Hostname: page-component-74656f9884-qr5l4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-11-05T08:19:50.050Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Volunteering in Retirement and Its Impact on Seniors Subjective Quality of Life Through Personal Outlook: A Study of Older Australians

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2026

Mehdi Taghian Open the ORCID record for Mehdi Taghian [Opens in a new window] ,
Michael Jay Polonsky  and
Clare D’Souza
Mehdi Taghian*
Affiliation:
Department of Marketing, Faculty of Business and Law, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
Michael Jay Polonsky*
Affiliation:
Department of Marketing, Faculty of Business and Law, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
Clare D’Souza*
Affiliation:
La Trobe Business School, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
*
mehdi.taghian@deakin.edu.au
michael.polonsky@deakin.edu.au
C.DSouza@latrobe.edu.au
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This study examines the subjective quality of life of globally expanding senior citizens post-retirement, from a volunteering perspective. Formal volunteering is one way to engage retired seniors, providing social connectedness and enhanced well-being while potentially reducing their support service needs. It also provides a valuable resource to nonprofits. Thus, it is a win–win for both these individuals and their societies. This study has empirically examined associations between regular formal volunteering and seniors’ personal outlook, in the context of enhanced subjective quality of life. Past research has overlooked this important perspective, which often influences relationships between volunteering and subjective quality of life. Surveying 207 seniors, this study found that voluntary work perceptions are often associated with regular formal volunteering, which in turn is associated with the individual’s personal outlook, which in turn is positively associated with the aspects of subjective quality of life, particularly mental and emotional well-being. These results will guide policymakers on improving the quality of life of seniors through their extended involvement as volunteers, including for nonprofits, ways to recruit, train and manage their volunteer workforce and take action in further increasing the profile and the availability of formal volunteering.

Keywords

VolunteeringRetirementQuality of lifeWell-beingSeniorsNonprofits

Information

Type
Original Paper
Information
Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations , Volume 30 , Issue 5 , October 2019 , pp. 1133 - 1147
Copyright
Copyright © International Society for Third-Sector Research 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Anderson, N. D., Damianakis, T., Kröger, E., Wagner, L. M., Dawson, D. R., Binns, M. A., Bernstein, S., Caspi, E., & Cook, S. L. (2014). The benefits associated with volunteering among seniors: A critical review and recommendations for future research. Psychological Bulletin, 140(6), 1505–1533.10.1037/a0037610CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aranda, M., Hurtado, M. D., & Topa, G. (2017). Breach of psychological contract and organizational citizenship behaviors in volunteerism: The mediator role of affect and the moderation of volunteers’ age. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 29(1), 59–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A meta analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40(4), 471–499.10.1348/014466601164939CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arslantas, H., Adana, F., Abacigil, E. F., Kayar, D., & Acar, G. (2015). Loneliness in elderly people, associated factors and its correlation with quality of Life: A field study from Western Turkey. Iran Journal of Public Health, 44(1), 43–50.Google ScholarPubMed
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2006). Voluntary work Australia, Cat. No. 4441.0. Retrieved November, 2015 from http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/C52862862C082577CA25731000198615/$File/44410_2006.pdf. Accessed 23 Nov 2015.Google Scholar
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2008). Australian social trends. Retrieved December, 2015 from http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/DE5DE30C9CF6E5E3CA25748E00126A25/$File/41020_2008.pdf. Accessed 21 Dec 2015.Google Scholar
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2010). Voluntary work Australia, Cat. No. 441.0. Retrieved November, 2015 from http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/4441.0Main%20Features22010?opendocument. Accessed 28 Nov 2015.Google Scholar
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2017). 4159.0.55.004—Discussion paper: Information needs for volunteering data. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/4159.0.55.004. Accessed 25 May 2018.Google Scholar
