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NGO Failure: A Theoretical Synthesis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2026

Nives Dolšak and
Aseem PrakashOpen the ORCID record for Aseem Prakash[Opens in a new window]
Nives Dolšak*
Affiliation:
School of Marine & Environmental Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
Aseem Prakash*
Affiliation:
Department of Politics Science & Center for Environmental Politics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
*
nives@uw.edu
aseem@uw.edu
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Abstract

An extensive literature identifies conditions under which markets and states work efficiently and effectively toward their stated missions. When these conditions are violated, these institutions are deemed to show some level of failure. In contrast to the study of market and government failures, scholars have tended to focus on non-governmental organizations’ (NGOs) successes instead of failures. This is probably because they view NGOs as virtuous actors, guided by principled beliefs rather than instrumental concerns, not susceptible to agency conflicts, accountable to the communities they serve, and working cooperatively with each other. A growing literature questions this “virtue narrative.” When virtue conditions are violated, NGOs could exhibit different levels of failure. In synthesizing this literature, we offer an analytic typology of NGO failures: agency failure, NGOization failure, representation failure, and cooperation failure. Finally, given NGOs’ important role in public policy, we outline institutional innovations to address these failures.

Keywords

NGOsInstitutional failureInformation problemsAgency conflict

Information

Type
Research Papers
Information
Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations , Volume 33 , Issue 4 , August 2022, pp. 661 - 671
Copyright
Copyright © International Society for Third-Sector Research 2021

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