Hostname: page-component-74656f9884-j7cmm Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-11-09T20:45:26.279Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Interpreting Germination Results Based on Differing Embryonic Emergence Criteria

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 June 2017

F. E. Northam  and
R. H. Callihan
F. E. Northam
Affiliation:
Dep. Plant, Soil, Entomol. Sci., Univ. Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843
R. H. Callihan
Affiliation:
Dep. Plant, Soil, Entomol. Sci., Univ. Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Weed germination studies often quantify only radicle emergence to indicate germinated seeds. Four categories were used to investigate root and shoot emergence from germinating seeds including: root (seeds with radicles emerged); shoot (seeds with plumules or cotyledons emerged); complete (both roots and plumules emerged); and total (any emergence: roots, shoots, or both). Medusahead and yellow starthistle germination tests illustrated that emergence was equal in the root and total categories. Shoot and complete categories had identical counts, but those counts were often different from the total and root categories. Emergence of medusahead shoots at 8 C was 3 d later than roots, but at 18 C roots and shoots emerged nearly simultaneously. Yellow starthistle roots were not affected by picloram, but emergence of cotyledons (shoot category) was reduced by 80 %. Yellow starthistle seeds stored for 74 and 90 mo produced more radicles than cotyledons after 28 d at 28 C. Medusahead and yellow starthistle root emergence in the laboratory sometimes exceeded seedling emergence from a greenhouse soil mixture. The presence of both roots and shoots (complete category) was the most accurate criterion for documenting yellow starthistle and medusahead seed response to laboratory test conditions.

Keywords

Picloram, 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acidmedusahead, Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski # ELYCMyellow starthistle, Centaurea solstitialis L. # CENSOGermination definitionsseedling emergence categoriesELYCMCENSO

Information

Type
Special Topics
Information
Weed Science , Volume 42 , Issue 3 , September 1994 , pp. 474 - 481
Copyright
Copyright © 1994 by the Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Literature Cited

1. Abeles, F. B. 1986. Role of ethylene in Lactuca sativa cv ‘Grand Rapids’ seed germination. Plant Physiol. 81:780–781.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2. Baird, J. H. and Dickens, R. 1991. Germination and emergence of Virginia buttonweed (Diodia virginiana). Weed Sci. 39:37–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3. Bewley, J. D. and Black, M. 1985. Pages 1 and 3 in Seeds Physiology of Development and Germination. Plenum Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4. Boydston, R. A. 1989. Germination and emergence of longspine sandbur. Weed Sci. 37:63–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5. Bridges, D. C., Wu, H., Sharpe, P. J., and Chandler, J. M. 1989. Modeling distributions of crop and weed seed germination time. Weed Sci. 37:724–729.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6. Cardina, J. and Hook, J. E. 1989. Factors influencing germination and emergence of Florida beggarweed. Weed Technol. 3:402–407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7. Currie, R. S. and Peeper, T. 1988. Combine harvesting affects weed seed germination. Weed Technol. 2:499–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8. Dubey, S. K. and Pandey, H. N. 1988. Ray achene polymorphism and germination in ragweed parthenium (Parthenium hysteriophorus). Weed Sci. 36:566–567.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9. Egley, G. H. and Duke, S. O. 1985. Physiology of weed seed dormancy and germination. Pages 27–64 in Duke, S. O., ed. Weed Physiology. Vol. 1. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.Google Scholar
10. Gealy, D. R. 1988. Growth, gas exchange, and germination of several jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) accessions. Weed Sci. 36:176–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11. Hadas, A. 1982. Seed-soil contact and germination. Pages 507–528 in Khan, A. A., ed. The Physiology and Biochemistry of Seed Development, Dormancy and Germination. Elsevier Biomedical Press, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
12. Hartman, H. T. and Kester, D. E. 1983. Page 122 in Plant Propagation Principles and Practices. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ.Google Scholar
13. Heydecker, W. 1982. Page 555 in Seed Ecology. Appendix 3: Glossary of Terms. Butterworth and Company, London.Google Scholar
14. Heydecker, W. 1977. Stress and seed germination: An agronomic view. Page 237–282 in Kahn, A. A., ed. The Physiology and Biochemistry of Seed Dormancy and Germination. North Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam.Google Scholar
15. International Seed Testing Assoc. 1985. International rules for seed testing 1985. Seed Sci. Technol. 13:299–355.Google Scholar
16. Jones, R. L. and Stoddart, J. L. 1977. Gibberellins and seed germination. Pages 77–109 in Kahn, A. A., ed. The Physiology and Biochemistry of Seed Dormancy and Germination. North Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam.Google Scholar
17. Kiemnec, G. and Larson, L. 1991. Germination and root growth of two noxious weeds as affected by water and salt stresses. Weed Technol. 5:612–615.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18. Krugman, S. L., Stein, W. I., and Schmitt, D. M. 1974. Seed biology. Pages 5–40 in USDA Forest Service. Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. No. 450. U.S. Gov. Printing Off., Washington, DC.Google Scholar
19. Maguire, J. D. 1962. Speed of germination-aid in selection and evaluation for seedling emergence and vigor. Crop Sci. 2:176–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20. Manthey, D. R. and Nalewaja, J. D. 1987. Germination of two foxtail (Setaria) species. Weed Technol. 1:302–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21. McDonough, W.T. 1977. Seed Physiology. Pages 155–184 Sosebee, M. R. E., ed. Rangeland Plant Physiology. Range Sci. Ser. 4. Soc. Range Manage., Denver, CO.Google Scholar
22. McKell, C. M. 1972. Seedling vigor and seedling establishment. Pages 74–89 in Younger, V. B. and McKell, C. M., eds. The Biology and Utilization of Grasses. Academic Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23. Nichols, M. A. and Heydecker, W. 1968. Two approaches to the study of germination data. Proc. Int. Seed Test Assoc. 33:531–540.Google Scholar
24. Noggle, R. G. and Fritz, G. J. 1983. Page 512 in Introductory Plant Physiology. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ.Google Scholar
25. Pawlak, J. A., Murray, D. S., and Smith, B. S. 1990. Influence of capsule age on germination of nondormant jimsonweed (Datura stramonium) seed. Weed Technol. 4:31–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26. Oxford English Dictionary. 1989. Vol. VI. Clarendon Press, Oxford. Page 471.Google Scholar
27. Oxford Latin Dictionary. 1982. Clarendon Press, Oxford. Page 762.Google Scholar
28. Radford, B. J. and Key, A. J. 1993. Temperature affects germination, mesocotyl length and coleoptile length of oats genotypes. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 44:677–688.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29. Riffle, M. S., Thilsted, W. E., Murray, D. S., Ahring, R. M., and Waller, G. R. 1988. Germination and seed production of unicorn plant (Proboscidea louisianica). Weed Sci. 36:787–791.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30. Ross, M. A. and Lembi, C. A. 1985. Page 2 in Applied Weed Science. The MacMillan Co., New York.Google Scholar
31. Salisbury, F. B. and Ross, C. W. 1985. Page 416 in Plant Physiology. Wadsworth Publishing Co., Belmont, CA.Google Scholar
32. Shaidaee, G., Dahl, B. E., and Hansen, R. M. 1969. Germination and emergence of different age seeds of six grasses. J. Range Manage. 22:240–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33. Shaw, D. R., Mack, R. E., and Smith, C. A. 1991. Red vine (Brunnichia ovata) germination and emergence. Weed Sci. 39:33–36.Google Scholar
34. van Staden, J., Davey, J. E., and Brown, N. A. C. 1982. Cytokinins in seed development and germination. Pages 137–156 in Khan, A. A., ed. The Physiology and Biochemistry of Seed Development, Dormancy and Germination. North Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam.Google Scholar
35. Weaver, J. E. and Clements, F. E. 1938. Page 132 in Plant Ecology. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.Google Scholar
36. Weed Science Society of America. 1985. Weed Science Terminology. Weed Sci. 33(Suppl. l):1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37. Wilkins, M. B. 1984. Pages 440–441 in Advanced Plant Physiology. Pitman Publishing, London, Great Britain.Google Scholar
38. Young, F. L., Ogg, A. G. Jr., and Dotray, P. A. 1990. Effect of postharvest field burning on jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) germination. Weed Technol. 4:123–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39. Young, J. A., Evans, R. A., Gifford, R. O., and Eckert, R. E. 1968. Germination of medusahead in response to osmotic stress. Weed Sci. 16:364–368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar