Hostname: page-component-74656f9884-npj9w Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-11-09T19:02:54.927Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A checklist of helminths associated with reptiles (Tetrapoda: Reptilia) from Peru

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 April 2022

I. Cuellar ,
G. Sáez ,
S. Cantú ,
L. Sánchez ,
C. Mendoza ,
D.F. Conga ,
C.L. Cruces ,
J.L. Luque  and
J.D. Chero Open the ORCID record for J.D. Chero [Opens in a new window]
I. Cuellar
Affiliation:
Laboratorio de Parasitología General y Especializada, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemática, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Código postal 15007, El Agustino, Lima, Peru
G. Sáez
Affiliation:
Laboratorio de Parasitología General y Especializada, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemática, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Código postal 15007, El Agustino, Lima, Peru
S. Cantú
Affiliation:
Departamento de Protozoología, Helmintología e Invertebrados Afines, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), Lima, Peru
L. Sánchez
Affiliation:
Departamento de Protozoología, Helmintología e Invertebrados Afines, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), Lima, Peru
C. Mendoza
Affiliation:
Laboratorio de Parasitología General y Especializada, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemática, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Código postal 15007, El Agustino, Lima, Peru
D.F. Conga
Affiliation:
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Produção Animal na Amazônia, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), Av. Presidente Tancredo Neves 2501, Terra Firme, 66077-830, Belém-Pará, Brazil
C.L. Cruces
Affiliation:
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465, Km 7, CEP 23890-000, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
J.L. Luque
Affiliation:
Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, CEP 23851-970, Brazil
J.D. Chero*
Affiliation:
Departamento de Protozoología, Helmintología e Invertebrados Afines, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), Lima, Peru Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465, Km 7, CEP 23890-000, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
*
Author for correspondence: J.D. Chero, E-mail: jcherod@unmsm.edu.pe
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An annotated checklist of the helminth parasites associated with reptiles from Peru is provided, as the result of a compilation of parasitological papers published between 1963 and January 2022 and records of species deposited in national and international collections. The list provides data on hosts, developmental stage, sites of infection, geographical distribution in Peruvian territory, code of material deposited in helminthological collections, references and taxonomic notes. The database includes records of 106 different species of helminth parasites (82 nominal species and 24 taxa identified at the generic level), the majority in the adult stage. These helminth parasites come from 18 of the 25 official Peruvian regions. Nematodes have the highest richness in number of species (79 species), followed by trematodes (17 species) and cestodes (nine species). The acanthocephalans are represented by only one species. The parasites with the highest number of records were Physaloptera retusa Rudolphi, 1819 (11 hosts), Physalopteroides venancioi (Lent, Freitas & Proença, 1946) (nine hosts), Strongyluris oscari Travassos, 1923 (seven hosts), and Parapharyngodon scleratus Travassos, 1923 (five hosts), all of which are nematodes. The 106 taxa of helminth parasites have been reported infecting 55 species of reptiles in Peru, distributed in 34 genera and 14 families. The reptile species harbouring the highest number of helminth parasites are the yellow-footed tortoise Chelonoidis denticulatus (Linnaeus) with 18 species (three trematodes and 15 nematodes), followed by the Peru desert tegu Dicrodon guttulatum Duméril & Bibron (Teiidae) with 11 species (three cestodes and eight nematodes) and the yellow-spotted Amazon River turtle Podocnemis unifilis Troschel (Podocnemididae) with 10 species (five trematodes and five nematodes). Of the 524 species of reptiles reported in Peru, only 55 (>10%) are reported as hosts of helminths representing a small proportion considering the great variety of reptile hosts that inhabit the various tropical and subtropical geographical areas of Peru.

Keywords

BiodiversityChelonoidis denticulatusPhysaloptera retusareptile parasitesNeotropical region

Information

Type
Research Paper
Information
Journal of Helminthology , Volume 96 , 2022 , e30
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press

Introduction

Peru harbours the fifth highest diversity of reptile species among the world's countries, with 524 species, distributed in three orders, 32 families and 127 genera (Uetz et al., Reference Uetz, Freed, Aguilar and Hošek2021). Many of these species are endemic in Peruvian territory and are in a vulnerable or critically endangered situation according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, mainly due to the loss of habitat, anthropogenic disturbance and illegal hunting (Peres & Nascimento, Reference Peres and Nascimento2006). Most of these species are found on the eastern side of the Andes and the Amazon basin (Koch et al., Reference Koch, Venegas, Santa Cruz and Böhme2018).

Reptiles play an important ecological role by being part of the food web, as prey for mammals, amphibians and birds, as well as being predators themselves of various invertebrates and vertebrates. They also act as seed dispersers and their presence indicates good ecosystem health (Klemens & Thorbjarnarson, Reference Klemens and Thorbjarnarson1995; Benítez-Malvido et al., Reference Benítez-Malvido, Tapia, Suazo, Villaseñor and Alvarado2003; Castro & Galetti, Reference Castro and Galetti2004; Stevenson & Guzmán, Reference Stevenson and Guzmán2008). One of their ecological roles involves serving as hosts to a range of parasitic helminths with both direct and indirect life cycles, contributing to their population dynamics and community structure (Fernandes & Kohn, Reference Fernandes and Kohn2014; Gómez-Puerta et al., Reference Gómez-Puerta, Bachmann, Quiñones, Quispe, Torres and Macalupu2017; Huancachoque et al., Reference Huancachoque, Sáez, Cruces, Mendoza, Luque and Chero2020).

Some compilation studies on reptile helminths were published by Tantaleán et al. (Reference Tantaleán, Sarmiento and Huiza1992), Sarmiento et al. (Reference Sarmiento, Tantaleán and Huiza1999) and McAllister et al. (Reference McAllister, Bursey and Freed2010), focused on some helminth groups and limited to some geographical regions of the country. Considering the great diversity of reptile hosts in Peru, many helminth species have not yet been described by specialists, and others are neglected in their studies. Here, we present a current record of helminth parasites (Platyhelminthes, Nematoda and Acanthocephala) that infect reptile species and their geographical distribution in Peruvian territory, which increases knowledge about parasites in the Neotropical region.

Materials and methods

The checklist was compiled based on information from three sources: (1) an extensive bibliographical review of helminth parasites reported from reptiles in Peru, using different databases such as CAB Abstracts, Biological Abstracts, Helminthological Abstracts and Zoological Records (Web of Knowledge); (2) a search in the database of the Helminthological and Minor Invertebrates Collection of the Museum of Natural History at San Marcos University, Peru and in the Collection of Protozoa and Metazoan Parasites of Federico Villarreal University, Peru; and (3) a bibliographical search of articles published in Spanish that were not indexed by electronic databases. Undergraduate theses and scientific meetings do not constitute formal publications and were thus not considered. The parasite–host list is presented in phylogenetic order starting with the phylum Platyhelminthes (Trematoda and Cestoda) and followed by the phyla Acanthocephala and Nematoda. Each group contains families, genera and species in alphabetical order. The classification of helminths is based on the following references: Gibson et al. (Reference Gibson, Jones and Bray2002), Jones et al. (Reference Jones, Bray and Gibson2005), and Bray et al. (Reference Bray, Gibson and Jones2008) for Trematoda; Khalil et al. (Reference Khalil, Jones and Bray1994) for Cestoda; Anderson et al. (Reference Anderson, Chabaud and Willmott2009) for Nematoda and Amin (Reference Amin2013) for Acanthocephala. The nomenclatural changes of the names of helminths are based on particular references indicated in the notes section. Information for each species includes scientific name, authority and year, host species, developmental stage, site of infection, locality, and the respective reference. Type locality, type host, and original reference of a new species are indicated in parentheses. When one record obtained from a collection database has not been published, we include the acronym of this collection after the record. Finally, for each record the acronym and accession number of the collections where the specimens were deposited, is included. Acronyms are as follows: Collection of Protozoa and Metazoan Parasites of Federico Villarreal University (CPMP), Peru; Helminthological and Minor Invertebrates Collection of the Museum of Natural History at San Marcos University (MUSM), Peru; Helminthological Collection of Oswaldo Cruz Institute (CHIOC), Brazil; Helminthological Collection of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution (USNM), USA; United States National Parasite Collection (USNPC), USA; Collection of the Parasitology of Wild Animal and Zoonoses of the Biological Sciences Faculty at San Marcos University (Col. PAS–FCB), Peru; and State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe (SMNK), Germany. The names of host species follow Uetz et al. (Reference Uetz, Freed, Aguilar and Hošek2021). The names of species of reptiles in the host–parasite list is arranged according to the higher-level classification of Uetz et al. (Reference Uetz, Freed, Aguilar and Hošek2021). Parasite names are updated in agreement with the recent literature, but inclusion in the parasite or host lists does not necessarily imply that authors agree with their validity.

Results

To date, a total of 106 helminth parasites (82 nominal species and 24 taxa identified at generic level) have been recorded in reptiles from Peru, the majority in the adult stage. Nematodes have the highest species richness in number and percentage (n = 79, 74.52%), followed by trematodes (n = 17, 16.03%) and cestodes (n = 9, 8.49%). The acanthocephalans are represented by only one species. The parasites with the highest numbers of records are the nematodes Physaloptera retusa Rudolphi, 1819 (n = 11), Physalopteroides venancioi (Lent, Freitas & Proença, 1946) (n = 9) and Strongyluris oscari Travassos, 1923 (n = 7). The 106 taxa of helminth parasites have been recorded from 55 species of reptiles in Peru, distributed in 34 genera and 14 families. The reptiles with the most reports of helminths in Peru are the yellow-footed tortoise Chelonoidis denticulatus (Linnaeus, 1766) (Testudinidae) with 18 species (three trematodes and 15 nematodes), followed by the Peru desert tegu Dicrodon guttulatum Duméril & Bibron, 1839 (Teiidae) with 11 species (three cestodes and eight nematodes) and the yellow-spotted Amazon River turtle Podocnemis unifilis Troschel, 1848 (Podocnemididae) with 10 species (five trematodes and five nematodes).

Parasite–host list

PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES GEGENBAUR, 1859

CLASS TREMATODA RUDOLPHI, 1808

SUB CLASS DIGENEA CARUS, 1863

SUPERFAMILY CLINOSTOMOIDEA LÜHE, 1901

FAMILY LIOLOPIDAE ODHNER, 1912

Helicotrema spirale (Diesing, 1850) Odhner, 1912

Chelonoidis denticulatus; adult; intestine; Loreto (03°43′S, 73°14′W) (Tantaleán & Forlong, Reference Tantaleán and Forlong2013).

C. denticulatus; adult; intestine, stomach; Loreto (03°77′S, 73°27′W) (MUSM-HEL 3052) (Julca et al., Reference Julca, Casas, Chavera, Sánchez, Sánchez and Batalla2014).

C. denticulatus; adult; intestine; Loreto (MUSM-HEL 57) (Present study).

SUPERFAMILY GORGODEROIDEA LOOSS, 1899

FAMILY DICROCOELIIDAE LOOSS, 1899

Paradistomum sp1.

Hemidactylus mabouia; adult; gallbladder; San Martín (6°24′S, 76°30′W) (CPMP 208a–f, 209) (Present study).

Paradistomum sp2.

H. mabouia; adult; gallbladder; San Martín (6°24′S, 76°30′W) (CPMP 210a–c, 211) (Present study).

FAMILY MESOCOELIIDAE DOLLFUS, 1929

Mesocoelium sp.

Dipsas catesbyi; adult; intestine; San Martin (6°24′S, 76°30′W) (CPMP 200) (Present study).

SUPERFAMILY MICROSCAPHIDIOIDEA LOOSS, 1900

FAMILY MICROSCAPHIDIIDAE LOOSS, 1900

Podocnemitrema papillosus Alho & Vicente, 1964

Podocnemis expansa, Podocnemis unifilis; adult; intestine; Loreto (MUSM-HEL 2977) (Tantaleán et al., Reference Tantaleán, Sánchez and Pineda Catalan2011).

SUPERFAMILY PARAMPHISTOMOIDEA FISCHOEDER, 1901

FAMILY CLADORCHIIDAE FISCHOEDER, 1901

Halltrema avitellina Lent & Freitas, 1939

P. expansa, P. unifilis; adult; intestine; Loreto (MUSM-HEL 2976) (Tantaleán et al., Reference Tantaleán, Sánchez and Pineda Catalan2011).

C. denticulatus; adult; intestine, stomach; Loreto (03°77′S, 73°27′W) (MUSM-HEL 3051) (Julca et al., Reference Julca, Casas, Chavera, Sánchez, Sánchez and Batalla2014).

C. denticulatus; adult; intestine, stomach; Ucayali (MUSM-HEL 26) (Present study).

Halltrema heteroxenum (Cordero & Vogelsang, 1940) Jones, 2005

P. unifilis; freshwater, adult; intestine; Loreto (Tantaleán & Forlong, Reference Tantaleán and Forlong2013).

Nematophila grandis (Diesing, 1839) Travassos, 1934

Peltocephalus dumerilianus; adult; intestine; Ucayali (USNM 1351577) (unpublished data, USNM).

P. unifilis; adult; stomach; Loreto, Madre de Dios (MUSM-HEL 77, 230, 489, 563) (Salizar & Sánchez, Reference Salizar and Sánchez2004).

P. unifilis; adult; intestine, stomach; Loreto (05°20′S, 74°19′W) (Sánchez et al., Reference Sánchez, Tantaleán, Vela and Méndez2006).

P. expansa, P. unifilis; adult; stomach, Loreto (MUSM-HEL 2975) (Tantaleán et al., Reference Tantaleán, Sánchez and Pineda Catalan2011).

P. unifilis; adult; stomach; Loreto (MUSM-HEL 3037) (Present study).

C. denticulatus; adult; stomach, San Martín (6°24′S, 76°30′W) (CPMP 202) (Present study).

SUPERFAMILY PLAGIORCHIOIDEA LÜHE, 1901

FAMILY PLAGIORCHIIDAE LÜHE, 1901

Glossidiella peruensis Huancachoque et al., Reference Huancachoque, Sáez, Cruces, Mendoza, Luque and Chero2020

Atractus major (type host); adult; lung; San Martin (6°11′S, 76°50′W) (type locality) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 4029; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 4030a–f) (Huancachoque et al., Reference Huancachoque, Sáez, Cruces, Mendoza, Luque and Chero2020).

FAMILY RENIFERIDAE PRATT, 1902

Renifer heterocoelium (Travassos, 1921) Caballero & Vogelsang, 1947

Chironius sp.; adult; oral cavity; San Martin (6°24′S, 76°30′W) (CPMP 201) (Present study).

FAMILY TELORCHIIDAE (LOOSS, 1899) DOLLFUS, 1925

Orchidasma amphiorchis (Braun, 1899) Looss, 1900

Chelonia mydas agassizii; adult; intestine; Ica (Tantaleán et al., Reference Tantaleán, Sarmiento and Huiza1992; Fernandes & Kohn, Reference Fernandes and Kohn2014; Werneck & Da Silva, Reference Werneck and Da Silva2016).

Telorchis hagmanni Lent & Freitas, 1937

P. unifilis; adult; intestine; Loreto (Col. PAS–FCB 256) (Tantaleán et al., Reference Tantaleán, Sánchez and Pineda Catalan2011).

SUPERFAMILY PRONOCEPHALOIDEA LOOSS, 1899

FAMILY PRONOCEPHALIDAE LOOSS, 1902

Adenogaster serialis Looss, 1899

C. mydas agassizii; adult; intestine; Ica (Tantaleán et al., Reference Tantaleán, Sarmiento and Huiza1992; Fernandes & Kohn, Reference Fernandes and Kohn2014; Werneck & Da Silva, Reference Werneck and Da Silva2016).

Cricocephalus albus (Kühl & van Hasselt, 1822) Looss, 1899

C. mydas agassizii; adult; intestine; Piura (05°48′S, 80°51′W) (MUSM-HEL 3661) (Gómez-Puerta et al., Reference Gómez-Puerta, Bachmann, Quiñones, Quispe, Torres and Macalupu2017).

SUPERFAMILY SCHISTOSOMATOIDEA STILES & HASSALL, 1898

FAMILY SPIRORCHIIDAE STUNKARD, 1921

Atamatam amazoniensis Bullard & Roberts, 2019

Chelus fimbriata; adult; blood vessels of kidney and mesentery; Loreto (03°45′S, 73°14′W) (holotype, USNM 1557310; paratypes, USNM 1557311–1557312) (Bullard et al., Reference Bullard, Roberts and Warren2019).

Note: Sequence of partial 28S in the GenBank database MK775718.

Paratamatam iquitosiensis Bullard & Roberts, 2019

C. fimbriata; adult; blood vessels of kidney and mesentery; Loreto (03°45′S, 73°14′W) (holotype, USNM 1557313; paratype, USNM 1557314–1557319) (Bullard et al., Reference Bullard, Roberts and Warren2019).

Note: Sequence of partial 28S in the GenBank database MK775719 and MK775720.

Pitiutrema revelae Dutton & Bullard, 2019

Podocnemis sextuberculata; adult; heart; Loreto (03°45′S, 73°14′W) (holotype, USNM 1578590; paratypes, USNM 1578591–1578593) (Dutton et al., Reference Dutton, Warren and Bullard2019).

Note: Sequence of partial 28S in the GenBank database MN244241.

CLASS CESTODA VAN BENEDEN, 1849

ORDER CYCLOPHYLLIDEA VAN BENEDEN IN BRAUN, 1900

FAMILY ANOPLOCEPHALIDAE CHOLDKOVSKY, 1902

Oochoristica ameivae (Beddard, 1914) Baer, 1924

Ameiva ameiva; adult; intestine; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93228) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

Oochoristica freitasi Rego & Ibañez, Reference Rego and Ibañez1965

Dicrodon heterolepis (type host); adult; intestine; La Libertad (type locality) (holotype, CHIOC 29203-29259; paratype, CHIOC 29197-29202) (Rego & Ibañez, Reference Rego and Ibañez1965).

D. heterolepis; adult; intestine; Ancash (10°05′S, 78°05′W) (USNPC 100637) (Goldberg & Bursey, Reference Goldberg and Bursey2008).

Dicrodon guttulatum; adult; intestine; Piura, Tumbes (MUSM-HEL 2301, 2308) (Ávila & Silva, Reference Ávila and Silva2010).

D. heterolepis; adult; intestine; Lima (MUSM-HEL 346) (Present study).

Oochoristica iguanae Bursey & Goldberg, 1996

D. guttulatum; adult; intestine; Piura, Lambayeque (MUSM-HEL 2278, 2307) (Ávila & Silva, Reference Ávila and Silva2010).

Oochoristica sp.

Microlophus peruvianus; adult; intestine; Moquegua (Cordova et al., Reference Cordova, Rego and Vicente1980).

D. guttulatum; adult; intestine; Piura (MUSM-HEL 2848) (Present study).

D. guttulatum; adult; intestine; Tumbes (MUSM-HEL 2845) (Present study).

Oochoristica travassosi Rego & Ibañez, Reference Rego and Ibañez1965

Leiocephalus sp. (type host); adult; intestine; La Libertad (type locality) (holotype, CHIOC 29207-29210; paratype, CHIOC 29211-29214; paratype, CHIOC 29257) (Rego & Ibañez, Reference Rego and Ibañez1965).

Phyllodactylus johnwrighti; adult; intestine; Cajamarca (USNPC 100809) (Goldberg & Bursey, Reference Goldberg and Bursey2010).

Oochoristica vanzolinii Rego & Rodrigues, 1965

H. mabouia; adult; intestine; San Martín (6°24′S, 76°30′W) (CPMP 207a–d) (Present study).

ORDER PROTEOCEPHALIDEA MOLA, 1928

FAMILY PROTEOCEPHALIDAE LA RUE, 1911

Crepidobothrium gerrardii Baird, 1860

Boa constrictor; adult; intestine; Loreto (4°29′S, 73°35′W) (MUSM-HEL 2978) (Gómez-Puerta, Reference Gómez-Puerta2011).

Ophiotaenia flava Rudin, 1917

Kentropyx pelviceps; adult; intestine; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93244) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

Ophiotaenia sp.

B. constrictor; adult; intestine; Ucayali (MUSM-HEL 222) (Present study).

PHYLUM NEMATODA RUDOLPHI, 1808

FAMILY DIAPHANOCEPHALIDAE TRAVASSOS, 1920

Kalicephalus sp.

Bothrops atrox; adult; intestine, stomach; Cusco (MUSM-HEL 1538) (Present study).

Xenodon sp.; adult; intestine; Loreto (Tantaleán, Reference Tantaleán1976).

Kalicephalus inermis Molin, 1861

B. atrox; adult; intestine, stomach; Amazonas (Tantaleán & Gónzalo, Reference Tantaleán and Gónzalo1985)

Lachasis muta; adult; intestine, stomach; Loreto (Present study) (MUSM-HEL 1392)

Kalicephalus subulatus Molin, 1861

B. constrictor; adult; intestine; Loreto, San Martin (03°45′S, 73°15′W; 06°02′S, 76°58′W) (MUSM-HEL 2214) (Gómez & Sánchez, Reference Gómez and Sánchez2007).

B. constrictor; adult; intestine, San Martín (6°24′S, 76°30′W) (CPMP 216) (Present study).

Diaphanocephalus jacuruxi Alho, 1965

Dracaena guianensis; adult; intestine; Loreto (03°43′S, 73°14′W) (Col. PAS–FCB 659) (Tantaleán, Reference Tantaleán2016).

FAMILY PHYSALOPTERIDAE (RAILLIET, 1893) LEIPER, 1908

Physaloptera obtusissima Molin, 1860

K. pelviceps; adult; stomach; Ucayali (07°35′N, 73°45′W) (USNPC 84986) (McAllister et al., Reference McAllister, Bursey and Freed2010).

Physaloptera retusa Rudolphi, 1819

A. ameiva; adult; stomach; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93231) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

Anolis punctatus; adult; stomach; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93236) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

Kentropyx altamazonicus; adult; stomach; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93242) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

K. pelviceps; adult; stomach; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93246) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

Varzea bistriata; adult; stomach; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93250) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

Plica plica; adult; stomach; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93253) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

Plica umbra; adult; stomach; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93255) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

Stenocercus roseiventris; adult; stomach; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93262) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

Thecadactylus rapicauda; adult; stomach; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93264) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

Tupinambis teguixin; adult; stomach; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93267) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

Thecadactylus solimoensis; adult; stomach; Peruvian Amazon (MUSM-HEL 2135) (Jordán et al., Reference Jordán, Suárez and Sánchez2011).

Physaloptera sp.

D. guttulatum; larvae; stomach; Lima (MUSM 2314) (Ávila & Silva, Reference Ávila and Silva2010).

H. mabouia; larvae; intestine; San Martín (6°24′S, 76°30′W) (CPMP 214) (Present study).

B. constrictor; larvae; intestine, San Martín (6°24′S, 76°30′W) (CPMP 218) (Present study).

C. denticulatus; larvae; intestine, San Martín (6°24′S, 76°30′W) (CPMP 205) (Present study).

Physalopteridae gen. sp.

Ophidia gen. sp.; adult; stomach, San Martín (6°24′S, 76°30′W) (CPMP 222) (Present study).

Physalopteroides venancioi (Lent, Freitas & Proença, 1946)

Cercosaura ocellata; adult; stomach; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93241) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

Imantodes cenchoa; adult; stomach; Ucayali (07°35′N, 73°45′W) (USNPC 84986) (McAllister et al., Reference McAllister, Bursey and Freed2010).

Kentropyx altamazonicus; adult; stomach; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93243) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

K. pelviceps; adult; stomach; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93247) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

V. bistriata; adult; stomach; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93251) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

T. rapicauda; adult; stomach; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93265) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

T. solimoensis; adult; stomach; Peruvian Amazon (MUSM-HEL 2136) (Jordán et al., Reference Jordán, Suárez and Sánchez2011).

T. teguixin; adult; stomach; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93268) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005)

Xenoxybelis argenteus; adult; stomach; Ucayali (07°35′N, 73°45′W) (USNPC 84995) (McAllister et al., Reference McAllister, Bursey and Freed2010)

Thubunaea iguanae Telford, 1965

M. peruvianus; adult; stomach; Ica (MUSM-HEL 2187) (Pérez et al., Reference Pérez, Balta, Salizar and Sánchez2007).

Microlophus thoracicus thoracicus; adult; stomach; Ica (MUSM-HEL 2188) (Pérez et al., Reference Pérez, Balta, Salizar and Sánchez2007).

Thubunaea parkeri Baylis, 1926

D. heterolepis; adult, stomach; Ancash (10°05′S, 78°05′W) (USNPC 100639) (Goldberg & Bursey, Reference Goldberg and Bursey2008).

D. heterolepis; adult, stomach; Ancash (MUSM-HEL 2303) (Present study).

FAMILY PHARYNGODONIDAE TRAVASSOS, 1920

Alaeuris caudatus Lent & Freitas, 1948

Iguana iguana; adult; intestine; Tumbes (Tantaleán, Reference Tantaleán1998).

Alaeuris sp.

I. iguana; adult; intestine; Piura (MUSM-HEL 272) (Present study).

Ozolaimus cirratus Linstow, 1906

I. iguana; adult; intestine; Lima (Arrojo, Reference Arrojo2002).

Ozolaimus megatyphlon (Rudolphi, 1819) Dujardin, 1845

I. iguana; adult; intestine; Piura (CHIOC 29993,) (unpublished data, CHIOC).

I. iguana; adult; intestine; Piura (MUSM-HEL 48) (Present study).

I. iguana; adult; intestine; Tumbes (MUSM-HEL 1365) (Present study).

I. iguana; adult; intestine; Tumbes (MUSM-HEL 1365) (Present study).

I. iguana; adult; intestine; Lima (Arrojo, Reference Arrojo2002).

Parapharyngodon arequipensis Calisaya & Cordova, Reference Calisaya and Cordova1997

M. peruvianus (type host); adult; intestine; Moquegua (type locality) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 1441; paratype, MUSM-HEL 1443) (Calisaya & Cordova, Reference Calisaya and Cordova1997).

D. heterolepis; adult; intestine; La Libertad (MUSM-HEL 2305) (Present study).

D. guttulatum; adult; intestine; Ancash (MUSM-HEL 2310) (Present study).

D. guttulatum; adult; intestine; Lima (MUSM-HEL 2313) (Present study).

D. guttulatum; adult; intestine; La Libertad (MUSM-HEL 2316, 2318) (Present study).

D. guttulatum; adult; intestine; Lambayeque (MUSM-HEL 2313, 2323, 2325) (Present study).

D. guttulatum; adult; intestine; Tumbes (MUSM-HEL 2328) (Present study).

Parapharyngodon lagitor Alho & Rodrigues, 1963

D. guttulatum; adult; intestine; Lambayeque (MUSM-HEL 2324) (Ávila & Silva, Reference Ávila and Silva2010).

Parapharyngodon moqueguensis Calisaya & Cordova, Reference Calisaya and Cordova1997

M. peruvianus (type host); adult; intestine; Moquegua (type locality) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 1444; Alotype, MUSM-HEL 1445; paratype, MUSM-HEL 1446) (Calisaya & Cordova, Reference Calisaya and Cordova1997).

D. guttulatum; adult; intestine; Tumbes (MUSM-HEL 2843) (Present study).

D. guttulatum; adult; intestine; Piura (MUSM-HEL 2847) (Present study).

Parapharyngodon scleratus Travassos, 1923

A. ameiva; adult; intestine; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93230) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

K. pelviceps; adult; intestine; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93245) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

K. pelviceps; adult; intestine; Ucayali (07°35′N, 73°45′W) (USNPC 84985) (McAllister et al., Reference McAllister, Bursey and Freed2010).

Copeoglossum nigropunctatum; adult; intestine; Ucayali (07°35′N, 73°45′W) (USNPC 84987) (McAllister et al., Reference McAllister, Bursey and Freed2010).

V. bistriata; adult; intestine; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93245) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

P. johnwrighti; adult; intestine; Cajamarca (USNPC 100810) (Goldberg & Bursey, Reference Goldberg and Bursey2010).

T. solimoensis; adult; intestine; Peruvian Amazon (MUSM-HEL 2134) (Jordán et al., Reference Jordán, Suárez and Sánchez2011).

Parapharyngodon sp.

D. guttulatum; adult; intestine; Lambayeque (MUSM-HEL 2321, 2322) (Present study).

D. guttulatum; adult; intestine; Lima (MUSM-HEL 2331) (Present study).

D. guttulatum; adult; intestine; Tumbes (MUSM-HEL 2330, 2844) (Present study).

Parapharyngodon yurensis Calisaya & Cordova, Reference Calisaya and Cordova1997

M. peruvianus (type host); adult; intestine; Arequipa (type locality) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 1447; Alotype, MUSM-HEL 1448; paratype, MUSM-HEL 1449) (Calisaya & Cordova, Reference Calisaya and Cordova1997).

Pharyngodon sp.

H. mabouia; adult; intestine; San Martín (6°24′S, 76°30′W) (CPMP 213) (Present study).

Pharyngodon micrurus Freitas & Ibañez, Reference Freitas and Ibañez1963

D. guttulatum; adult; intestine; Lambayeque (06°09′S, 79°43′W) (USNPC 100635) (Goldberg & Bursey, Reference Goldberg and Bursey2008).

D. guttulatum; adult; intestine; Ancash (MUSM-HEL 2309) (Present study).

D. guttulatum; adult; intestine; Lima (MUSM-HEL 2312) (Present study).

D. guttulatum; adult; intestine; La Libertad (MUSM-HEL 2315) (Present study).

D. guttulatum; adult; intestine; Lambayeque (MUSM-HEL 2326) (Present study).

D. guttulatum; adult; intestine; Loreto (MUSM-HEL 2759) (Present study).

D. guttulatum; adult; intestine; Piura (MUSM-HEL 2846) (Present study).

D. guttulatum; adult; intestine; Tumbes (MUSM-HEL 2329) (Present study).

D. heterolepis (type host); adult; intestine; La Libertad (type locality) (CHIOC 29180-29261) (Freitas & Ibañez, Reference Freitas and Ibañez1963).

D. heterolepis; adult; intestine; Ancash (10°05′S, 78°05′W) (USNPC 100638) (Goldberg & Bursey, Reference Goldberg and Bursey2008).

D. heterolepis; adult; intestine; Ancash (MUSM-HEL 2302) (Present study).

Skrjabinodon dixoni Bursey & Goldberg Reference Bursey and Goldberg2007

Uracentron flaviceps (type host); adult; intestine; Loreto (type locality) (holotype, USNPC 98997; Allotype, USNPC 98998; paratype, USNPC 98999; MUSM-HEL 2756) (Bursey & Goldberg, Reference Bursey and Goldberg2007, Present study).

Thelandros capacyupanquii (Freitas, Vicente & Ibáñez, 1968)

Dicrodon holmbergi (type host); adult; intestine; La Libertad (type locality) (holotype, CHIOC 30303) (Freitas et al., Reference Freitas, Vicente and Ibañez1968a).

D. holmbergi; adult; intestine; La Libertad (08°31′S, 78°48′W) (USNPC 100640) (Goldberg & Bursey, Reference Goldberg and Bursey2008).

D. holmbergi; adult; intestine; La Libertad (MUSM-HEL 2304) (Present study).

D. holmbergi; adult; intestine; La Libertad (MUSM-HEL 733) (Present study).

D. holmbergi; adult; intestine; Loreto (MUSM-HEL 2760) (Present study).

D. guttulatum; adult; intestine; Lambayeque (06°09′S, 79°43′W) (USNPC 100636) (Goldberg & Bursey, Reference Goldberg and Bursey2008).

D. guttulatum; adult; intestine; La Libertad (MUSM-HEL 2317) (Present study).

D. guttulatum; adult; intestine; Loreto (MUSM-HEL 2761) (Present study).

D. guttulatum; adult; intestine; Ancash (MUSM-HEL 2761) (Present study).

Note: This species was originally determined as Parathelandros capacyupanquii, but this species was transferred to Thelandros by Vicente et al. (Reference Vicente, Vrcibradis, Muniz-Pereira and Magalhaes2000).

Thelandros capacyupanquii (Freitas, Vicente & Ibáñez, 1968) Type A

D. guttulatum; adult; intestine; La Libertad (MUSM-HEL 2319) (Present study).

Thelandros capacyupanquii (Freitas, Vicente & Ibáñez, 1968) Type B

D. guttulatum; adult; intestine; Ancash (MUSM-HEL 2311) (Present study).

Thelandros capacyupanquii (Freitas, Vicente & Ibáñez, 1968) Type A and B

D. guttulatum; adult; intestine; Ancash (MUSM-HEL 2332) (Present study).

Spauligodon maytacapaci (Vicente & Ibáñez, 1968)

Leiocephalus sp. (type host); adult; intestine; Cajamarca (type locality) (holotype, CHIOC 30042; CHIOC 30111) (Vicente & Ibañez, Reference Vicente and Ibañez1968).

Note: The original determination of this material was Parathelandros maytacapaci, but this species was transferred to Spauligodon by Barus & Coy-Otero (Reference Barus and Coy-Otero1974).

Spauligodon oxkutzcabiensis Chitwood, 1938

T. rapicauda; adult; intestine; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93266) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

Phyllodactylus inaequalis; adult; intestine; Lambayeque (USNPC 100808) (Goldberg & Bursey, Reference Goldberg and Bursey2010).

P. johnwrighti; adult; intestine; Cajamarca (USNPC 100811) (Goldberg & Bursey, Reference Goldberg and Bursey2010).

Phyllodactylus microphyllus; adult; intestine; Ancash (USNPC 100813) (Goldberg & Bursey, Reference Goldberg and Bursey2010).

Spauligodon sp.

H. mabouia; adult; intestine; San Martín (6°24′S, 76°30′W) (CPMP 212) (Present study).

Spauligodon viracochai (Freitas, Vicente & Ibáñez, 1968)

Phyllodactylus angustidigitus; adult; stomach; Ica (MUSM-HEL 2300) (Pérez et al., Reference Pérez, Balta, Salizar and Sánchez2007).

Phyllodactylus gerrhopygus (type host); adult; intestine; La Libertad (type locality) (holotype, CHIOC 30315) (Freitas et al., Reference Freitas, Vicente and Ibañez1968b).

P. gerrhopygus; adult; intestine; Lima (MUSM-HEL 1366) (Present study).

Note: This species was originally described as Parathelandros viracochai, but this species was transferred to Spauligodon by Barus & Coy-Otero (Reference Barus and Coy-Otero1974).

Thelandros bulbosus Linstow, 1899

M. peruvianus; adult; intestine; Arequipa (Sarmiento et al., Reference Sarmiento, Tantaleán and Huiza1999)

FAMILY COSMOCERCIDAE TRAVASSOS, 1925

Aplectana sp.

Cercosaura argulus; adult; intestine; Ucayali (07°35′N, 73°45′W) (USNPC 84991) (McAllister et al., Reference McAllister, Bursey and Freed2010).

FAMILY HETERAKIDAE RAILLIET & HENRY, 1912

Spinicauda sp.

A. ameiva; adult; intestine; Madre de Dios (Sarmiento et al., Reference Sarmiento, Tantaleán and Huiza1999).

D. guttulatum; adult; intestine; Piura (MUSM-HEL 293) (Present study).

Spinicauda spinicauda (Olfers in Rudolphi, 1819) Travassos, 1923

A. ameiva; adult; intestine; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93232) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

Enyalioides laticeps; adult; intestine; Ucayali (07°35′N, 73°45′W) (USNPC 84983) (McAllister et al., Reference McAllister, Bursey and Freed2010).

Strongyluris oscari Travassos, 1923

Anolis fuscoauratus; adult; intestine; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93233) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

A. punctatus; adult; intestine; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93240) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

Anolis trachyderma; adult; intestine; Ucayali (07°35′N, 73°45′W) (USNPC 84982) (McAllister et al., Reference McAllister, Bursey and Freed2010).

I. cenchoa; adult; intestine; Ucayali (07°35′N, 73°45′W) (USNPC 84994) (McAllister et al., Reference McAllister, Bursey and Freed2010).

P. plica; adult; intestine; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93254) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

P. umbra; adult; intestine; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93257) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

S. roseiventris; adult; intestine; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93257) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

FAMILY KATHLANIIDAE CARRIL, 1914

Cruzia rudolphi Ruiz, 1947

D. catesbyi; adult; rectum; Ucayali (07°35′N, 73°45′W) (USNPC 84992) (McAllister et al., Reference McAllister, Bursey and Freed2010).

Falcaustra belemensis Baker & Bain, 1981

Potamites ecpleopus; adult; intestine; Ucayali (07°35′N, 73°45′W) (USNPC 84990) (McAllister et al., Reference McAllister, Bursey and Freed2010).

FAMILY MOLINEIDAE DURETTE-DESSERT & CHABAUD, 1977

Kentropyxia sauria Baker, 1982

K. pelviceps; adult; intestine; Ucayali (07°35′N, 73°45′W) (USNPC 84984) (McAllister et al., Reference McAllister, Bursey and Freed2010).

Oswaldocruzia brasiliensis Lent & Freitas, 1935

C. nigropunctatum; adult; intestine; Ucayali (07°35′N, 73°45′W) (USNPC 84989) (McAllister et al., Reference McAllister, Bursey and Freed2010).

Oswaldocruzia peruensis Ben-Slimane et al., Reference Ben-Slimane, Verhaagh and Durette-Desset1995

S. roseiventris (type host); adult; rectum; Huánuco (type locality) (09°37′S, 74°56′W) (holotype and Allotype, MNHN 758; paratypes, MNHN 758; paratypes, SMNK 172) (Ben-Slimane et al., Reference Ben-Slimane, Verhaagh and Durette-Desset1995).

S. roseiventris; adult; intestine; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93260) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

A. punctatus; adult; intestine; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93235) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

Oswaldocruzia sp.

H. mabouia; adult; intestine; San Martín (6°24′S, 76°30′W) (CPMP 215) (Present study).

Oswaldocruzia vitti Bursey & Goldberg, 2004

Cercosaura eigenmanni; adult; intestine; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93259) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

FAMILY ONCHOCERCIDAE CHABAUD & ANDERSON, 1959

Oswaldofilaria azevedoi Bain, 1974

S. roseiventris; adult; body cavity; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93261) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

Piratuba digiticauda Lent & Freitas, 1941

P. umbra; adult; body cavity; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93256) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

Piratuba lainsoni Bain, 1974

A. punctatus; adult; body cavity; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93237) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

Piratuboides zeae (Bain, 1974) Bain & Sulahian, 1974

V. bistriata; adult; body cavity; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93252) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

C. nigropunctatum; adult; body cavity; Ucayali (07°35′N, 73°45′W) (USNPC 84988) (McAllister et al., Reference McAllister, Bursey and Freed2010).

FAMILIA ACUARIIDAE RAILLIET, HENRY & SISOFF, 1912

Acuariidae gen. sp.

Phyllodactylus lepidopygus; larva; intestine; Lima (USNPC 100812) (Goldberg & Bursey, Reference Goldberg and Bursey2010).

FAMILY ATRACTIDAE RAILLIET, 1917

Cyrtosomum longicaudatum Brenes & Bravo Hollis, 1960

A. punctatus; adult; intestine; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93234) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

FAMILY RHABDIASIDAE RAILLIET, 1916

Rhabdias anolis Bursey, Goldberg & Telford, 2003

A. punctatus; adult, lungs; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93238) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

Serpentirhadias sp.

B. atrox; adult; lungs; Amazonas (Tantaleán & Gónzalo, Reference Tantaleán and Gónzalo1985).

Serpentirhabdias filicaudalis (Barella, dos Santos & da Silva, 2009)

Spilotes pullatus; adult, lungs; San Martin (6°24′S, 76°30′W) (CPMP 220, 221) (Present study).

FAMILY SEURATIDAE HALL, 1916

Skrjabinelazia intermedia (Freitas, 1940) Chabaud, 1973

A. punctatus; adult; stomach; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93239) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

FAMILY TRICHURIDAE RESCATE, 1911

Amphibiocapillaria freitasilenti (Araujo & Gandra, 1941) Moravec, 1986

A. ameiva; adult; stomach; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93229) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

FAMILY ASCARIDIDAE BAIRD, 1853

Angusticaecum brevispiculum Chapin, 1925

C. denticulatus; adult; intestine; Ucayali (MUSM-HEL 747) (Salizar & Sánchez, Reference Salizar and Sánchez2007).

C. denticulatus; adult; intestine; Loreto (MUSM-HEL 356, 490) (Salizar & Sánchez, Reference Salizar and Sánchez2007).

C. denticulatus; adult; intestine; San Martin (CPMP 2003) (Present study).

Angusticaecum holopterum Chapin, 1924

C. denticulatus; adult; intestine; Loreto (03°77′S, 73°27′W) (MUSM-HEL 3049) (Julca et al., Reference Julca, Casas, Chavera, Sánchez, Sánchez and Batalla2014).

Angusticaecum sp.

C. denticulatus; adult; intestine; Loreto (MUSM-HEL 1358) (Tantaleán et al., Reference Tantaleán, Juárez and Cruz1983).

Dujardinascaris sp.

K. pelviceps; larva; stomach; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93248) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

T. teguixin; larva; stomach; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93269) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

Ophidascaris arndti Sprehn, 1929

C. denticulatus; adult; intestine, stomach; Loreto (03°77′S, 73°27′W) (MUSM-HEL 3050) (Julca et al., Reference Julca, Casas, Chavera, Sánchez, Sánchez and Batalla2014).

Ophidascaris sp.

C. denticulatus; adult; intestine; Ucayali (MUSM-HEL 14) (Present study).

FAMILY DIPLOTRIAENOIDEA ANDERSON, 1958

Hastospiculum onchocercum Chitwood, 1932

L. muta; adult; lungs; Amazonas (Tantaleán & Gónzalo, Reference Tantaleán and Gónzalo1992).

L. muta; adult; lungs; Loreto (MUSM-HEL 1391) (Tantaleán & Gónzalo, Reference Tantaleán and Gónzalo1992).

Hastospiculum sp.

P. umbra; larva; coelom, under peritoneum; Madre de Dios (12°35′S, 69°05′W) (USNPC 93258) (Bursey et al., Reference Bursey, Goldberg and Parmelee2005).

FAMILY CAMALLANIDAE RAILLIET & HEORY, 1915

Procamallanus (Procamallanus) sp.

B. constrictor; adult; intestine, San Martín (6°24′S, 76°30′W) (CPMP 217) (Present study).

Serpinema amazonicus (Ribeiro, 1941) Yeh, 1960

P. expansa; adult; intestine; Loreto (Tantaleán, Reference Tantaleán1998).

P. unifilis; adult; intestine; Loreto (Sánchez et al., Reference Sánchez, Tantaleán, Vela and Méndez2006).

Podocnemis sp.; adult; intestine; Loreto (MUSM-HEL 79) (Present study).

Podocnemis sp.; adult; intestine; Ucayali (MUSM-HEL 309) (Present study).

FAMILY GNATHOSTOMATIDAE RAILLIET, 1895

Ancyracanthus pinnatifidus Diesing, 1839

P. unifilis; adult; intestine; Loreto (Sánchez et al., Reference Sánchez, Tantaleán, Vela and Méndez2006)

FAMILY ATRACTIDAE TRAVASSOS, 1919

Atractis impura Caballero, 1944

C. denticulatus; adult; intestine; Loreto, Ucayali (MUSM-HEL 34, 1038) (Salizar & Sánchez, Reference Salizar and Sánchez2007)

Atractis marquezi Bursey & Flanagan, 2002

C. denticulatus; adult; intestine; Loreto (03°77′S, 73°27′W) (MUSM-HEL 3045) (Julca et al., Reference Julca, Casas, Chavera, Sánchez, Sánchez and Batalla2014).

P. unifilis; adult; intestine; Pasco (MUSM-HEL 3673) (Present study).

Phrynops geoffroanus; adult; intestine; Pasco (MUSM-HEL 3680) (Present study).

Mesoclemmys gibba; adult; intestine; Pasco (MUSM-HEL 3683) (Present study).

Atractis trematophila Travassos 1934

P. unifilis; adult; intestine; Pasco (MUSM-HEL 3674) (Present study).

M. gibba; adult; intestine; Pasco (MUSM-HEL 3684) (Present study).

Klossinemella conciliatus Alho, 1964

P. unifilis; adult; stomach; Loreto (MUSM-HEL 564) (Salizar & Sánchez, Reference Salizar and Sánchez2007).

Klossinemella travassosi Costa, 1961

C. denticulatus; adult; intestine; Loreto (03°77′S, 73°27′W) (MUSM-HEL 3046) (Julca et al., Reference Julca, Casas, Chavera, Sánchez, Sánchez and Batalla2014).

C. denticulatus; adult; intestine; Loreto (MUSM-HEL 3046) (Present study).

P. unifilis; adult; intestine; Pasco (MUSM-HEL 3677) (Present study).

Labiduris gulosa Rudolphi, 1819

C. denticulatus; adult; intestine, stomach; Loreto (03°77′S, 73°27′W) (MUSM-HEL 3042) (Julca et al., Reference Julca, Casas, Chavera, Sánchez, Sánchez and Batalla2014).

C. denticulatus; adult; intestine, San Martín (6°24′S, 76°30′W) (CPMP 206) (Present study).

C. denticulatus; adult; intestine, stomach; Ucayali (03°77′S, 73°27′W) (MUSM-HEL 25, 35) (Present study).

Labiduris zschokkei Linstow 1899

C. denticulatus; adult; intestine, stomach; Loreto (03°77′S, 73°27′W) (MUSM-HEL 3043) (Julca et al., Reference Julca, Casas, Chavera, Sánchez, Sánchez and Batalla2014).

C. denticulatus; adult; intestine, stomach; Ucayali (03°77′S, 73°27′W) (MUSM-HEL 24, 36) (Present study).

Labiduris irineuta Costa, 1961

C. denticulatus; adult; intestine, stomach; Loreto (03°77′S, 73°27′W) (MUSM-HEL 3044) (Julca et al., Reference Julca, Casas, Chavera, Sánchez, Sánchez and Batalla2014).

Paratractis hystrix (Diesing, Reference Diesing1851) Sarmiento, Reference Sarmiento1959

P. dumerilianus; adult; intestine; Ucayali (Syntype, USNM 1338611) (Sarmiento, Reference Sarmiento1959).

Podocnemis sp.; adult; intestine, stomach; Loreto (MUSM-HEL 78) (Present study).

P. unifilis; adult; intestine; Loreto (MUSM-HEL 562) (Present study).

Note: The original determination of this material was Ascaris hystrix Diesing, 1851 (Diesing, Reference Diesing1851). Later was transferred to Atractis by Von Drasche (Reference Von Drasche1883). Finally, was transferred to genus Paratractis by Sarmiento et al. (Reference Sarmiento1959).

Paraorientatractis semiannulata Gibbons, Khalil & Marinkelle, 1997

P. unifilis; adult; intestine; Ucayali (MUSM-HEL 2685) (Salizar & Sánchez, Reference Salizar and Sánchez2007).

P. unifilis; adult; intestine; Pasco (MUSM-HEL 3672) (Present study).

P. geoffroanus; adult; intestine; Pasco (MUSM-HEL 3681) (Present study).

M. gibba; adult; intestine; Pasco (MUSM-HEL 3682) (Present study).

FAMILY STRONGYLIDAE BAIRD, 1853

Chapiniella variabilis Chapin, 1924

C. denticulatus; adult; intestine, stomach; Loreto (Tantaleán et al., Reference Tantaleán, Juárez and Cruz1983).

C. denticulatus; adult; intestine; Loreto (03°77′S, 73°27′W) (MUSM-HEL 3048) (Julca et al., Reference Julca, Casas, Chavera, Sánchez, Sánchez and Batalla2014).

C. denticulatus; adult; intestine; San Martin (6°24′S, 76°30′W) (CPMP 204) (Present study).

C. denticulatus; adult; intestine; Ucayali (MUSM-HEL 1372) (Present study).

Sauricola sauricola Chapin, 1924

C. denticulatus; adult; intestine; Loreto (03°77′S, 73°27′W) (MUSM-HEL 3047) (Julca et al., Reference Julca, Casas, Chavera, Sánchez, Sánchez and Batalla2014).

Sauricola sp.

C. denticulatus; adult; intestine, stomach; Ucayali (03°77′S, 73°27′W) (MUSM-HEL 37) (Present study).

PHYLUM ACANTHOCEPHALA KOHLREUTHER, 1771

CLASS PALAEACANTHOCEPHALA MEYER, 1931

ORDER POLYMORPHIDA PETROCHENKO, 1956

FAMILY CENTRORHYNCHIDAE VAN CLEAVE, 1916

Centrorhynchus sp.

S. pullatus; larvae; intestine; San Martin (6°24′S, 76°30′W) (CPMP 219) (Present study).

Chironius scurrulus; larvae; intestine; San Martin (6°24′S, 76°30′W) (CPMP 223) (Present study).

Host–parasite list

ORDER SQUAMATA OPPEL, 1811

SUBORDER OPHIDIA LATREILLE, 1804

FAMILY BOIDAE GRAY, 1825

Boa constrictor Linnaeus

Trematoda: Crepidobothrium gerrardii; Cestoda: Ophiotaenia sp.; Nematoda: Kalicephalus subulatus, Physaloptera sp., Procamallanus (Procamallanus) sp.

FAMILY COLUBRIDAE OPPEL, 1811

Chironius sp.

Trematoda: Renifer heterocoelium.

Chironius scurrulus (Wagler)

Acanthocephala: Centrorhynchus sp.

Dipsas catesbyi (Sentzen)

Trematoda: Mesocoelium sp.; Nematoda: Cruzia rudolphi.

Imantodes cenchoa (Linnaeus)

Nematoda: Physalopteroides venancioi, Strongyluris oscari.

Philodryas argentea (Daudin)

Nematoda: P. venancioi.

Spilotes pullatus (Linnaeus)

Nematoda: Serpentirhabdias filicaudalis; Acanthocephala: Centrorhynchus sp.

Xenodon sp.

Nematoda: Kalicephalus sp.

FAMILY DIPSADIDAE BONAPARTE 1838

Atractus major Boulenger

Trematoda: Glossidiella peruensis.

FAMILY VIPERIDAE OPPEL, 1811

Bothrops atrox (Linnaeus)

Nematoda: Kalicephalus inermis, Kalicephalus sp., Serpentirhadias sp.

Lachesis muta (Linnaeus)

Nematoda: Hastospiculum onchocercum, Kalicephalus inermis.

SUBORDER SAURIA MACARTNEY, 1802

FAMILY DACTYLOIDAE FITZINGER, 1843

Anolis fuscoauratus D'Orbigny

Nematoda: S. oscari.

Anolis punctatus Daudin

Nematoda: Cyrtosomum longicaudatum, O. peruensis, Physaloptera retusa, Piratuba lainsoni, Rhabdias anolis, Skrjabinelazia intermedia, S. oscari.

Anolis trachyderma Cope

Nematoda: S. oscari.

FAMILY GEKKONIDAE GRAY, 1825

Hemidactylus mabouia (Moreau de Jonnès)

Trematoda: Paradistomum sp1., Paradistomum sp2.; Cestoda: Oochoristica vanzolinii; Nematoda: Oswaldocruzia sp., Pharyngodon sp., Physaloptera sp., Spauligodon sp.

FAMILY GYMNOPHTHALMIDAE FITZINGER, 1826

Cercosaura argulus Peters

Nematoda: Aplectana sp.

Cercosaura eigenmanni (Griffin)

Nematoda: Oswaldocruzia vitti.

Cercosaura ocellata Wagler

Nematoda: P. venancioi.

Potamites ecpleopus (Cope)

Nematoda: Falcaustra belemensis.

FAMILY HOPLOCERCIDAE FROST & ETHERIDGE, 1989

Enyalioides laticeps (Guichenot)

Nematoda: Spinicauda spinicauda.

FAMILY IGUANIDAE OPPEL, 1811

Iguana iguana (Linnaeus)

Nematoda: Alaeuris caudatus, Alaeuris sp., Ozolaimus cirratus, Ozolaimus megatyphlon.

FAMILY LEIOCEPHALIDAE FROST & ETHERIDGE, 1989

Leiocephalus sp.

Cestoda: Oochoristica travassosi; Nematoda: Spauligodon maytacapaci, Thelandros bulbosus, Thubunaea iguana.

FAMILY PHYLLODACTYLIDAE GAMBLE, BAUER, GREENBAUM & JACKMAN, 2008

Phyllodactylus angustidigitus Dixon & Huey

Nematoda: Spauligodon viracochai.

Phyllodactylus gerrhopygus (Wiegmann)

Nematoda: Spauligodon viracochai.

Phyllodactylus inaequalis Cope

Nematoda: Spauligodon oxkutzcabiensis.

Phyllodactylus johnwrighti Dixon & Huey

Cestoda: Oochoristica travassosi; Nematoda: Parapharyngodon scleratus, Spauligodon oxkutzcabiensis.

Phyllodactylus lepidopygus (Tschudi)

Nematoda: Acuariidae gen. sp.

Phyllodactylus microphyllus Cope

Nematoda: Spauligodon oxkutzcabiensis.

Thecadactylus rapicauda (Houttuyn)

Nematoda: Physaloptera retusa, P. venancioi, Spauligodon oxkutzcabiensis.

Thecadactylus solimoensis Bergmann & Russell

Nematoda: Parapharyngodon scleratus, Physaloptera retusa, P. venancioi.

FAMILY SCINCIDAE GRAY, 1825

Copeoglossum nigropunctatum (Spix)

Nematoda: Piratuboides zeae, Oswaldocruzia brasiliensis, Parapharyngodon scleratus.

Varzea bistriata (Spix)

Nematoda: Oswaldocruzia brasiliensis, Parapharyngodon scleratus, Physaloptera retusa, P. venancioi, Piratuboides zeae.

FAMILY TEIIDAE GRAY, 1827

Ameiva ameiva (Linnaeus)

Cestoda: Oochoristica ameivae; Nematoda: Amphibiocapillaria freitasilenti, Parapharyngodon scleratus, Physaloptera retusa, Spinicauda sp., Spinicauda spinicauda.

Dracaena guianensis Daudin

Nematoda: Diaphanocephalus jacuruxi.

Dicrodon guttulatum Duméril & Bibron

Cestoda: Oochoristica freitasi, Oochoristica iguanae, Oochoristica sp.; Nematoda: Parapharyngodon arequipensis, Parapharyngodon lagitor, Parapharyngodon moqueguensis, Parapharyngodon sp., Pharyngodon micrurus, Physaloptera sp., Spinicauda sp., Thelandros capacyupanquii, Thelandros capacyupanquii Type A, Thelandros capacyupanquii Type B, Thelandros capacyupanquii Type A and B.

Dicrodon heterolepis (Tschudi)

Cestoda: Oochoristica freitasi; Nematoda: Parapharyngodon arequipensis, Pharyngodon micrurus, Thubunaea parkeri.

Dicrodon holmbergi Schmidt

Nematoda: Thelandros capacyupanquii.

Kentropyx altamazonica (Cope)

Nematoda: Physaloptera retusa, P. venancioi.

Kentropyx pelviceps (Cope)

Cestoda: Ophiotaenia flava; Nematoda: Dujardinascaris sp., Kentropyxia sauria, Parapharyngodon scleratus, Physaloptera obtusíssima, Physaloptera retusa, P. venancioi.

Tupinambis teguixin (Linnaeus)

Nematoda: Dujardinascaris sp., Physaloptera retusa, P. venancioi.

FAMILY TROPIDURIDAE BELL, 1843

Microlophus peruvianus (Lesson)

Cestoda: Oochoristica sp.; Nematoda: Parapharyngodon arequipensis, Parapharyngodon moqueguensis, Parapharyngodon yurensis.

Microlophus thoracicus thoracicus (Tschudi)

Nematoda: Thubunaea iguanae.

Plica plica (Linnaeus)

Nematoda: Physaloptera retusa, S. oscari.

Plica umbra (Linnaeus)

Nematoda: Hastospiculum sp., Physaloptera retusa, Piratuba digiticauda, S. oscari.

Stenocercus roseiventris D'Orbigny in Duméril & Bibron

Nematoda: Oswaldocruzia peruensis, Oswaldofilaria azevedoi, Physaloptera retusa, S. oscari.

Uracentron flaviceps (Guichenot)

Nematoda: Skrjabinodon dixoni.

ORDER TESTUDINES BATSCH, 1788

FAMILY CHELIDAE GRAY 1825

Chelus fimbriata (Schneider)

Trematoda: Atamatam amazoniensis, Paratamatam iquitosiensis.

Mesoclemmys gibba (Schweigger)

Nematoda: Atractis marquezi, Atractis trematophila, Paraorientatractis semiannulata.

FAMILY CHELONIIDAE OPPEL, 1811

Chelonia mydas agassizi Bocourt

Trematoda: Adenogaster serialis, Cricocephalus albus, Orchidasma amphiorchis.

FAMILY PODOCNEMIDIDAE COPE, 1888

Peltocephalus dumerilianus (Schweigger)

Trematoda: Nematophila grandis; Nematoda: P. hystrix.

Podocnemis expansa (Schweigger)

Trematoda: Halltrema avitellina, N. grandis; Nematoda: Podocnemitrema papillosus, Serpinema amazonicus.

Podocnemis sp.

Nematoda: P. hystrix, S. amazonicus.

Podocnemis unifilis Troschel

Trematoda: H. avitellina, Halltrema heteroxenum, N. grandis, P. papillosus, Telorchis hagmanni; Nematoda: Ancyracanthus pinnatifidus, A. trematophila, P. hystrix, P. semiannulata, S. amazonicus.

Podocnemis sextuberculata Cornalia

Trematoda: Pitiutrema revelae.

FAMILY TESTUDINIDAE GRAY, 1825

Chelonoidis denticulatus (Linnaeus)

Trematoda: Helicotrema spirale, H. avitellina, N. grandis; Nematoda: Angusticaecum brevispiculum, Angusticaecum holopterum, Angusticaecum sp., Atractis impura, A. marquezi, Chapiniella variabilis, Klossinemella conciliatus, Klossinemella travassosi, Labiduris gulosa, Labiduris zschokkei, Labiduris irineuta, Ophidascaris arndti, Ophidascaris sp., Physaloptera sp., Sauricola sauricola.

Discussion

The checklist presented here includes 82 nominal species and 24 taxa identified at the generic level of helminths associated with 55 reptile host species from Peru. They come from 18 of the 25 official Peruvian regions. Most of the parasitological studies were carried out in the Peruvian Amazon, with 145 reports, followed by the Peruvian Coast and the Andes Mountains with 64 and 15 reports, respectively. In seven Peruvian regions (Apurimac, Ayacucho, Callao, Huancavelica, Junín, Puno and Tacna), no parasitological studies have been carried out in reptiles, which indicates evident under-registration compared to the diversity of reptile helminths existing in other geographical regions with similar characteristics.

The phylum Nematoda contributes the highest proportion (79/106) of parasitic helminths of reptiles in Peru. Lower proportion of trematodes (17/106) and cestodes (9/106) have been recorded. The acanthocephalans are the least frequent group, with only one species (1/106) recovered. The lower numbers of trematode, cestode and acanthocephalan species registered in reptiles from Peru could be related to the low number of helminthologists studying parasites of this group of hosts. The highest number of taxa of helminths (22/106) is recorded in the family Pharyngodonidae with 18 nominal species and four taxa identified at the generic level. The nematode Pharyngodon micrurus Freitas & Ibañez, Reference Freitas and Ibañez1963 was the first helminth species described from reptiles in Peru and was found in the intestine of the desert tegu D. heterolepis (Tschudi) in La Libertad (Freitas & Ibañez, Reference Freitas and Ibañez1963). Since then, 15 new species of helminths (three trematodes, two cestodes and nine nematodes) have been described infecting reptiles from Peru with Glossidiella peruensis Huancachoque et al., Reference Huancachoque, Sáez, Cruces, Mendoza, Luque and Chero2020 being the most recent species described (Huancachoque et al., Reference Huancachoque, Sáez, Cruces, Mendoza, Luque and Chero2020).

A little more than 10% of reptile species, not necessarily the most abundant, currently inhabiting Peru (55/524 species) have a record of parasitism by helminths, representing a small proportion considering the great variety of reptiles that inhabit the various tropical and subtropical geographical areas of Peru (Koch et al., Reference Koch, Venegas, Santa Cruz and Böhme2018). The families of reptiles found harbouring the highest number of reported taxa are Teiidae, Testudinidae and Podocnemidae with 24, 18 and 14 taxa, respectively. The reptile species with the highest number of taxa of helminths reported are C. denticulatus with 18 species (three trematodes and 15 nematodes), followed by D. guttulatum with 11 species (three cestodes and eight nematodes) and P. unifilis with 10 species (five trematodes and five nematodes). The helminths associated with C. denticulatus have rarely been studied (Tantaleán et al., Reference Tantaleán, Juárez and Cruz1983; Salizar & Sánchez, Reference Salizar and Sánchez2007; Tantaleán & Forlong, Reference Tantaleán and Forlong2013; Julca et al., Reference Julca, Casas, Chavera, Sánchez, Sánchez and Batalla2014). Despite this, C. denticulatus is considered the host that harbours the highest number of helminth species reported in Peru. The yellow-footed tortoise, or C. denticulatus, is a terrestrial species that inhabits a great diversity of environments (Carvajal-Campos & Rodríguez-Guerra, Reference Carvajal-Campos and Rodríguez-Guerra2019). This could explain its great variety of helminths, principally those with direct life cycles. The yellow-spotted Amazon River turtle, P. unifilis is also a species that lives in a wide variety of habitats, such as rivers and lakes (Cisneros-Heredia, Reference Cisneros-Heredia2006). However, its helminth parasites have been poorly studied (Salizar & Sánchez, Reference Salizar and Sánchez2004; Sánchez et al., Reference Sánchez, Tantaleán, Vela and Méndez2006; Salizar & Sánchez, Reference Salizar and Sánchez2007; Tantaleán et al., Reference Tantaleán, Sánchez and Pineda Catalan2011; Tantaleán & Forlong, Reference Tantaleán and Forlong2013). Considering the high diversity of reptile hosts in Peruvian territory with very diverse regions and microclimates, it is possible that a significant number of new species may emerge in future parasitological studies.

On the other hand, 24 of the 106 registered helminth specimens have not been identified up to the specific epithet, either due to the lack of specialists or the lack of a more detailed review of the existing scientific collections of helminths. Pollution, anthropization and degradation of habitats threaten the ecosystems where reptiles live, increasing the chances of breaking the usual parasite–host balance and parasitic diversity regulated by external factors in nature, with potentially detrimental outcomes to the health of the reptile hosts (Peres & Nascimento, Reference Peres and Nascimento2006). This is a compilation report of the parasitic helminths observed in reptiles of Peru and serves as a basis for future studies on the diversity, ecology and parasitism of wild animals.

Acknowledgement

We thank Mr. Guy Emmet Fulkerson for reading the manuscript and editing the language.

Funding

Jhon D. Chero and Celso L. Cruces were supported by a student fellowship from the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal do Ensino Superior, Brazil (CAPES) – Finance Code 001. José L. Luque were supported by Researcher fellowships from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brazil (CNPq).

Conflicts of interest

None.

Ethical standards

The authors declare that all applicable international, national and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed.