Barraza, J. A. (2011). Positive emotional expectations predict volunteer outcomes for new volunteers. Motivation and Emotion, 35(2), 211–219.10.1007/s11031-011-9210-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartels, M. (2015). Genetics of well-being and its components satisfaction with life, happiness, and quality of life: A review and meta-analysis of hereditary studies. Quality of Life Research, 45(2), 137–156.Google Scholar
Bedran-Martins, A. M., Lemos, M. C., & Philippi, A. Jr (2017). Relationship between subjective well-being and material quality of life in face of climate vulnerability in NE Brazil. Climatic Change, 147(1–2), 283–297.10.1007/s10584-017-2105-yCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergkvist, L. I., & Rossiter, J. R. (2007). The predictive validity of multiple-item versus single-item measures of the same constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 44(2), 175–184.10.1509/jmkr.44.2.175CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bloom, D. E., Canning, D., & Fink, G. (2010). Implications of population ageing for economic growth. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 26(4), 583–612.Google Scholar
Bloom, D. E., Chatterji, S., Kowal, P., Lloyd-Sherlock, P., McKee, M., & Rechel, B. (2015). Macroeconomic implications of population ageing and selected policy responses. Lancet, 385, 649–657.10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61464-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Briggs, E., Peterson, M., & Gregory, G. (2010). Toward a better understanding of volunteering for non-profit organizations: Explaining volunteers’ pro-social attitudes. Journal of Macromarketing, 30(1), 61–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bronstein, L. R., & Mason, S. E. (2013). A serial focus group model for understanding experiences of older adult volunteers and non-profit agency managers. Groupwork, 23(2), 67–87.10.1921/gpwk.v23i2.761CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, S. (2005). Travelling with a purpose: Understanding the motives and benefits of volunteer vacationers. Current Issues in Tourism, 8(6), 479–496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burns, D. J., Reid, J. S., Toncar, M., Faucett, J., & Anderson, C. (2006). Motivations to volunteer: The role of altruism. International Review of Public and Nonprofit Marketing, 3(2), 79–91.10.1007/BF02893621CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caldwell, S. D., Farmer, S. M., & Fedor, D. B. (2008). The influence of age on volunteer contributions in a nonprofit organization. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(3), 311–333.10.1002/job.482CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Camfield, L., Choudhury, K., & Devine, J. (2009). Well-being, happiness and why relationships matter: Evidence from Bangladesh. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10(1), 71–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, R. L., Eisner, S., & Riggs, N. (2010). Sources of self-esteem: From theory to measurement and back again. New Ideas in Psychology, 28(3), 338–349.10.1016/j.newideapsych.2009.09.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chambré, S. M. (1989). Kindling points of light: Volunteering as public policy. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 18(3), 249–268.10.1177/089976408901800307CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Choi, Y., Park, S., Cho, K. H., Chun, S. Y., & Park, E. C. (2016). A change in social activity affects cognitive function in middle-aged and older Koreans: Analysis of a Korean longitudinal study on aging (2006–2012). International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 31(18), 912–919.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. (1999). The motivations to volunteer: Theoretical and practical considerations. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8(5), 156–159.10.1111/1467-8721.00037CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Commission, P. (2010). Contribution of the not-for-profit sector: Research report. Canberra: Australian Government.Google Scholar
Conde-Sala, J. L., Portellano-Ortiz, C., & Calvó-Perxas, L. (2017). Quality of life in people aged 65 + in Europe: Associated factors and models of social welfare-analysis of data from the SHARE project (Wave 5). Quality of Life Research, 26(4), 1059–1070.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummins, R. A. (2000). Objective and subjective quality of life: An interactive model. Social Indicators Research, 52(1), 55–72.10.1023/A:1007027822521CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Department of human Services. (2019). Increase to age pension age from 1 July 2019. https://www.humanservices.gov.au/individuals/news/increase-age-pension-age-from-1-july-2019.Google Scholar
Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55(1), 34–43.10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.34CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diener, E., & Chan, M. Y. (2011). Happy people live longer: Subjective well-being contributes to health and longevity. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 3(1), 1–43.Google Scholar
Dolnicar, S., & Randle, M. (2007). What motivates which volunteers? Psychographic heterogeneity among volunteers in Australia. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 18(1), 135–155.10.1007/s11266-007-9037-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dury, S., De Donder, L., De Witte, N., Buffel, T., Jacquet, W., & Verté, D. (2015). To volunteer or not: The influence of individual characteristics, resources, and social factors on the likelihood of volunteering by older adults. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 44(6), 1107–1128.10.1177/0899764014556773CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisner, D., Grimm, R. T. Jr, Mynard, S., & Washburn, S. (2009). The new volunteer workforce. Stanford Social Innovation Review, 7(1), 23–37.Google Scholar
European Union. (2013). Study on volunteering in the European Union—Country reports. Retrieved May, 2017 from http://ec.europa.eu/citizenship/pdf/national_report_uk_en.pdf. Accessed 16 May 2017.Google Scholar
Ezeamama, A. E., Elkins, J., & Simpson, C. (2016). Indicators of resilience and healthcare outcomes: Findings from the 2010 health and retirement survey. Quality of Life Research, 25(4), 1007–1015.10.1007/s11136-015-1144-yCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gabriel, Z., & Bowling, A. (2004). Quality of life from the perspectives of older people. Ageing & Society, 24(5), 675–691.10.1017/S0144686X03001582CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gasper, D. (2011). Quality of life. In Mandle, J. (Ed.), Encyclopaedia of global justice (pp. 919–923). New York: Dordrecht.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gonzales, E., Matz-Costa, C., & Morrow-Howell, N. (2015). Increasing opportunities for the productive engagement of older adults: A response to population aging. The Gerontologist, 55(2), 252–261.10.1093/geront/gnu176CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gorna, K., Jaracz, K., Rybakowski, F., & Rybakowski, J. (2008). Determinants of objective and subjective quality of life in first-time-admission schizophrenic patients in Poland: A longitudinal study. Quality of Life Research, 17, 237–247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gray, H. M., Gray, K., & Wegner, D. M. (2007). Dimensions of mind perception. Science, 315, 619.10.1126/science.1134475CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grimm, R. J., Spring, K., & Dietz, N. (2007). The health benefits of volunteering: A review of recent research. Retrieved May, 2017 from http://www.nationalservice.gov/pdf/07_0506_hbr.pdf. Accessed 16 May 2017.Google Scholar
Grohs, S., Schneiders, K., & Heinze, R. G. (2015). Social entrepreneurship versus intrapreneurship in the German Social Welfare State: A study of old-age care and youth welfare services. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 44(1), 163–180.10.1177/0899764013501234CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (Vol. 6). Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice.Google Scholar
Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139–152.10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halleröd, B., & Seldén, D. (2013). The multidimensional characteristics of wellbeing: How different aspects of wellbeing interact and do not interact with each other. Social Indicators Research, 113(1), 807–825.10.1007/s11205-012-0115-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Han, A., Brown, D., & Richardson, A. (2018). Older adults’ perspectives on volunteering in an activity-based social program for people with dementia. Activities, Adaptation & Aging. doi: 10.1080/01924788.2018.1500055.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Han, C.-K., & Hong, S.-L. (2013). Trajectories of volunteering and self-esteem in later life: Does wealth matter?. Research on Aging, 35(5), 571–590.10.1177/0164027512449472CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haski-Leventhal, D. (2009). Elderly volunteering and well-being: A cross-European comparison based on SHARE data. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 20(4), 388–404.10.1007/s11266-009-9096-xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayduk, L., & Littvay, L. (2012). Should researchers use single indicators, best indicators or multiple indicators in structural equation models?. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 12(1), 159–176.10.1186/1471-2288-12-159CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heaven, B., Brown, L. J. E., White, M., Errington, L., Matters, J. C., & Moffatt, S. (2013). Supporting well-being in retirement through meaningful social roles: Systematic review of intervention studies. Milbank Quarterly, 91(2), 222–287.10.1111/milq.12013CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hwang, J., Wang, L., & Jones, C. (2016). Tackling social isolation and loneliness through community exercise programs for seniors. The University of British Columbia Medical Journal, 8(1), 40–41.Google Scholar
Johnson, K. J., & Lee, S. H. (2017). Factors associated with volunteering among racial/ethnic groups: Findings from the California Health Interview Survey. Research on Aging, 39(5), 575–596.10.1177/0164027515618243CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keltner, D., Ellsworth, P. C., & Edwards, K. (1993). Beyond simple pessimism: Effects of sadness and anger on social perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(5), 740.10.1037/0022-3514.64.5.740CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Komp, K., van Kersbergen, K., & van Tilburg, T. (2013). Policies for older volunteers: A study of Germany and Italy, 1990–2008. Journal of Aging Studies, 27(4), 443–455.10.1016/j.jaging.2013.10.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krägeloh, C., & Shepherd, G. (2015). Quality of life of community-dwelling retirement-aged New Zealanders: The effects of volunteering, income, and being part of a religious community. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 26(6), 2462–2478.10.1007/s11266-014-9524-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kulik, L. (2018). Through adversity comes strength: Volunteering and self-esteem among people with physical disabilities. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 29(1), 174–189.10.1007/s11266-017-9914-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Layard, R. (2010). Measuring subjective well-being. Science, 327(5968), 534–535.10.1126/science.1186315CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, Y.-J., & Brudney, J. L. (2012). Participation in formal and informal volunteering: Implications for volunteer recruitment. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 23(2), 159–180.10.1002/nml.21060CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lie, M., & Baines, S. (2007). Making sense or organisational change: The voices of older volunteers. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 18(3), 225–240.10.1007/s11266-007-9043-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lim, C., & Laurence, J. (2015). Doing good when times are bad: Volunteering behaviour in economic hard times. British Journal of Sociology, 66(2), 319–344.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K. (2002). To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 151–173.10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
López-Liria, R., Díaz-López, P., Rocamora-Pérez, P., Aguilar-Parra, J. M., Manzano-León, A., & Padilla-Góngora, D. (2016). An active role for the elderly in the process for an integrated Europe. Journal of Education Culture and Society, 7(1), 32–41.10.15503/jecs20161.32.41CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Low, N., Butt, S., Ellis Pain, A., & Davis Smith, J. (2007). Helping out: A national survey of volunteering and charitable giving. London: The Cabinet Office.Google Scholar
Lum, T., & Lightfoot, L. (2005). The effects of volunteering on the physical and mental health of older people. Research on Aging, 27(1), 31–55.10.1177/0164027504271349CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maher, E., & Cummins, R. A. (2001). Subjective quality of life, perceived control and dispositional optimism among older people. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 20(3), 139–146.10.1111/j.1741-6612.2001.tb01776.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michalos, A. C. (2004). Social indicators research and health-related quality of life research. Social Indicators Research, 65(1), 27–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mojza, E. J., Sonnentag, S., & Bornemann, C. (2011). Volunteer work as a valuable leisure-time activity: A day-level study on volunteer work, non-work experiences, and well-being at work. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 84(1), 123–152.10.1348/096317910X485737CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morrow-Howell, N., Hinterlong, J., Rozario, P. A., & Tang, F. (2003). Effects of volunteering on the well-being of older adults. Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58(3), S137–S145.10.1093/geronb/58.3.S137CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muldoon, M. F., Barger, S. D., Flory, J. D., & Manuck, S. B. (1998). What are quality of life measurements measuring?. British Medical Journal, 316(February), 542–545.10.1136/bmj.316.7130.542CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Brien, L., Townsend, M., & Ebden, M. (2010). “Doing something positive”: Volunteers’ experiences of the well-being benefits derived from practical conservation activities in nature. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 21(4), 525–545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okun, M. A., August, K. J., Rook, K. S., & Newsom, J. T. (2010). Does volunteering moderate the relation between functional limitations and mortality?. Social Science and Medicine, 71(9), 1662–1668.10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.07.034CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Okun, M. A., O’Rourke, H. P., Keller, B., Johnson, K. A., & Enders, C. (2014). Value-expressive volunteer motivation and volunteering by older adults: Relationships with religiosity and spirituality. Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 70(9), 860–870.10.1093/geronb/gbu029CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2015). How’s life? Measuring well-being. Retrieved May, 2016 from http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/how_life2015.en. Accessed 16 May 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oswald, A. J., & Wu, S. (2010). Objective confirmation of subjective measures of human well-being: Evidence from the USA. Science, 327(5965), 576–579.Google Scholar
Pavelek, L. (2013). Senior volunteers in the context of active ageing. World Applied Sciences Journal, 26(8), 1070–1078.Google Scholar
Piliavin, J. A., & Siegl, E. (2007). Health benefits of volunteering in the Wisconsin longitudinal study. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 48(4), 450–464.10.1177/002214650704800408CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pilkington, P. D., Windsor, T. D., & Crisp, D. A. (2012). Volunteering and subjective well-being in midlife and older adults: The role of supportive social networks. Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 67(2), 249–260.10.1093/geronb/gbr154CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Principi, A., Warburton, J., Schippers, J., & Di Rosa, M. (2013). The role of work status on European older volunteers’ motivation. Research on Aging, 35(6), 710–735.10.1177/0164027512460693CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pushkar, D., Reis, M., & Morros, M. (2002). Motivation, personality and well-being in older volunteers. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 55(2), 141–162.10.2190/MR79-J7JA-CCX5-U4GQCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Regan, K., Intzandt, B., Swatridge, K., Myers, A., Roy, E., & Middleton, L. E. (2016). Changes in physical activity and function with transition to retirement living: A pilot study. Canadian Journal on Aging, 35(4), 526–532.10.1017/S0714980816000593CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roni, S. M., Djajadikerta, H., & Ahmad, M. A. N. (2015). PLS-SEM approach to second-order factor of deviant behaviour: Constructing perceived behavioural control. Procedia Economics and Finance, 28(1), 249–253.Google Scholar
Rotolo, T., & Wilson, J. (2014). Social heterogeneity and volunteering in US cities. Sociological Forum, 29(2), 429–452.10.1111/socf.12091CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubin, A., & Thorelli, I. M. (1984). Egoistic motives and longevity of participation by social service volunteers. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 20(3), 223–235.10.1177/002188638402000303CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salamon, L. M. S., Stokowski, W., Haddock, M. A., & Tice, H. S. (2013). The state of global civil society and volunteering: Latest findings from the implementation of the UN non-profit handbook. Baltimore: John Hopkins University.Google Scholar
Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (2001). Optimism, pessimism, and psychological well-being. In Chang, E. C. (Ed.), Optimism and pessimism: Implications for theory, research, and practice (pp. 189–216). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.10.1037/10385-009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schillewaert, N., & Meulemeester, P. (2005). Comparing response distributions of offline and online data collection methods. International Journal of Market Research, 47(2), 163–178.10.1177/147078530504700203CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Settles, J., & McMullin, J. (2017). Gender and relationship status interaction and likelihood of return to work post-retirement. Canadian Journal of Aging/La Revue Canadienne du Vieillissement, 36(3), 366–385.Google Scholar
Shiba, K., Kondo, N., Kondo, K., & Kawach, I. (2017). Retirement and mental health: Does social participation mitigate the association? A fixed-effects longitudinal analysis. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 1–11.10.1186/s12889-017-4427-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shye, S. (2010). The motivation to volunteer: A systemic quality of life theory. Social Indicators Research, 98(2), 183–200.10.1007/s11205-009-9545-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sirgy, J. (2012). The psychology of quality of life: Hedonic well-being, life satisfaction, and eudaimonia (Vol. 50). New York: Springer.10.1007/978-94-007-4405-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, D. B. (2004). Volunteering in retirement: Perceptions of midlife workers. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 33(1), 55–73.10.1177/0899764003260591CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sundeen, R. A., Raskoff, S. A., & Garcia, M. C. (2007). Differences in perceived barriers to volunteering to formal organizations: Lack of time versus lack of interest. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 17(3), 279–300.10.1002/nml.150CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taghian, M., D’Sousa, C., & Polonsky, M. J. (2013). A study of older Australians’ volunteering and quality of life: Empirical evidence and policy implications. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 24(2), 101–122.10.1080/10495142.2012.679161CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Talbot, A. (2015). The negative impacts of volunteering: A qualitative case study of one UK scout group. Voluntary Sector Review, 6(2), 209–220.10.1332/204080515X14362581760660CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tang, F., Choi, E. H., & Morrow-Howell, N. (2010). Organizational support and volunteering benefits for older adults. The Gerontologist, 50(5), 603–612.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thoits, P. A. (2013). Volunteer identity salience, role enactment, and well-being: Comparisons of three salience constructs. Social Psychology Quarterly, 76(4), 373–398.10.1177/0190272513498397CrossRefGoogle Scholar
United Nations. (2011). State of the world volunteerism report: Universal values for global well-being. Retrieved April, 2017 from http://www.unv.org/fileadmin/docdb/pdf/2011/SWVR/English/SWVR2011_full.pdf. Accessed 3 Apr 2017.Google Scholar
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2015). World population projection. Retrieved April, 2017 from http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/news/population/2015-report.html. Accessed 3 Apr 2017.Google Scholar
United States Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Volunteering in the United States. United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved April, 2017 from http://www.bls.gov/news.release/volun.nr0.htm. Accessed 3 Apr 2017.Google Scholar
United States Department of Health and Human Services. (2016). Administration for Community Living. Retrieved April, 2017 from http://www.aoa.acl.gov/aging_statistics/future_growth/future_growth.aspx. Accessed 5 Apr 2017.Google Scholar
Veludo-de-Oliveira, T. M., Pallister, J. G., & Foxall, G. R. (2015). Unselfish? Understanding the role of altruism, empathy, and beliefs in volunteering commitment. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 27, 373–396.10.1080/10495142.2015.1080504CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Volunteering Australia. (2011). National survey of volunteering issues. Retrieved May, 2015 from http://www.volunteeringaustralia.org/wp-content/files_mf/1377045635VANSVI2011.pdf. Accessed 27 May 2015.Google Scholar
Vroman, K. G., Arthanat, S., & Lysack, C. (2015). “Who over 65 is online?” Older adults’ dispositions toward information communication technology. Computers in Human Behavior, 43, 156–166. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.10.018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vroom, V. H. (1982). Work and motivation. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Warburton, J., Paynter, J., & Petriwskyj, A. (2007). Volunteering as a productive aging activity: Incentives and barriers to volunteering by Australian seniors. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 26(4), 333–354.10.1177/0733464807304568CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warburton, J., Terry, D. J., Rosenman, L. S., & Shapiro, M. (2001). Differences between older volunteers and nonvolunteers: Attitudinal, normative, and control beliefs. Research on Aging, 23(5), 586–605.10.1177/0164027501235004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wheeler, J. A., Gorey, K. M., & Greenblatt, B. (1998). The beneficial effects of volunteering for older volunteers and the people they serve: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 47(1), 69–79.10.2190/VUMP-XCMF-FQYU-V0JHCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WHO. (2018). Definition of health. Retrieved May, 2017 from www.who.int/suggestions/faq/en/. Accessed 16 May 2017.Google Scholar
WHO-QOL Group (1995). The World Health Organization Quality of Life assessment (WHO-QOL): Position paper from the World Health Organization. Social Science and Medicine, 41(10), 1403–1409.10.1016/0277-9536(95)00112-KCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wong, P. K. S., Fong, K. W., & Lam, T. L. (2015). Enhancing the resilience of parents of adults with intellectual disabilities through volunteering: An exploratory study. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 12(1), 20–26.10.1111/jppi.12101CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Giving Index. (2012). CAF—Charities Aid Foundation. Retrieved May, 2017 from https://www.cafonline.org/docs/default-source/about-us-publications/worldgivingindex2012web.pdf. Accessed 16 May 2017.Google Scholar
Wymer, W. W., & Samu, S. (2002). Volunteer service as symbolic consumption: Gender and occupational differences in volunteering. Journal of Marketing Management, 18(9), 971–989.10.1362/0267257012930358CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zickuhr, K., & Madden, M. (2012). For the first time, half of adults aged 65 and older are online. Pew Research Centre—Internet and Technology. Retrieved May, 2017 from http://www.pewinternet.org/reports/2012/older-adults-and-internet-use.aspx.Google Scholar