The evidence that non-attendance of patients at psychiatric out-patient clinics is a major problem that is highly wasteful of resources is unequivocal, but evidence-based guidance regarding what to do about missed appointments is much less clear. Up to 50% of people with any form of mental health problem miss an appointment either in primary or secondary care at some point during a treatment episode, around 30% of all psychiatric out-patient appointments are missed and somewhere between a quarter and a half of people who miss an appointment completely disengage from mental health services (Reference KillaspyKillaspy, 2006; Reference Mitchell and SelmesMitchell & Selmes, 2007, this issue). However, the consequences of missing an appointment are more serious for people with severe and enduring mental health problems such as schizophrenia, schizo-affective disorder and bipolar affective disorder, who are much more likely to require a subsequent admission than those with common mental disorders (Reference Koch and GillisKoch & Gillis, 1991; Reference Pang, Lum and UngvariPang et al, 1996; Reference Killaspy, Banerjee and KingKillaspy et al, 2000). Most people being seen as follow-up patients have a diagnosis of a severe and enduring mental health problem, whereas newly referred patients generally have common mental disorders (Reference JohnsonJohnson, 1973; Reference MorganMorgan, 1989; Reference Killaspy, Banerjee and KingKillaspy et al, 2000).
Response to missed appointments
It follows that the response of services to missed appointments should be in keeping with the seriousness of the consequences, yet current evidence for telephone prompts and other interventions to encourage attendance is equivocal at best and only relates to studies in newly referred patients (Reference Macharia, Leon and RoweMacharia et al, 1992; Reference Reda and MakhoulReda & Makhoul, 2001). Reference Mitchell and SelmesMitchell & Selmes (2007, this issue) state that ‘Many [patients] who miss appointments because of slips and lapses later rearrange without adverse consequences’. If this were true, there would be no indication for these authors’ recommendation that further clinic appointments be sent after a non-attendance without first awaiting contact from the patient. However, the study on which this statement is based (Reference Sparr, Moffitt and WardSparr et al, 1993) was carried out in a military clinic for combat veterans in the USA and had several methodological limitations such that the results have to be interpreted with caution: the non-attendance rate was particularly low (9%); data were collected retrospectively from the treating clinician without corroboration from the case notes; and no definition of what was meant by an ‘adverse outcome’ was given. Sparr et al reported that over 70% of patients who missed their appointment spontaneously contacted the clinic to reschedule and they concluded that there was no need for the clinic to actively re-engage non-attenders. However, in our prospective study of non-attenders at a psychiatric out-patient clinic in London, we found that both new and follow-up patients who missed a single appointment were very unlikely to re-engage with the clinic (Reference Killaspy, Banerjee and KingKillaspy et al, 2000), and one study from outside the UK found that only half those who missed an appointment re-engaged (Reference Pang, Lum and UngvariPang et al, 1996).
These ‘slips and lapses’ are a combination of clerical error on the part of the clinic and, with regard to follow-up patients, social disorganisation secondary to the executive dysfunction and negative symptoms of the mental illness. Clerical error accounts for a lower proportion of missed appointments in psychiatric clinics (5–12%: Reference Sparr, Moffitt and WardSparr et al, 1993; Reference Killaspy, Banerjee and KingKillaspy et al, 2000) than in other medical specialties (28–33%: Reference VerbovVerbov, 1992; Reference Potamitis, Chell and JonesPotamitis et al, 1994) but this is a potentially preventable cause of non-attendance. Although simple systems to remind patients about their appointments may appear to have face validity, they can only be effective for people who are contactable, such as those who actually have a working telephone (Reference Burgoyne, Acosta and YamamotoBurgoyne et al, 1983). The associated resources involved also have to be considered and there are currently no published examples of well-conducted cost-effectiveness analyses of telephone or other prompts to reduce non-attendance at mental health appointments in the UK. Written information leaflets and orientation statements, which are helpful in reducing anxiety about the appointment for newly referred patients, may be more effective at improving attendance rates than prompts (Reference Kluger and KarrasKluger & Karras, 1983; Reference Swenson and PekarikSwenson & Pekarik, 1988).
Relevance of the out-patient model in contemporary mental health services
Last year I was invited to write a review article for APT on the origins and future of the out-patient clinic in contemporary mental health services (Reference KillaspyKillaspy, 2006). This article detailed the history of how the model developed some 300 years ago from a vehicle to triage new admissions to asylums and later became a replica of the approach used in other medical specialties for patient assessment and review. Given the consistently high non-attendance rates and evidence of poor outcomes for non-attenders with severe and enduring mental health problems, I suggested that it might be time to review the usefulness of the clinic model for this client group. I explored an alternative approach that could be integrated within our existing and highly developed community mental health services to facilitate assessment and brief interventions for newly referred patients with common mental disorders and that would provide appropriate triage for patients requiring longer-term care from secondary mental health services.
New Roles for Psychiatrists (National Working Group on New Roles for Psychiatrists, 2004) and the Mental Health Policy Implementation Guide: Community Mental Health Teams (Department of Health, 2002) have far reaching implications and contain detailed guidance on the delivery of assessment services for patients newly referred to mental health services and on ongoing treatment for patients with severe and enduring mental health problems. Both documents describe a secondary mental health service that appears to have no out-patient clinics. So why, despite the relevant policy to support a new direction, are psychiatrists still inclined to use the clinic model? Is it because we see ourselves as hospital doctors whose activity is measured in the familiar approach of the out-patient clinic? Is it that we enjoy the only part of the job where we get to form a one-to-one therapeutic alliance with our patients, providing a welcome relief from our usual role of multidisciplinary team work? Are we under-confident in our non-medical colleagues’ skills in assessment and one-to-one interventions? Are there some more-challenging patients that we feel only we have the experience to contain?
None of these possible explanations has been researched, but in exploring the issue of the therapeutic alliance, Mitchell & Selmes suggest that the patient's perception of the therapeutic alliance with the clinician and of the latter's helpfulness is important in preventing disengagement from the clinic (‘Attendance at follow-up appointments is more a reflection of the patient's satisfaction with care than of the perceived need for further help’). However, the two large studies that have investigated satisfaction with psychiatric out-patient services have not found a statistically significant relationship between dissatisfaction with care and drop-out (Reference Killaspy, Gledhill and BanerjeeKillaspy et al, 1998; Reference Rossi, Amaddeo and BisoffiRossi et al, 2002), although considerable patient dissatisfaction has been expressed about being seen by the junior doctor rather than the consultant (Reference Killaspy, Gledhill and BanerjeeKillaspy et al, 1998; Reference McIvor, Ek and CarsonMcIvor et al, 2004). In fact, the content of the interaction between patients with psychosis and their psychiatrists appears to be rather unsatisfactory at out-patient appointments (Reference McCabe, Heath and BurnsMcCabe et al, 2002).
The report on proposed new roles for consultant psychiatrists highlighted the problems of the out-patient clinic model:
‘There was almost universal dissatisfaction with out-patient clinics. The doctor is isolated from the team and patients frequently do not attend. Patients may present very differently in the artificial environment leading to differences with staff who see the patient at home. Patients are brought back routinely so as not to lose touch with them rather than out of necessity’ (National Working Group on New Roles for Psychiatrists, 2004: p. 12).
Since out-patient non-attendance is no longer a Healthcare Commission performance indicator, it is likely that managerial attention on the out-patient clinic will fade. The evidence currently suggests that the out-patient model is best targeted at people who are most able and likely to keep appointments and that alternative approaches are indicated for those with more complex mental health problems, including assertive outreach for particularly ‘difficult-to-engage’ clients. A more radical review of the model could allow the integration of assessment and brief interventions for newly referred patients, and multidisciplinary triage of those requiring longer-term care under the care programme approach within the full range of community mental health services. Alternatively, we could continue to organise our services so that the most expensive member of the team sees the patients with the least complex problems and accept the resultant waste of resources when 1 in 3 do not attend.
Declaration of interest
None.
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