References

Amin, OM (2013) Classification of the acanthocephala. Folia Parasitologica 60(4), 273–305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, RC, Chabaud, AG and Willmott, S (2009) Keys to the nematode parasites of vertebrates. Archival volume. London, CAB International. p. 463.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arrojo, L (2002) Parásitos de animales silvestres en cautiverio en Lima, Perú [Parasites of wild animals in captivity in Lima, Peru]. Revista Peruana de Biología 9(2), 118–120. [In Spanish.]Google Scholar
Ávila, RW and Silva, RJ (2010) Checklist of helminths from lizards and amphisbaenians (Reptilia, Squamata) of South America. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases 16(4), 543–572.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barus, V and Coy-Otero, A (1974) Nematodes of the genera Spauligodon, Skrjabinodon and Pharyngodon (Oxyuridae) parasitizing Cuban Lizards. Vestnik Ceskoslovenske Spolecnosti Zoologicke 38(1), 1–12.Google Scholar
Benítez-Malvido, J, Tapia, E, Suazo, I, Villaseñor, E and Alvarado, J (2003) Germination and seed damage in tropical dry forest plants ingested by Iguanas. Journal of Herpetology 37(2), 301–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ben-Slimane, B, Verhaagh, M and Durette-Desset, MC (1995) Oswaldocruzia peruensis n. sp. (Nematoda, Trichostrongylina, Molineoidea), parasite d0un Iguanidae du Pérou [Oswaldocruzia peruensis n. sp. (Nematoda, Trichostrongylina, Molineoidea), parasite of an Iguanidae from Peru]. Bulletin du Muséum National D'Histoire Naturelle 17(1–2), 77–82. [In French.]Google Scholar
Bray, RA, Gibson, DI and Jones, A (2008) Keys to the trematoda, Vol. 3. London, CAB International and Natural History Museum. p. 848.Google Scholar
Bullard, SA, Roberts, JR, Warren, MB, et al. (2019) Neotropical turtle blood flukes: Two new genera and species from the Amazon river basin with a key to genera and comments on a marine-derived parasite lineage in South America. Journal of Parasitology 105(4), 497–523.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bursey, CR and Goldberg, SR (2007) New species of Skrjabinodon (Nematoda: Pharyngodonidae) in Uracentron flaviceps (Squamata: Iguanidae) from Ecuador and Peru. Journal of Parasitology 93(4), 866–869.Google Scholar
Bursey, C, Goldberg, S and Parmelee, J (2005) Gastrointestinal helminths from 13 species of lizards from Reserva Cuzco Amazónico, Peru. Comparative Parasitology 72(1), 50–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calisaya, J and Cordova, E (1997) Tres nuevas especies de Parapharyngodon (Nematoda, Oxiuroidea) parásitas de Tropidurus peruvianus del Sur del Perú [Three new species of Parapharyngodon (Nematoda, Oxiuroidea) parasitic on Tropidurus peruvianus from southern Peru]. Rebiol 17(1), 45–55. [In Spanish.]Google Scholar
Carvajal-Campos, A and Rodríguez-Guerra, A (2019) Chelonoidis denticulatus. In: Torres-Carvajal O, Pazmiño-Otamendi G, Ayala-Varela F and Salazar-Valenzuela D (2021) Reptiles del Ecuador. Versión 2021.0. Museo de Zoología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador. Available at https://bioweb.bio/faunaweb/reptiliaweb/FichaEspecie/Chelonoidis%20denticulatus (accessed 11 January 2022).Google Scholar
Castro, ER and Galetti, M (2004) Frugivoria e dispersão de sementes pelo lagarto teiú Tupinambis merianae (Reptilia: Teiidae) [Frugivory and seed dispersal by the tegu lizard Tupinambis merianae (Reptilia: Teiidae)]. Papéis Avulsos de Zoología 44(1), 91–97. [In Portuguese.]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cisneros-Heredia, DF (2006) Turtles of the Tiputini Biodiversity Station with remarks on the diversity and distribution of the Testudines from Ecuador. Biota Neotropica 6(1), 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cordova, E, Rego, AA and Vicente, J (1980) Observaciones sobre algunos cestodes de anfibios y reptiles de la región andina del sur del Perú [Observations on some cestodes of amphibians and reptiles from the Andean region of southern Peru]. Boletín Peruano de Parasitología 2(1), 65–70. [In Spanish.]Google Scholar
Diesing, KM (1851) Systema helminthum, Vol. 2. Vindobonae. p. 588.Google Scholar
Dutton, HR, Warren, MB and Bullard, SA (2019) New genus and species of turtle blood fluke (Platyhelminthes: Digenea: Schistosomatoidea) infecting six-tubercled Amazon River turtles, Podocnemis sextuberculata (Pleurodira: Podocnemididae) from the Amazon River Basin (Peru). Journal of Parasitology 105(5), 671–685.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fernandes, BMM and Kohn, A (2014) South American trematodes parasites of amphibians and reptiles. Rio de Janeiro, Oficina de Livros. p. 228.Google Scholar
Freitas, JFT and Ibañez, N (1963) Fauna Helmintológica del Perú. Notas sobre “Pharyngodonidae” Travassos, 1920 y descripcion de “Pharyngodon micrurus” sp. n. (Nematodo, Oxyuroidea) [Helminthological Fauna of Peru. Notes on “Pharyngodonidae” Travassos, 1920 and description of “Pharyngodon micrurus” sp. n. (Nematode, Oxyuroidea)]. Separata de “Revista Universitaria” 23–24, 3–10. [In Spanish.]Google Scholar
Freitas, JFT, Vicente, JJ and Ibañez, N (1968a) Fauna helmintologica del Peru. Parathelandros capacyupanquii sp. n. parasito de Dicrodon holmbergi Schmidt, 1957 (Nematoda, Oxyuroidea) [Helminthological fauna of Peru. Parathelandros capacyupanquii sp. nov. parasite of Dicrodon holmbergi Schmidt, 1957 (Nematoda, Oxyuroidea). Atas da Sociedade de Biologia do Rio de Janeiro 11(6), 217–219. [In Portuguese.]Google Scholar
Freitas, JFT, Vicente, J and Ibañez, N (1968b) Fauna Helmintologica do Peru: Novo Nematodeo do Genero “Parathelandros” Baylis, 1930 (Nematoda, Oxyuroidea) [Helminthological Fauna of Peru: New Nematode of the Genus “Parathelandros” Baylis, 1930 (Nematoda, Oxyuroidea)]. Atas da Sociedade de Biologia do Rio de Janeiro 12(1), 33–35. [In Portugese.]Google Scholar
Gibson, D, Jones, A and Bray, R (2002) Keys to the Trematoda, Vol. 1. London, CAB International. p. 521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldberg, SR and Bursey, CR (2008) Gastrointestinal helminths of three species of Dicrodon (Squamata: Teiidae) from Peru. The Herpetological Bulletin 106, 4–6.Google Scholar
Goldberg, SR and Bursey, CR (2010) Helminths from four species of Phyllodactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Peru. Comparative Parasitology 77(1), 91–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gómez, L and Sánchez, L (2007) Kalicephalus subulatus Molin, 1861 (Nematoda, Diaphanocephalidae) en Boa constrictor Linnaeus, 1758 (Reptilia, Boidae) de Perú [Kalicephalus subulatus Molin, 1861 (Nematoda, Diaphanocephalidae) in Boa constrictor Linnaeus, 1758 (Reptilia, Boidae) from Peru]. Neotropical Helminthology 1(2), 105–108. [In Spanish.]Google Scholar
Gómez-Puerta, LA (2011) Primer registro de Crepidobothrium gerrardii (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae) en el Perú [First record of Crepidobothrium gerrardii (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae) in Peru]. Revista Peruana de Biología 18(3), 387–388. [In Spanish.]Google Scholar
Gómez-Puerta, LA, Bachmann, V, Quiñones, J, Quispe, S, Torres, D and Macalupu, J (2017) Primer reporte de Cricocephalus albus (Digenea: Pronocephalidae) en el Perú, parásito de la tortuga verde del Pacífico Este (Chelonia mydas agassizii) [First report of Cricocephalus albus (Digenea: Pronocephalidae) in Peru, a parasite of the Eastern Pacific green turtle (Chelonia mydas agassizii)]. Revista Peruana de Biología 24(2), 217–222. [In Spanish.]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huancachoque, E, Sáez, G, Cruces, CL, Mendoza, C, Luque, JL and Chero, JD (2020) Glossidiella peruensis sp. nov., a new digenean (Plagiorchiida: Plagiorchiidae) from the lung of the brown ground snake Atractus major (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) from Peru. Zoologia 37(1), 1–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, A, Bray, RA and Gibson, DI (2005) Keys to the Trematoda, Vol. 2. London, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux International Publishing and The Natural History Museum. p. 745.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jordán, JC, Suárez, J and Sánchez, L (2011) Notas sobre la ecología de Thecadactylus solimoensis (Squamata, Phyllodactylidae) de la Amazonía peruana [Notes on the ecology of Thecadactylus solimoensis (Squamata, Phyllodactylidae) from the Peruvian Amazon]. Revista Peruana de Biología 18(2), 257–260. [In Spanish.]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Julca, R, Casas, E, Chavera, A, Sánchez, L, Sánchez, N and Batalla, L (2014) Descripción anatomopatológica de lesiones por helmintos gastrointestinales en tortugas motelo (Chelonoidis denticulata) [Pathological description of lesions caused by gastrointestinal helminths in motelo turtles (Chelonoidis denticulata)]. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú 25(1), 37–50. [In Spanish.]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khalil, LF, Jones, A and Bray, RA (1994) Keys to the cestode parasites of vertebrates. Wallingford, CAB International. p. 764.Google Scholar
Klemens, M and Thorbjarnarson, J (1995) Reptiles as a food source. Biodiversity and Conservation 4(3), 281–298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koch, C, Venegas, PJ, Santa Cruz, R and Böhme, W (2018) Annotated checklist and key to the species of amphibians and reptiles inhabiting the northern Peruvian dry forest along the Andean valley of the Marañón River and its tributaries. Zootaxa 4385(1), 1–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAllister, CT, Bursey, CR and Freed, PS (2010) Helminth parasites of amphibians and reptiles from the Ucayali region, Peru. Journal of Parasitology 96(2), 444–447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peres, CA and Nascimento, HS (2006) Impact of game hunting by the Kayapo of south-eastern Amazonia: implications for wildlife conservation in tropical forest indigenous reserves. Biodiversity and Conservation 15(8), 2627–2653.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pérez, J, Balta, K, Salizar, P and Sánchez, L (2007) Nematofauna de tres especies de lagartijas (Sauria: Tropiduridae y Gekkonidae) de la Reserva Nacional de Paracas, Ica, Perú [Nematofauna of three species of lizards (Sauria: Tropiduridae and Gekkonidae) from the Paracas National Reserve, Ica, Peru]. Revista Peruana de Biología 14(1), 43–45. [In Spanish.]Google Scholar
Rego, AA and Ibañez, N (1965) Duas novas especies de Oochoristica, parasitas de lagartixas do Peru (Cestoda, Anoplocephalidae) [Two new species of Oochoristica, parasites of Peruvian geckos (Cestoda, Anoplocephalidae)]. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 63(1), 67–73. [In Portuguese.]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salizar, P and Sánchez, L (2004) Primer registro para el Perú de Nematophila grandis (Diesing, 1839) Travassos, 1934 (Trematoda, Diplodiscidae) en Podocnemis unifilis (Troschel, 1848) (Testudines, Pelomedusidae) [First record for Peru of Nematophila grandis (Diesing, 1839) Travassos, 1934 (Trematoda, Diplodiscidae) in Podocnemis unifilis (Troschel, 1848) (Testudines, Pelomedusidae)]. Revista Peruana de Biología 11(1), 37–40. [In Spanish.]Google Scholar
Salizar, P and Sánchez, L (2007) Nuevos registros de nematodos en dos especies de tortugas (Reptilia: Testudines) en el Perú [New records of nematodes in two species of turtles (Reptilia: Testudines) in Peru]. Neotropical Helmintology 1(1), 43–45. [In Spanish.]Google Scholar
Sánchez, N, Tantaleán, M, Vela, D and Méndez, A (2006) Parásitos gastrointestinales de la taricaya, Podocnemis unifilis (Troschel, 1848) (Testudines: Podocnemididae) de Iquitos, Perú [Gastrointestinal parasites of the taricaya, Podocnemis unifilis (Troschel, 1848) (Testudines: Podocnemididae) from Iquitos, Peru]. Revista Peruana de Biología 13(1), 119–120. [In Spanish.]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarmiento, L (1959) Description of Paratractis hyxírix gen. nov. (Nematoda: Atractidae) from Podocnemis dumenliana. Journal of Parasitology 45(1), 65–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarmiento, L, Tantaleán, M and Huiza, A (1999) Nematodos parásitos del hombre y de los animales en el Perú [Parasitic nematodes of man and animals in Peru]. Revista Peruana de Parasitología 14(1–2), 9–65. [In Spanish.]Google Scholar
Stevenson, P and Guzmán, A (2008) Seed dispersal, habitat selection and movement patterns in the Amazonian tortoise, Geochelone denticulate. Amphibia-Reptilia 29(4), 463–472.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tantaleán, M (1976) Contribución al conocimiento de los helmintos de vertebrados del Perú [Contribution to the knowledge of vertebrate helminths of Peru]. Biota 10, 437–443. [In Spanish.]Google Scholar
Tantaleán, M (1998) Nuevos registros de nemátodes parásitos de animales de vida silvestre en el Perú [New records of parasitic nematodes of wildlife animals in Peru]. Revista Peruana de Biología 5(2), 103–104. [In Spanish.]Google Scholar
Tantaleán, M (2016) Helminth parasites in wild animals of Peru. New reports. Peruvian Journal of Parasitology 24(1), 30–37.Google Scholar
Tantaleán, M and Forlong, J (2013) New flukes in turtle and tortoise Chelonoidis denticulate and Podocnemis unifilis in Iquitos, Peru. Peruvian Journal of Parasitology 21(1), 32–35.Google Scholar
Tantaleán, M and Gónzalo, A (1985) Parásitos de Bothrops atrox (Viperidae) de la Amazonía peruana [Parasites of Bothrops atrox (Viperidae) from the Peruvian Amazon]. Revista de la Asociación de Médicos Veterinarios Especialistas en Animales Pequeños 20(1), 11–12. [In Spanish.]Google Scholar
Tantaleán, M and Gónzalo, A (1992) Nota sobre algunos helmintos nuevos para el Perú [Note on some new helminths for Peru]. Revista Peruana de Medicina Tropical UNMSM 6(1), 85–86. [In Spanish.]Google Scholar
Tantaleán, M, Juárez, D and Cruz, C (1983) Helmintos nuevos para el Perú [Helminths new to Peru]. Boletín del Instituto de Medicina Tropical (Lima) 3(1), 1–3. [In Spanish.]Google Scholar
Tantaleán, M, Sarmiento, LB and Huiza, AF (1992) Digeneos (Trematoda) del Perú [Digeneos (Trematoda) from Peru]. Boletín de Lima 80(1), 47–84. [In Spanish.]Google Scholar
Tantaleán, M, Sánchez, N and Pineda Catalan, O (2011) Nuevos registros de digeneos en Podocnemis spp. (Testudines, Podocnemididae) de Iquitos, Perú [New records of digeneans in Podocnemis spp. (Testudines, Podocnemididae) from Iquitos, Peru]. Revista Peruana de Biología 18(1), 137–139. [In Spanish.]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uetz, P, Freed, P, Aguilar, R and Hošek, J (Eds) (2021) The reptile Database. Available at http://www.reptile-database.org (accessed 11 January 2022).Google Scholar
Vicente, J and Ibañez, N (1968) Nova especie do genero “Parathelandros” Baylis, 1930 (Nematoda, Oxyuroidea) [New species of the genus “Parathelandros” Baylis, 1930 (Nematoda, Oxyuroidea)]. Atas da Sociedade de Biologia do Rio de Janeiro 11(1), 185–187. [In Spanish.]Google Scholar
Vicente, J, Vrcibradis, D, Muniz-Pereira, L and Magalhaes, R (2000) Skrjabinodon heliocostai sp. n. (Nematoda, Pharyngodonidae) parasitizing Mabuya frenata (Cope) (Lacertilia, Scincidae) in Brazil and the reallocation of Skrjabinodon capacyupanquii (Freitas, Vicente & Ibañez) in genus Thelandros Wedl [Skrjabinodon heliocostai sp. n. (Nematoda, Pharyngodonidae) parasitizing Mabuya frenata (Cope) (Lacertilia, Scincidae) in Brazil and the reallocation of Skrjabinodon capacyupanquii (Freitas, Vicente & Ibañez) in genus Thelandros Wedl]. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 17(2), 361–367. [In Portuguese.]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Von Drasche, R (1883) Revision der in der Nematoden-Sammlung des k. k. zoologischen Hof-cabinetes befindlichen Original-Exemplare Diesing's and Molin's [Revision of the nematode collection of the k. k. original specimens from Diesing's and Molin's zoological court cabinets]. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich Kfniglichen Zoologischen- Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 32, 117–138. [In German.]Google Scholar
Werneck, MR and Da Silva, RJ (2016) Checklist of sea turtles endohelminth in Neotropical region. Helminthologia 53(3), 211–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar