Snow samples

Snow was ground in a mortar at −20° C. The pulverized snow was passed through two wire meshes of 150μ and 300μ size. Two snow fractions were obtained in this way; one fraction with particle-size ranging from 0 to 150μ. and a second one ranging from 150 to 300μ. These fractions were stored in glass containers with ground glass stoppers at −20° C.

Procedure

The snow to be measured was obtained by random sampling at −20° C. The snow was screened through a mesh just large enough to pass the largest particles of the sample. The particles were screened directly onto a microscope slide, which had a grid of squares of 1 mm.² each etched on it. An attempt to measure the particles by placing the slide directly under the microscope was abandoned, because serious sublimation occurred before the measurement of the particles could be completed. Reduction of the heat from the light source and placing the slide in a box saturated with water vapor did not reduce the rate of sublimation sufficiently.

Finally the following arrangement proved satisfactory, at a room temperature of −5° C. A microscope with a filar micrometer eyepiece was used. The slide containing the snow particles was submerged in silicone oil. The dish containing the slide rested on a table which could be moved in two dimensions in the horizontal plane. The light source was a fluorescent lamp. The light passed through a frosted glass plate and through a cell containing a 50 per cent water-methanol mixture. The liquid was tinted light green in order to ease eyestrain and to increase the contrast between the silicone oil and the snow particles. The vessel containing the silicone oil and the slide was elevated from the cell to allow circulation of cold air. Each time the slide was submerged, the arrangement was calibrated by means of the filar micrometer and the grid etched on the sample slide.

It was noted that, after about 2 to 4 hr. in the oil, the snow particles took on a rounded appearance; all sharp edges disappeared. Therefore, only about 100 particles were placed on the slide at a time, so that measurements could be completed before the particles changed shape appreciably.

It was also noted that after 2 or 3 days the particles had completely disappeared. The water molecules probably diffuse through the silicone oil and evaporate. It is not unlikely that a change in particle size takes place when the snow is stored at −20° C. Over a period of a week or so, many fine particles formed on the sides and the tops of the glass containers. Thus it is not to be expected that the same size distribution would be found for a freshly ground sample and for one which had been kept for some time in a container.

In the procedure adopted finally, the snow sample was passed through a wire mesh before measuring in order to separate the particles which adhered to each other. It was generally possible to recognize the boundaries of the few individual particles which still clung together after sieving.

The maximum and minimum “diameters” of each particle were measured and the product of these values was taken as an indication of the size of the particle (this measurement is subsequently referred to as “area”). The measurements were expressed in terms of the filar micrometer divisions. These in turn were calibrated at the beginning and end of a series of readings by means of the grid on the glass slide. The average of the two calibrations was used for converting the drum divisions into centimeters.

The number-size distribution curves with respect to the “area” of the particles were obtained as follows. First, the particles were assigned to “area” intervals of suitable size. Secondly, the percentage of particles in each area interval was computed. Thirdly, the cumulative percentage values

were plotted against the “area” values (

is the percentage number of particles in an area interval dA). Fourthly, the derivative curve was obtained by graphically differentiating the cumulative curve with respect to the area. was plotted against “area” A. The curve obtained is the number-size distribution curve with respect to the area. The area under the curve represents 100 particles since

The number average value of the area was obtained from

and the standard deviation from

where A is the number average “area”, A _i is the mean “area” of the ith interval and

is the number of particles in the ith interval.

In order to reduce the time needed to measure and note a set of 200 to 300 particles, a tape recorder was used. The two micrometer-drum readings whose difference gave the dimension of every particle were recorded. When the desired number of particles had been measured, the entire set of readings was transcribed to paper. In some cases, the distributions were constructed from estimated particle-size values. In such instances, the two estimated dimensions were also recorded on tape. During the play-back, the dimensions of each particle were multiplied and the area itself transcribed to paper.

The time required to measure and transcribe the data for 300 particles is approximately

hr. To estimate the same number and obtain the area of each particle takes approximately hr.

Given the areas of 300 particles, it requires an additional hour to draw the cumulative and derivative curves. The time for drawing the curves could be appreciably reduced by just drawing histograms, sacrificing some accuracy.

