Hostname: page-component-7b7567c8c-7pwfn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-11-15T08:09:40.968Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Weed biology: importance to weed management

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 June 2017

Prasanta C. Bhowmik
Prasanta C. Bhowmik*
Affiliation:
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
Get accessRights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Knowledge of weed biology is essential for development of both economically and environmentally acceptable weed management systems. Weed biology relates to plant attributes such as morphology, seed dormancy and germination, physiology of growth, competitive ability, and reproductive biology. Concepts of population biology such as seedbank dynamics for annuals and root reserves, dormancy, and longevity of vegetative propagules for perennials can be used to predict weed infestations better and to evaluate sustainable management strategies. Integrated approaches that give priority to depletion of root reserves or seedbanks through interfering with dormancy or germination requirements have great potential to enhance weed management strategies in the future.

Keywords

Common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca L. ASCSYpurple nutsedge, Cyperus rotundus L. CYPROyellow nutsedge, Cyperus esculentus L. CYPESvelvetleaf, Abutilon theophrasti Medikus ABUTHWeed biologyweed managementpopulation biologyASCSYCYPROCYPESABUTH

Information

Type
Symposium
Information
Weed Science , Volume 45 , Issue 3 , June 1997, pp. 349 - 356
Copyright
Copyright © 1997 by the Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Literature Cited

Abernathy, J. R. and Bridges, D. C. 1996. Research priority dynamics in weed science. Weed Technol. 8: 396–399.Google Scholar
Bell, R. S., Lachman, W. H., Rahn, E. M., and Sweet, R. D. 1962. Life History Studies as Related to Weed Control in the Northeast. I. nutgrass. Kingston, RI: Rhode Island Agricultural Experiment Station Bull. 364. 33 p.Google Scholar
Benoit, D. L. 1986. Methods of sampling seed banks in arable soils with special reference to Chenopodium spp. Ph.D. thesis, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada. 283 p.Google Scholar
Bhardwaj, R.B.L. and Verma, R. D. 1968. Seasonal development of nutgrass (Cyperus rotundus L.) under Delhi conditions. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 38: 950–957.Google Scholar
Bhowmik, P. C. 1970. The biology of common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.) and its response to 2,4-D. M.S. thesis, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario. 99 p.Google Scholar
Bhowmik, P. C. 1993. Biology and control of common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca). Rev. of Weed Sci. 6: 227–250.Google Scholar
Bhowmik, P. C. and Bandeen, J. D. 1976. The biology of Canadian weeds. 19. Asclepias syriaca L. Can. J. Plant Sci. 56: 579–589.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhowmik, P. C. and Bekech, M. M. 1993. Horseweed (Conyza canadensis) seed production, emergence, and distribution in no-tillage and conventional-tillage corn (Zea mays). Agronomy 1: 67–71.Google Scholar
Bridges, D. C., Sharpe, P.J.H., and Chandler, J. M. 1989. Modeling distribution of crop and weed seed germination time. Weed Sci. 37: 724–729.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bridges, D. C. and Walker, R. H. 1985. Influence of weed management and cropping systems on sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia) seed in the soil. Weed Sci. 33: 800–804.Google Scholar
Buhler, D. D. 1995. Influence of tillage systems on weed population dynamics and management in corn and soybean production in the Central USA. Crop Sci. 35: 1247–1257.Google Scholar
Buhler, D. D., Hartzler, R. G., and Forcella, F. 1997. Implications of weed seedbank dynamics to weed management. Weed Sci. 45: 329–336.Google Scholar
Burnside, O. C., Moomaw, R. S., Roeth, F. W., Wicks, G. A., and Wilson, R. G. 1986. Weed seed demise in soil in weed-free corn (Zea mays) production across Nebraska. Weed Sci. 34: 248–252.Google Scholar
Cardina, J., Johnson, G. A., and Sparrow, D. H. 1997. The nature and consequence of weed spatial distribution. Weed Sci. 45: 364–373.Google Scholar
Caver, P. B. 1983. Seed demography. Can. J. Bot. 61: 3678–3690.Google Scholar
Costa, J. and Appleby, A. P. 1976. Response of two yellow nutsedge varieties to three herbicides. Weed Sci. 24: 54–58.Google Scholar
Day, B. E. and Russell, R. C. 1955. The Effect of Drying on Survival of Nutgrass Tubers. California Agricultural Experiment Station Bull. 751.Google Scholar
Dekker, J. 1997. Weed diversity and weed management. Weed Sci. 45: 357–363.Google Scholar
Dore, W. G. and Raymond, L. C. 1942. Pasture studies. XXID. Viable seeds in pasture soil and manure. Sci. Agric. 23: 69–79.Google Scholar
Evetts, L. L. and Burnside, O. C. 1972. Germination and seedling development of common milkweed and other species. Weed Sci. 20: 371–378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evetts, L. L. and Burnside, O. C. 1973. Early root and shoot development of nine plant species. Weed Sci. 21: 289–291.Google Scholar
Forcella, F. and Gill, A. M. 1986. Manipulation of buried seed reserves by timing of soil tillage in Mediterranean-type pastures. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 26: 71–78.Google Scholar
Forcella, F., King, R. P., Swinton, S. M., Buhler, D. D., and Gunsolus, J. L. 1996. Multiyear validation of a decision aid for integrated weed management. Weed Sci. 44: 650–661.Google Scholar
Forcella, F., Wilson, R. G., Renner, K. A., Dekker, J., Harvey, R. G., Alm, D. A., Buhler, D. D., and Cardina, J. 1992. Weed seed banks of the U.S. corn belt: magnitude, variation, emergence, and application. Weed Sci. 40: 636–644.Google Scholar
Fraud-Williams, R. J., Chancellor, R. J., and Drennan, D.S.H. 1983. Influence of cultivation regime upon buried weed seeds in arable cropping systems. J. Appl. Ecol. 20: 199–208.Google Scholar
Garg, D. K., Bendixen, L. E., and Anderson, S. R. 1967. Rhizome differentiation in yellow nutsedge. Weeds 15: 124–128.Google Scholar
