¹ The late Sir Harold Butler, who, as Deputy Director and then Director of the International Labor Office, also had excellent opportunity to observe and weigh the League's work, formed a totally different judgment of the reasons for its failure. In his view, the reluctance of most members to commit themselves to an effective system of collective security “largely reflected the existing state of public opinion. No country, when it came to the point, was ready to pledge the lives of its soldiers and sailors ‘in other nations' quarrels.’ … That then was the root trouble of the League. Public opinion was not educated to its necessity” (The Lost Peace, New York, 1942, pp. 29–30).

² Op. cit., pp. 712–20, 784–88, and passim.

³ Ibid., pp. 318–25, 341–46, 393–95, and 525–36.