Fraction 150–300μ

Fig. 1 shows the percentage cumulative curve of the pulverized snow sample with a range of particle sizes from 150 to 300μ. The curves for 100, 200, and 300 particles are shown. The area in this figure is given in drum division units. It is seen that at least 200 particles have to be measured before a representative curve is obtained. However, only 100 particles are needed to determine the most probable value, as can be seen from the derivative curves in Fig. 2; if only an approximate distribution is wanted, the measurement of 100 particles seems to be sufficient in this range of particle sizes. Fig. 3 shows an enlarged drawing of the number distribution with respect to area for 300 particles.

Fig. 1.

Cumulative particle-size distribution curve for 100, 200, and 300 snow particles, fraction 150–300μ

Fig. 2.

Derivative particle-size distribution curve for 100, 200, and 300 snow particles, fraction 150–300μ

Fig. 3.

Derivative particle-size distribution curve for 300 snow particles, fraction 150–300μ

Distributions were also obtained for this fraction by estimating the dimensions of the particles lying on the grid of the slide. Figs. 4 and 5 give the cumulative and derivative curves for two experiments where 200 particles each were estimated; for comparison the curve obtained by measurement is also shown. The estimated values are consistently smaller than the measured ones. This is due to a personal error in estimating. However, if the accuracy desired is not too great, the estimating of particles gives satisfactory curves and the time for obtaining them is appreciably shortened. Table I shows the most probable values, mean values, and standard deviations derived from the results obtained for the 150 to 300μ fraction.

Fig. 4.

Cumulative particle-size distribution curve for 200 snow particles, fraction 150–300μ, using estimated and measured dimensions

Fig. 5.

Derivative particle-size distribution curve for 200 snow particles, fraction 150–300μ, using estimated and measured dimensions

Table I.

Particle-size distribution of pulverized snow, fraction 150–300μ

Fraction 0–150μ

Figs. 6 and 7 show the cumulative curves for 100, 200, 300 and 400 measured particles of fraction 0–150μ. The type of curve is similar to that for the 150–300μ fraction. It is clear that at least 300 particles have to be measured in order to obtain a representative distribution, although the most probable value can be ascertained by measuring a relatively small number of particles. Figs. 8 and 9 give the derivative curves for 300 and 400 measured particles.

Fig. 6.

Cumulative particle-size distribution curve for 100, 200, and 300 snow particles, fraction 0–150μ

Fig. 7.

Cumulative particle-size distribution curve for 300 and 400 snow b1rllcles, fraction 0–150μ

Fig. 8.

Derivative particie-size distribution curve for 300 snow particles, fraction 0–150μ

Fig. 9.

Derivative particle-site distribution curve for 400 snow particles, fraction 0–150μ

Distributions obtained by estimating the sizes of 300 particles are shown in Figs. 10 and 11. Here again, acceptable results can be obtained by estimating the particle sizes if not too great an accuracy is needed. In this case the estimated values were larger than the measured values, again due to a personal factor. The miscoscope magnification in this case was different from that used for the 150 to 300μ, fraction. Characteristic values for the fraction 0 to 150μ are given in Table II.

Fig. 10.

Cumulative particle-size distribution curve for 300 snow particles, fraction 0–150μ, using estimated and measured dimensions

Fig. 11.

Derivative particle-size distribution curve for 300 snow particles, fraction 0–150μ, using estimated dimensions

Table II.

Particle-size distribttiion of pulverized snow, fraction 0–150μ

Mixture of fractions

The final experiment was carried out on a 1 : 1 mixture by weight of the 0 to 150μ and 150 to 300μ fractions.

Fig. 12 shows the cumulative curve and Fig. 13 the derivative curve; 300 particles were measured in this case.

Fig. 12.

Cumulative particle-size distribution curve for 300 particles, 1 : 1 mixture by weight of 0–150μ and 150–300μ fractions

Fig. 13.

Derivative particle-size distribution curve for 300 snow particles, 1 : 1 mixture by weight of 0–150μ and 150–300μ fractions

Derivative curves were also constructed from the results previously obtained for each fraction separately. The calculated curves for a 1 : 1 and 1 : 5 ratio, by number of particles of the larger size fraction to the smaller one, are shown in Figs. 14 and 15. Table III shows the characteristic constants for the mixture.

Fig. 14.

Derivative particle-size distribution curve calculated for 1 : 1 mixture by number of particles of fractions 150–300μ and 0–150μ

Fig. 15.

Derivative particle-size distribution curve calculated for 1 : 5 mixture by number of particles of fractions 150–300μ and 0–150μ

Table III

Particle-size distribution of pulverized snow, mixture of fraction 0 to 150μ and fraction 150 to 300μ