Gerhardt, F. 1929. Propagation and food translocation in the common milkweed. J. Agric. Res. 39: 837–851.Google Scholar
Grime, J. P. 1977. Evidence for the existence of three primary strategies in plants and its relevance to ecological and evolutionary theory. Am. Nat. 111: 1169–1194.Google Scholar
Groh, H. 1943. Notes on common milkweed. Sci. Agric. 23: 625–632.Google Scholar
Harvey, S. J. and Forcella, F. 1993. Vernal seedling emergence model for common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album). Weed Sci. 41: 309–316.Google Scholar
Hauptli, H. and Jain, S. K. 1978. Biosystematics and agronomic potential of some weedy and cultivated Amaranthus . Theor. Appl. Genet. 52: 177–185.Google Scholar
Hauser, E. W. 1962. Development of purple nutsedge under field conditions. Weeds 10: 315–321.Google Scholar
Hauser, E. W. 1968. Yellow nutsedge-problems, research trends and outlook. Proc. Northeast. Weed Control Conf. 22: 37–48.Google Scholar
Holzner, W. 1982. Concepts, categories and characteristics of weeds. in Holzner, W. and Numata, M., eds. Biology and Ecology of Weeds. The Hague, Netherlands: W. Junk, pp. 3–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horowitz, M. 1965. Data on the biology and chemical control of the nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) in Israel. PANS (Pest. Arctic. News Sum.) 11: 389–416.Google Scholar
Horowitz, M. 1972. Growth, tuber formation and spread of Cyperus rotundus from single tubers. Weed Res. 12: 348–363.Google Scholar
Horowitz, M. 1992. Mechanisms of establishment and spreading of Cyperus rotundus—the worst weed of warm regions. Proc. First Int. Weed Control Congr. 1: 94–97.Google Scholar
Hume, L. and Archibald, O. W. 1986. The influence of a weedy habitat on the seed bank of an adjacent cultivated field. Can. J. Bot. 64: 1879–1883.Google Scholar
Jansen, L. L. 1971. Morphology and photoperiodic responses of yellow nutsedge. Weed Sci. 19: 210–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeffery, L. R. and Robinson, L. R. 1971. Growth characteristics of common milkweed. Weed Sci. 19: 193–196.Google Scholar
Jordan, N. R. 1992. Weed demography and population dynamics: implications for threshold management. Weed Technol. 6: 184–190.Google Scholar
Keeley, P. E. and Thullen, R. J. 1978. Light requirements of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) and light interception by crops. Weed Sci. 26: 10–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kropac, Z. 1966. Estimation of weed seeds in arable soil. Pedobiologia 6: 105–128.Google Scholar
Loustalot, A. J., Muzik, T. J., and Crazado, H. J. 1954. Studies on Nutgrass Cyperus rotundus) and its Control. Bull. No. 52. Mayaguez, Puerto Rico: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 30 p.Google Scholar
Mercado, B. L. 1979. A monograph on Cyperus rotundus L. Biotrop. Bull. 15: 1–63.Google Scholar
Miller, A.C.E. 1996. Molecular ecology in weed science—the story so far. Brighton Crop Prot. conf.—Weeds—1995;2:423-432.Google Scholar
Minshall, W. H. 1977. The biology of common milkweed. Proc. North Cent. Weed Control Conf. 32: 101–104.Google Scholar
Mohler, C. L. 1993. A model of the effects of tillage on emergence of weed seedlings. Ecol. Appl. 3: 53–73.Google Scholar
Mulligan, G. A. and Junkins, B. E. 1976. The biology of Canadian weeds. 17. Cyperus esculentus L. Can. J. Plant Sci. 56: 339–350.Google Scholar
Nissen, S. J., Masters, R. A., Lee, D. J., and Rowe, M. L. 1995. DNA-based marker systems to determine genetic diversity of weedy species and their applications to biocontrol. Weed Sci. 43: 504–523.Google Scholar
Norris, R. F. 1997. Weed Science Society of America weed biology survey. Weed Sci. 45: 343–348.Google Scholar
Pavlychenko, T. K. 1937. Quantitative study of the entire root system of weed and crop plants under field conditions. Ecology 18: 62–79.Google Scholar
Rao, J. S. and Nagarajan, M. 1962. Relationship between moisture levels and viability of nutgrass tubers. Madras Agric. J. 49: 120–123.Google Scholar
Roberts, H. A. 1966. The seed production of the soil and its implications for weed control. in Proceedings of the Irish Crop Protection Conference, pp. 14–22.Google Scholar
Roberts, H. A. 1970. Viable weed seeds in cultivated soils. in Report of the National Research Station, pp. 25–38.Google Scholar
Roberts, H. A. 1981. Seed banks in soil. Adv. Appl. Biol. 6: 1–55.Google Scholar
Roberts, H. A. and Dawkins, P. A. 1967. Effect of cultivation on the numbers of viable weed seeds in soil. Weed Res. 7: 290–301.Google Scholar
Roberts, H. A. and Neilson, J. E. 1981. Changes in the soil seed bank of four long-term crop/herbicide experiments. J. Appl. Ecol. 18: 661–668.Google Scholar
Salisbury, E. J. 1964. Weeds and Aliens. 2nd ed. London: Collins. 384 p.Google Scholar
Schweizer, E. E. and Zimdahl, R. L. 1984. Weed seed decline in irrigated soil after six years of continuous corn (Zea mays) and herbicides. Weed Sci. 32: 76–83.Google Scholar
Simard, L.-G., Martel, P., and Benoit, D. L. 1988. Development phenologique et insectes associes a l ascepiade a l&Acadie, Quebec, en 1987 et 1988. Research Summary, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research Station. Quebec, Agric. Can. 17: 27–29.Google Scholar
Smith, E. V. and Fick, G. L. 1937. Nutgrass eradication studies: I. Relation of the life history of nutgrass, Cyperus rotundus L., to possible methods of control. J. Am. Soc. Agron. 29: 1007–1013.Google Scholar
Stevens, O. A. 1932. The number and weight of seeds produced by weeds. Am. J. Bot. 19: 784–794.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoller, E. W. 1973. Effect of minimum soil temperature on differential distribution of Cyperus rotundus and C. esculentus in the United States. Weed Res. 13: 209–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoller, E. W. 1981. Yellow Nutsedge: A Menace in the Corn Belt. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture Technical Bull. 1642. 12 p.Google Scholar
Stoller, E. W., Nema, D. P., and Bhan, V. M. 1972. Yellow nutsedge tuber germination and seedling development. Weed Sci. 20: 93–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoller, E. W. and Wax, L. M. 1973. Yellow nutsedge shoot emergence and tuber longevity. Weed Sci. 21: 76–81.Google Scholar
Stoller, E. W., Wax, L. M., and Slife, F. W. 1979. Yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) competition and control in corn (Zea mays). Weed Sci. 27: 32–37.Google Scholar
Stoller, E. W. and Weber, E. J. 1974. Differential cold tolerance, starch, sugar, protein, and lipid of yellow and purple nutsedge tubers. Plant Physiol. 55: 859–863.Google Scholar
Thill, D. C. and Mallory-Smith, C. A. 1997. The nature and consequence of weed spread in cropping systems. Weed Sci. 45: 337–342.Google Scholar
Thomas, P.E.L. 1969. Effects of desiccation and temperature on survival of Cyperus esculentus tubers and Cynodon dactylon rhizomes. Weed Res. 9: 1–8.Google Scholar
Thomas, P.E.L. and Henson, I. E. 1968. Influence of climate and soil moisture on tuber dormancy of Cyperus esculentus . PANS (Pest. Arctic. News Sum.) 14: 271–276.Google Scholar
Thullen, R. J. and Keeley, P. E. 1975. Yellow nutsedge sprouting and resprouting potential. Weed Sci. 23: 333–337.Google Scholar
Tripathi, R. S. 1969. Ecology of Cyperus rotundus L. III. Population of tubers at different depths of the soil and their sprouting response to air drying. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., India 39: 140–142.Google Scholar
Tumbleson, W. E. and Kommedahl, T. 1961. Reproductive potential of Cyperus rotundus by tubers. Weeds 9: 646–653.Google Scholar
Tumbleson, W. E. and Kommedahl, T. 1962. Factors affecting dormancy in tubers of Cyperus esculentus . Bot. Gaz. 123: 186–190.Google Scholar
Wills, G. D. 1978. Initial evaluations of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) ecotypes. Champaign, IL: Abstract of the Weed Science Society of America, p. 13.Google Scholar
Wills, G. D. 1987. Description of purple and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus and C. esculentus). Weed Technol. 1: 2–9.Google Scholar
Wills, G. D. and Briscoe, G. A. 1973. Anatomy of purple nutsedge. Weed Sci. 18: 631–635.Google Scholar
Wills, G. D., Hoagland, R. E., and Paul, R. N. 1980. Anatomy of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus). Weed Sci. 28: 432–437.Google Scholar
Wilson, R. G. 1988. Biology of weed seed in the soil. in Altieri, M. A. and Liebman, M., eds. Weed Management in Agroecosystems: Ecological Approaches. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 25–39.Google Scholar
Yarborough, W. E. and Bhowmik, P. C. 1989. Effect of hexazinone on weed populations and on lowbush blueberries in Maine. Acta Hortic. 241: 344–349.Google Scholar
Zanin, G. and Sattin, M. 1988. Threshold level and seed production of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medicus) in maize. Weed Res. 28: 347–352.Google Scholar