 19, 19–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar