Introduction
The genus Senna Mill. (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae) was reinstated at generic rank and separated from Cassia L. and Chamaecrista Moench by Irwin & Barneby (Reference Irwin and Barneby1982), thus recognising at generic rank distinctions previously treated at subgeneric rank by Bentham (Reference Bentham1871). Irwin & Barneby (Reference Irwin and Barneby1982) revised and classified the species of all three genera in the Americas. Their findings have been widely adopted (Lock, Reference Lock1988; Randell & Barlow, Reference Randell, Barlow and McCarthy1988; Li et al., Reference Li, Xu, Chen, Zhu, Huang, Wei, Wu, Raven and Hong2010). Phylogenetic studies uphold the monophyly of Senna (Marazzi et al., Reference Marazzi, Endress, Paganucci de Queiroz and Conti2006) and place the genus Cassia as sister (Bruneau et al., Reference Bruneau, Mercure, Lewis and Herendeen2008). However, of the six generic sections recognised by Irwin & Barneby (Reference Irwin and Barneby1982), only Senna sect. Psilorhegma was supported as monophyletic (Marazzi et al., Reference Marazzi, Endress, Paganucci de Queiroz and Conti2006).
Senna comprises c.350 species (Marazzi et al., Reference Marazzi, Endress, Paganucci de Queiroz and Conti2006) and is most diverse in tropical America, with secondary centres of diversity in tropical Africa, Madagascar and Australia. Only a few species are found in southeastern Asia and in the Pacific Islands. A number of species are also found in subtropical regions of which nine are native or naturalised in the Arabian Peninsula.
This synopsis forms part of a wider study of the systematics, phylogenetics and biogeography of Senna in the Arabian Peninsula. The work presented here is based principally on herbarium holdings of Arabian Senna from the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Natural History Museum (London), supplemented with field observations made in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the Sultanate of Oman and the Republic of Yemen (Miller and Banfield, pers. comm.). Following the selection criteria of Lock & Simpson (Reference Lock and Simpson1991), a non-exhaustive synonymy is included which accounts for (i) names that have been used in standard regional works and (ii) names that appear as annotations on the herbarium vouchers on which this synopsis is based. The original place of publication is cited for all names. During the preparation of this paper, we have identified six names that require typification (Cassia didymobotrya Fresen., Cassia holosericea Fresen., Cassia obtusata Hayne, Senna hookeriana Batka, Senna italica Mill. and Senna ovalifolia Batka). The typification of those names will be the subject of a later nomenclatural paper. Specimens examined and cited in the text are listed by country, in order of decreasing size, hence Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, Qatar and Bahrain. Specimens from Socotra are listed after Yemen. We do not report phenology data because, as is widely recognised, seasonality does not follow a regular pattern in hyper-arid zones. Typically, flowering and fruiting are stimulated in response to erratic weather events such as intermittent rains or flash flooding.
In-house software, developed at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, has been used to store the data. All herbarium specimens cited have been seen by the authors unless otherwise indicated. The plant descriptions given in this paper are based on dried herbarium material and the terms used follow those described by Beentje (Reference Beentje2010).
Nine species are recognised here as native or naturalised in the Arabian Peninsula. In addition, four species are recorded as cultivated in the region (Wood, Reference Wood1997). These include the frequently planted Latin American ornamental street tree, Senna alata (L.) Roxb.; the Indian shrub or small tree with conspicuous stipules, S. auriculata Roxb.; the linear-leaved Australian shrub, S. artemisioides subsp. artemisioides (DC.) Randell, and S. multiglandulosa (Jacq.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby, a shrub or small tree from Central and South America.
Systematic Treatment
Senna Mill., Gard. Dict., ed. 8, Senna no. 1 (1768). – Cassia sect. Senna (Mill.) DC. ex Collad., Hist. Nat. Méd. Casses 94 (1816). – Cassia subgen. Senna (Mill.) Benth. in Martius, Fl. Bras. 15(2): 96 (1870), and in Trans. Linn. Soc. London 27(4): 513 (1871). – Type species: Senna alexandrina Mill.
Cassia auct. non L.: J.R.I.Wood, Handb. Yemen Fl. 163 (1997), p.p.
Erect herbs, shrubs or small trees, unarmed. Stipules persistent or caducous. Leaves paripinnate. Extrafloral nectaries present. Inflorescence an erect axillary or terminal raceme. Bracts persistent or caducous. Bracteoles absent. Sepals 5, subequal or graduated. Petals 5, subequal, yellow, orange or occasionally pinkish. Stamens 8−10, heteromorphic, in three or four ranks, dehiscing through apical pores or slits, fertile or staminodal. Ovary glabrous to hairy; style linear, incurved. Pod variable, dehiscent (not in the Arabian Peninsula) or indehiscent; seeds up to 80, usually compressed.
Distribution within the Arabian Peninsula. Senna occurs throughout the Arabian Peninsula in Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen, including the Socotran Archipelago.
Key to Senna species native or naturalised in the Arabian Peninsula
1a. Leaflets in 3 pairs 2
1b. Leaflets in 4 or more pairs 3
2a. Extrafloral nectaries present at point of insertion between lowest leaflet pair only 6. S. obtusifolia
2b. Extrafloral nectaries present at point of insertion between lower and median leaflet pairs 9. S. tora
3a. Pods narrow, at least 12 times longer than wide; leaflets lanceolate, at least some greater than 10 mm wide 4
3b. Pods broad, less than 7 times longer than wide; leaflets obovate, oblong-elliptic or, if lanceolate, then all or most leaflets less than 8 mm wide 5
4a. Leaflets acuminate; extrafloral nectaries globose 7. S. occidentalis
4b. Leaflets acute; extrafloral nectaries ovoid 8. S. sophera
5a. Pods crested along centre of both valves 5. S. italica
5b. Pods without a crest 6
6a. Leaflets in 6–14 pairs; pods 7.5–13 cm long with a short apical beak 2. S. didymobotrya
6b. Leaflets in 4–8 pairs; pods 2–6 cm long with a clearly lateral or subapical beak 7
7a. Leaves moderately to densely spreading whitish pubescent; petals 5.5–7.5 cm long 3. S. holosericea
7b. Leaves sparsely to moderately appressed hairy; petals 8–14 cm long 8
8a. Pods glabrous or with a few scattered hairs, 1.3–1.9 cm wide; leaflets less than three times as long as wide 4. S. hookeriana
8b. Pods sparsely to densely appressed hairy, 1.5–2.5 cm wide; leaflets at least four times longer than wide 1. S. alexandrina
1. Senna alexandrina Mill., Gard. Dict., ed. 8, Senna no. 1: 1069 (1768). – Cassia senna L., Sp. Pl. 377 (1753). – Cassia alexandrina (Mill.) Spreng., Bot. Gart. Halle 21 (1800). – Cassia acutifolia Delile, Fl. d’Egypte 75 (1813), nom. superfl. – Senna acutifolia (Delile) Batka, Bot. Zeit. 7: 193, t. 2, fig. 2 (1849), nom. superfl. – Type: Morison, Pl. Hist. Univ., 2: 201, s. 2, t. 24, f. 1 (1680), lectotype designated by Valenti (1971: 62).
Cassia angustifolia Vahl, Symb. Bot. 1: 29 (1790). – Senna angustifolia (Vahl) Batka, Bot. Zeit. 7: 193, t. 2 (1849). – Type: Yemen, Forsskål s.n. (holo C; iso BM).
Senna alexandrina Garsault, Fig. Pl. Méd. 1: Pl. t. 42, fig. B. and Expl. Pl. 33 (1765), opera utique oppressa. – Cassia alexandrina Thell., Bull. Herb. Boiss. ser. 2, 8: 783 (1908), nom. illeg.
Senna alexandrina var. alexandrina
Erect, perennial herb to 1.5 m high. Stipules usually persistent, narrowly lanceolate to triangular with a wide base, 1.5–4 × 0.5–1 mm. Leaflets in 4–8 pairs, lanceolate to widely lanceolate, 1.5–4 × 0.2–1 cm, appressed hairy on both surfaces, more densely so abaxially, apex acute or subacute. Extrafloral nectaries usually present between the upper leaflet pair, in a cluster on the interpetiolar ridge between leaflet pairs, on the distal part of the petiolules, or at the base of the adaxial surface of the stipules. Inflorescence an erect axillary raceme, axis 6–24 cm long; sparsely to moderately off-white puberulous. Sepals 5, pale yellow, obovate, 7–14 × 3.5–7 mm. Petals 5, yellowish, dark brown-veined, obovate, 8–12 × 1.5–8.5 mm. Stamens 9 or 10, in three ranks; anthers dehiscing through apical pores or slits. Ovary moderately to densely sericeous. Pod elliptic, broadly-elliptic to oblong, compressed, not crested, 3–6 × 1.5–2.5 cm, sparsely to densely appressed pubescent, beak lateral; seeds 1–9, whitish, 6–7 × 3.5–4 × 0.5–1.5 mm, smooth to bullate or reticulate.
Habitat and ecology. In wadi beds, on dry plains and in grassland, or on rocky or sandy soils, at 15–1280 m altitude.
Distribution. Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Socotra and Oman. Also widespread in northern and eastern dryland Africa, extending eastward to the Indian subcontinent.
Proposed regional IUCN conservation status. Senna alexandrina var. alexandrina is assessed here as Least Concern (LC) in the Arabian Peninsula where it has a widespread distribution.
Specimens examined. Saudi Arabia. Makkah, 10 iv 1986, Fayed, A.A. 1232 (E); Makkah to Taif, 21 xi 1981, El-Sheikh, A.M., Frey, W., Konig, P., Kurschner, H., Mahmoud, A. & Migahid, A.M. 81346a (E); Wadi Khulais, 3 xii 1954, Schwan, H.E. 53 (K); Wadi Khulays, iii 1977, Balston, M.E. 8 (K). Yemen. 1 x 1978, Miller, A.G. 295 (E); El Barh, 23 x 1983, Gordon, K.J. 398 (E); Huraidha, 16 ii 1938, Wakefield Expedition 41 (K); Ogly, 11 iii 1952, Popov, G.B. et al. 4263 (K); Tehama, 21 xi 1982, King, R.A. 236 (E); ibid., 12 iii 1984, Miller, A.G. & King, R.A. 5114 (E); Wadi Ain, 11 vi 1955, Hemming, C.F. 539 (K); Wadi Ar Rub, 10 viii 1983, Gordon, K.J. 195 (E); Wadi Beihan, 13 iv 1953, Grierson, A. 236 (E); Wadi Dhabab, 4 i 1890, Deflers, M. 229 (K); Wadi Moor, 12 iii 1973, Wood, J.R.I. 73/85 (BM); Wadi Ser, 23 viii 1949, Guichard, K.M. KG/HAD/79 (BM). Socotra. Wadi Schi’gn, 1881, Schweinfurth, G.A. 151 (K). Oman. Ras al Hadd to Bilad Bani bu Ali, 7 ix 1978, Whitcombe, R. 357 (E).
The pods of Senna alexandrina var. alexandrina resemble those of S. holosericea, but differ in having a sparse indumentum (moderately dense in S. holosericea) and in being generally narrower, at least two times longer than wide (whereas the pods of S. holosericea are at most one and a half times longer than wide). In addition, the pods of Senna alexandrina var. alexandrina, at 3–6 cm long, are often longer than those of S. holosericea, at 2–4 cm long.
Three collections studied, two from Yemen (Miller 295; Gordon 398) and one from Oman (Whitcombe 357) compare well with Senna alexandrina var. alexandrina in most respects but differ in seed characters. Seeds of these collections are obovate (not obcordate to narrowly obcordate), smaller, 4–5 × 2–3 × 0.4–0.5 mm (not 6–7 × 3.5–4 × 0.5–1.5 mm) and are grey in the centre (not whitish). The areole shape also differs, being oblong not oblanceolate. These collections may represent an undescribed variant, but more material is needed before any formal recognition can be made.
A single unlocalised and undated collection from Saudi Arabia (Kotschy s.n. (E)) may represent the otherwise exclusively African taxon Senna alexandrina var. obtusata (Brenan) Lock. The gathering is not of sufficient quality to confirm the verification below species level. Further collections are needed to confirm the presence of this taxon in the Arabian Peninsula.
2. Senna didymobotrya (Fresen.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35(2): 467 (1982). – Cassia didymobotrya Fresen., Flora 22(1): 53 (1839). – Type: Ethiopia, Rüppell s.n. (holo FR†). – Type: to be neotypified.
Shrub 1.5–2 m high. Stipules persistent, obovate to cordate, 15 × 5–8 mm. Leaflets in 6–14 pairs, elliptic to oblong, 2–4.5 × 0.5–1.5 cm; adaxial surface sparsely sericeous, abaxial surface more densely hairy, apex rounded to obtuse. Extrafloral nectaries usually present between upper leaflet pair. Inflorescence an erect axillary raceme, axis 16.5–39 cm long, moderately white pubescent. Sepals 5, ovate to obovate, 10–25 × 5–10 mm. Petals 5, yellowish, dark brown-veined, obovate, 15–30 × 10–26 mm. Stamens 8 or 9, in three ranks; anthers dehiscing through lateral slits. Ovary dense, brownish yellow appressed hairy. Pod oblong, compressed, depressed between seeds, not crested, 7.5–13 × 1.5–2 cm; moderately appressed hairy, more densely so on the sutures, beak apical; seeds 9–16, 6–8 × 2–4 × 0.8–2 mm, creamy brown or dark brownish yellow, smooth.
Habitat and ecology. On roadside banks, at 1400–2300 m altitude.
Distribution. Yemen, native (and planted) in tropical Africa and naturalised in India and Sri Lanka. A single collection seen from Saudi Arabia (Naylor 349) is planted in the lawn of a house in Dhahran.
Proposed regional IUCN conservation status. Senna didymobotrya is assessed here as Data Deficient (DD). Whilst the species is globally widespread and not threatened by genetic erosion (Schmelzer & Gurub-Fakim, Reference Schmelzer and Gurub-Fakim2008), only three specimens have been seen from the Arabian Peninsula. This may be a true reflection of its limited distribution in the region and thus indicate that a regional assessment of Near Threatened may be appropriate. Alternatively, the species may have been overlooked and under-collected. As there is still some uncertainty we have designated this species as DD.
Specimens examined. Yemen. DAFRD, 7 ix 1987, Cope, T.A. & Murtland, R. 293 (K); Taiz, 7 ix 1976, Wood, J.R.I. 1176 (BM, K).
Senna didymobotrya is unique within the region in having oblong-elongate leaflets with caudate apices. Although three other species (Senna alexandrina, S. holosericea and S. italica) also have compressed pods, they rarely exceed 6 cm long whereas those of S. didymobotrya are 7.5–13 cm and relatively narrower, four to five times longer than wide rather than two (S. alexandrina and S. holosericea) to three (S. italica) times as long as wide.
3. Senna holosericea (Fresen.) Greuter, Willdenowia 15(2): 429 (1986). – Cassia holosericea Fresen., Flora 22(1): 54 (1839). – Type: Ethiopia, Rüppel s.n. (FR†). – Type: to be neotypified. Fig. 1A.
Senna ovalifolia Batka, Monogr. Cassiengruppe Senna 35, 50 t. 4 (1866). – Type: to be lectotypified.
Cassia oocarpa Baker, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1895: 181 (1895). – Type: Oman, Dhofar, Merbat, 1895, Bent, J.T. 69 (holo K).
A, Senna holosericea flower showing dimorphic porose anthers and ovary with dense indumentum. B, Senna italica var. italica showing compressed and crested pods. C, Senna sophera showing terete pod. D, Senna sophera showing shrubby habit and arid, rocky habitat. Photographer: A. G. Miller (RBGE).
Erect, perennial herb 5–50 cm high. Stipules persistent, commonly narrowly triangular and sometimes hastate, 2.5–7 × 0.5–1.5 mm. Leaflets in 4–7(–8) pairs, elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 1–3.5 × 0.5–1.5 cm; moderately to densely spreading whitish pubescent on both surfaces, apex obtuse or retuse. Extrafloral nectaries usually present between upper leaflet pair, occasionally also between other leaflet pairs, at the base of the petiolule or at the base of the stipule. Inflorescence an erect axillary raceme, axis 5–20 cm long, indumentum dense, white, appressed pubescent. Sepals 5, pale yellow with dark orange veins, obovate, 5–10 × 3.5–5.5 mm. Petals 5, yellowish, obovate, 5.5–7.5 × 3–5 mm. Stamens 8, in three ranks dehiscing through pores. Ovary densely whitish to brownish appressed hairy. Pod broadly elliptic, reniform, at least when immature, compressed, 2–4 × 1.5–2.5 cm; moderately white appressed pubescent, more densely so on the sutures, beak lateral; seeds 6–8, obcordate, 4–5.5 × 2–3 × 0.6–1 mm, pale creamy brown.
Habitat and ecology. On beaches, sandy or rocky slopes, in dry wadis and in coastal scrub at 0–800 m altitude.
Distribution. Western Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Socotra, Oman. Also in NE Africa and Mali extending eastwards to the Indian subcontinent.
Proposed regional IUCN conservation status. Senna holosericea is assessed here as Least Concern (LC), being widely distributed in the Arabian Peninsula, Africa and the Indian subcontinent.
Specimens examined. Saudi Arabia. Burayman, 19 i 1947, Vesey-Fitzgerald Y/16720/29 (BM); Jeddah, 1820–1826, Ehrenberg, C.G. s.n. (K); ibid., 23 xii 1935, Fischer, S. 70 (K); ibid., 14 x 1875, Marchesetti, C. de s.n. (K); ibid., 12 xi 1926, Philby, H.S.J.B. 2 (BM); ibid., 25 xii 1855, Schimper, A.F.W. 780 (K); ibid., Schimper, W. s.n. (E); ibid., 23 xii 1855, Schimper, W. 780 (K); Qaryat al Fau, 21 ii 1965, Dickson, V.P. 1000 (K); Rub-al-Khali, 13 xi 1945, Thesiger, W.P. s.n. (BM); Thamad, 13 ii 1946, Thesiger, W.P. s.n. (BM); Wadi Al Remmah, 3 iv 1947, Thesiger, W.P. s.n. (BM); Zamekh, 1 vi 1955, Hemming, C.F. 534 (K). Yemen. Aden, 12 vii 1947, Popov, G.B. GP/49/300 (BM); ibid., 11 iv 1861, Thompson, A.T. s.n. (K); Aden, Abiyan, 12 vi 1987, Boulos L. et al. 16842 (E); At Tur, 31 x 1982, Müller-Hohenstein, K. & Deil, U. 1134 (E); Az Zuhrah, 24 x 1982, Müller-Hohenstein, K. & Deil, U. 981 (E); Dar al Qudaymi, 18 iii 1952, Popov, G.B. et al. 4303 (BM); Maduda, 11 xii 1947, Thesiger, W.P. s.n. (BM); Raiyan, 15 i 1953, Grierson, A. 57 (E); Say’un, 17 i 1985, Sanadiki, N. 00169 (E); Wadi Bin Ali, viii 1949, Guichard, K.M. KGIHAD/146 (BM); Wadi Shibun, 11 ii 1947, Thesiger, W.P. s.n. (BM); Yakhtul, 12 iii 1984, Miller, A.G. & King, R.A. 5109 (E). Socotra. 6 iii 2003, Kilian, N. et al. YP3692 (E). Oman. Dhofar, Ain Razat, 16 vi 1988, McLeish, I. 822 (E); Dhofar, Merbat, 1895, Bent, J.T. 69 (K[3]); Dhofar, Mudhai, 10 i 1985, McLeish, I. 470 (E); Dhofar, Mughsayl, 17 ii 1989, McLeish, I. 1014 (E); Dhofar, Salalah, 26 x 1981, Maconochie, J.R. 2888 (K); ibid., 24 ix 1979, Miller, A.G. 2194 (E); ibid., 5 x 1977, Radcliffe-Smith, A. 5361 (K); Dhofar, Taqah, 2 x 1979, Miller, A.G. 2447 (E); Dhofar, Wadi Uyun, 21 xii 1988, Whithead, J. 838 (K); Northern Oman, Bimmah, 13 v 1993, McLeish, I. 1930 (E); Ras al Junayz, Gallagher, M.D. 80212 (E); Salnahawt, 9 v 1978, Berkeley, A. 27 (E); Wadi Jarsis, 25 xi 1981, Maconochie, J.R. 2982 (E); Wadi Sabkhar, 22 x 1977, Radcliffe-Smith, A. 5544 (K); Wadi Shawram, 27 ii 1985, Clarke, J.E. 0005 (E).
Senna holosericea can be distinguished by its rather dense, spreading, soft whitish indumentum.
4. Senna hookeriana Batka, Bot. Zeit. (Leipzig) 21: 264 (1863). – Cassia adenensis Benth., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 27: 553 (1871). – Type: to be lectotypified.
Erect perennial herb or shrub to 2 m high. Stipules persistent, subulate, 2.5–6 × 0.5–1.5 mm. Leaflets in 4–7 pairs, elliptic to broadly elliptic, 1–3 × 0.5–2 cm, sparsely appressed puberulous on both surfaces, apex acute to rounded. Extrafloral nectaries usually present between upper leaflet pair, narrow, up to 3 mm long. Inflorescence an erect axillary or terminal raceme, axis 9–29 cm long, sparsely puberulous. Sepals 5, obovate, 5–15 × 5–9 mm. Petals 5, bright yellow, conspicuously veined, obovate, 9–14 × 9–13 mm. Stamens 10, in four ranks; anthers dehiscing through apical pores. Ovary glabrous. Pod oblong-elliptic, compressed, falcate, not crested, 2.6–3.8 × 1.3–1.9 cm, glabrous or with sparse appressed hairs, beak when present small, lateral; seeds 4–5, blue-grey, 6.5–7.5 × 3–4.5 × 0.5–0.8 mm, reticulate.
Habitat and ecology. In semi-desert or open bushland, in wadi bottoms, also on rocky slopes and volcanic rubble, at 0–520 m altitude.
Distribution. Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Socotra and Somalia.
Proposed regional IUCN conservation status. Senna hookeriana is assessed here as Least Concern (LC) under IUCN (2001) guidelines. It has a wide distribution in the Yemen and has been collected once in Saudi Arabia.
Taxonomic notes. Senna hookeriana Batka is not to be confused with Cassia hookeriana Gillies ex Hook. which is the basionym of the unrelated Senna birostris (Vogel) var. hookeriana (Gillies ex Hook.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby from Bolivia and Argentina.
Specimens examined. Saudi Arabia.Carter, R.M. 57 (E). Yemen. Aden, iii 1892, Hay, G.W.R. s.n. (E); ibid., xii 1927, Moreau, R.E. 5601 (K); Gold Mohur Bay, 29 iii 1953, Grierson, A. 115 (E); Hadramaut, 15 ix 1949, Guichard, K.M. KG/HAD/146A (BM); ibid., 1893–1894, Lunt, W. 61 (BM); Jebel Shamsan, 5 x 1889, Deflers, M.A. 31 (K); Mukalla, iv 1974, Risopoulos, S.A. 68 (BM); Sif, 21 iii 1964, Rauh, W. & Lavranos, J.J. 13343 (K); Wadi Dheiqa, 12 vi 1987, Boulos, L. et al. 16878 (E, K); Wadi Washa, 9 iv 1947, Thesiger, W.P. s.n. (BM).
Pods of Senna hookeriana are similar to those of S. alexandrina but are generally smaller (2.6–3.8 × 1.3–1.9 cm vs. 3–6 × 1.5–2.5 cm). In addition, the pods of Senna hookeriana are shiny and often glabrous whereas those of S. alexandrina var. alexandrina are dull with a sparse to dense indumentum.
5. Senna italica Mill., Gard. Dict., ed. 8, Senna no. 2 (1768). – Cassia italica (Mill.) Lam. ex F.W.Andr., Fl. Pl. Anglo-Egypt. Sudan 2: 117 (1952). – Type: to be lectotypified. Fig. 1B.
Cassia aschrek Forssk., Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 86 (1775). – Type: Yemen, Wadi Mawr, Forsskål 1052 (holo C).
Cassia obovata Collad., Hist. Nat. Méd. Casses 92, t. 15A (1816), nom. illeg. – Type: to be lectotypified.
Erect or spreading, perennial herb or prostrate subshrub, 20–60 cm high. Stipules persistent, triangular to narrowly triangular, 2–7.5 × 0.5–2 mm. Leaflets in 4–7 pairs, obovate to elliptic, 1–3 × 0.5–2 cm, both surfaces appressed puberulous, apex obtuse to rounded, occasionally retuse. Extrafloral nectaries usually present between the upper leaflet pair, also present between each leaflet. Inflorescence an erect, axillary raceme, axis 7.5–30 cm long, appressed puberulous. Sepals 5, dark orange in centre and pale yellow on the margins, veins pale orange, ovate, elliptic to occasionally oblanceolate, 6.5–10 × 2.5–6.5 mm. Petals 5, yellowish, occasionally with a pale orange centre, brown-veined, obovate, 8.5–14 × 3–6.5 mm. Stamens 10, in four ranks; anthers dehiscing through lateral slits. Ovary densely appressed pubescent. Pod reniform, compressed, crested along the centre of each valve, 3–6 × 1–2 cm, appressed white puberulous, beak subapical to lateral; seeds 6–10, grey, mottled brown, 4–6 × 3–3.5 × 1.5–2 mm, rugulose.
Senna italica is unique among the Arabian species in having a crest along the centre of each valve.
1a. Raceme 7.5–30 cm long, commonly longer than the leaves 5a. S. italica subsp. italica
1b. Raceme 4.5–12 cm long, shorter than the leaves 5b. S. italica subsp. micrantha
5a. Senna italica subsp. italica
The typical subspecies has longer racemes, longer petals and shorter leaves than Senna italica subsp. micrantha.
Habitat and ecology. In shallow wadis, on lower plains of jabals, and in sandy silt at sea level, to 950 m altitude.
Distribution. Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Oman. Also in Jordan and Palestine, extending east to Iran and the Indian subcontinent; widespread throughout dryland Africa.
Proposed regional IUCN conservation status. Senna italica subsp. italica is assessed here as Least Concern (LC), being widely distributed in the Arabian Peninsula, Africa and the Indian subcontinent.
Specimens examined. Saudi Arabia. Al Hasa, Mandaville, J.P.J. 1049 (Dhahran n.v.); Khawat, 31 i 1946, Thesiger, W.P. s.n. (BM); South Coastal Lowlands, Mandaville, J.P.J. 2947 (BM); Zubaida, 21 i 1971, Hugh, W. & Leach, R. 71/51 (BM). Yemen. Bir Ahmed, 17 x 1987, Boulos L. et al. 16597 (BM); Dhala, 12 ix 1937 – 14 ix 1937, Scott, H. & Britton, E.B. 23 (BM); Harad, Mandaville, J.P.J. 2101 (Dhahran n.v.); ibid., Mandaville, J.P.J. 1029 (Dhahran n.v.); Taiz, 3 ix 2010, Miller, A.G. 46146 (E). Oman. Musandam, Al-Maksar Isthmus to Khalidiyah, 18 ii 1979 – 6 iii 1979, Mandaville, J.P.J. 7297 (BM); Musandam, Bukha, 21 iii 1985, Ash, R.E. 288 (E).
5b. Senna italica Mill. subsp. micrantha (Brenan) Lock, Kew Bull. 43(2): 339 (1988). – Cassia italica (Mill.) F.W.Andr. subsp. micrantha Brenan, Kew Bull. 13: 241 (1958). – Type: Kenya, Turkana Province, Padwa 144 (holo K).
Habitat and ecology. In sandy or gravelly wadis or on open stony ground near running water, at 20–1500 m altitude.
Distribution. Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar and Bahrain. Also widespread in tropical dryland Africa and extending eastward to Pakistan and India.
Proposed IUCN conservation status. Senna italica subsp. micrantha is assessed here as Least Concern (LC), being widely distributed in the Arabian Peninsula, Africa and the Indian subcontinent.
Specimens examined. Saudi Arabia. Al ‘Alah, 15 i 1982, Dean, G. E92 (E); Jeddah, 17 vi 1976, Batanouny, K.H. 16 (BM); ibid., 17 vi 1976, Batanouny, K.H. 13 (BM); Kalaat Zamrud, 8 i 1947, Vesey-Fitzgerald, D. 16688/28 (BM); Wadi Ghurra, 23 vi 1835, Schimper, W. 303 (BM). Oman. Breik Qotait, 30 i 1980, Whitcombe, R. 817 (E); Dhofar, Salalah, 29 iv 1993, McLeish, I. 1845 (E); Dhofar, Wadi Shihan, 15 v 1982, Gallagher, M.D. 646444 (E); Jabal al Akhdar, 3 iv 1975, Mandaville, J.P.J. 6144 (BM); Misfah to Hamra, 6 iii 1978, Whitcombe, R. 122 (E). Qatar. Al Jumayliyah, 29 xii 1970, Willcox, C. 42 (K). Bahrain. Riffa, 13 iii 1950, Good, R.D. 121 (BM).
6. Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35(1): 252 (1982). – Cassia obtusifolia L., Sp. Pl. 1: 377 (1753). – Type: A specimen grown from seed collected in Cuba near Havana in Dillenius, Hort. Eltham. 71, t. 62 (1732) (lecto OXF, n.v., designated by Brenan (1958: 251)).
Erect, robust, annual herb to 0.5−2 m high. Stipules persistent, subulate, 6.5–11 × 0.3–0.4 mm. Leaflets usually in three pairs, obovate (or the lower leaflet pair occasionally elliptic), 1.5–6 × 1–3.5 cm, both surfaces appressed hairy, more densely so on abaxial surface, apex rounded or retuse. Extrafloral nectaries usually present between the lower leaflet pair only, erect, stalked, linear, 0.5–2 mm long. Inflorescence an erect, axillary few-flowered raceme, axis 1.5–7 cm long, appressed to spreading, off-white, villous. Sepals 5, greenish, light olive to pale yellow in centre and off-white on margins, elliptic to obovate, veins greenish to brownish, 4.5–7 × 3–6 mm. Petals 5, pale pink to pinkish orange, white blotch in centre near the base, occasionally light brownish yellow with off-white margins, veins light to dark brown, obovate, occasionally elliptic, 7.5–14.5 × 4–7 mm. Stamens 9, in four ranks, anthers dehiscing through apical pores or lateral slits. Ovary appressed pubescent. Pod linear, angular, not crested, 10.5–20 × 0.3–0.5 cm, sparsely appressed pubescent, more densely so towards the base, beak apical; seeds 12–30, dark brown to dark greyish brown, 5–7 × 2.5–3.5 × 1–2.2 mm, foveolate.
Habitat and ecology. In wadis, woodlands and shrublands, up to 850 m altitude.
Distribution. Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Socotra. Native distribution uncertain but occurring widely throughout the tropics.
Proposed regional IUCN conservation status. Senna obtusifolia is assessed here as Least Concern (LC), being widely distributed in the Arabian Peninsula and elsewhere.
Specimens examined. Saudi Arabia. Al Aridah, 12 xi 1986, Collenette, I.S. 5925 (E); Rijal Alma’, 25 x 1984, Nasher, A.K. 17884 (E); Wadi Al Uss, 17 x 1981, Collenette, I.S. 2972 (E). Yemen. Aden, 3 ix 2010, Miller, A.G. 46061 (E); Taiz, 24 x 1974, Wood, J.R.I. Y/74/128 (BM). Socotra. Hadiboh Plain, Popov, G.B. 4 (BM). Oman. Ayn Razat, 4 x 1984, Ash, R.E. 132 (E); Dhofar, Sarfayt, 10 x 1979, Miller, A.G. 2671 (E); Dhofar, Wadi Aynaynah, 25 viii 1988, Lawton, R.M. 2385 (BM); Jebel Qamar, 10 ix 1989, Miller, A.G. & Nyberg, J.A. M9262 (E); Khadrafi, Mandaville, J.P.J. 6940 (BM); Kharfawt, 25 ix 1977, Radcliffe-Smith, A. 5235 (K).
Senna obtusifolia can be distinguished from all other native Arabian Senna species by the combination of three pairs of leaflets, linear pods and the presence of extrafloral nectaries only between the lower leaflet pair. Senna obtusifolia shares the characters of number of leaflet pairs and pod shape with the closely related S. tora. However, in Senna obtusifolia extrafloral nectaries occur only between the lower leaflet pair, whereas in S. tora extrafloral nectaries can be seen between the lower and median pairs and sometimes also between the upper pair of leaflets.
7. Senna occidentalis (L.) Link, Handb. 2: 140 (1831). – Cassia occidentalis L., Sp. Pl. 1: 377 (1753). – Type: Netherlands, Hartekamp, near Leiden, a cultivated specimen first described in Herb. Cliff. III: 159, Cassia no. 7, numbered 10, Clifford, G. s.n. (lecto BM, designated by Reveal (1991: 454)).
A bushy, leafy herb or shrub 0.5−1 m high. Stipules persistent, falcate, triangular to narrowly triangular, 0.5–3.5 × 0.5–2 mm. Leaflets in (3–)4–5 pairs, broadly lanceolate to ovate, 2–8.5 × 1–3 cm, both surfaces glabrous, the margins sparsely ciliate, apex acuminate. Extrafloral nectaries usually present between the upper leaflet pair, falcate, linear; an extrafloral nectary also usually present at the base of the leaf petiole, sessile, globose. Inflorescence an erect, axillary raceme, axis 3–19 cm long, sparsely appressed pubescent. Sepals 5, centre dark orange, margins pale yellow, veins pale orange, obovate, 6–9 × 4–6 mm. Petals 5, pale yellowish, brown-veined, obovate, 9–12.5 × 6–8.5 mm. Stamens 9, in three ranks; anthers dehiscing through apical pores. Ovary densely sericeous. Pod ligulate, compressed, not crested, 9–12 × 0.5–1 cm, centre brown, margins light brown, beak apical; seeds 24–38, brown, 4–4.5 × 3–3.5 × 1.5–2 mm, smooth.
Habitat and ecology. In sandy wadi beds near running water, on rocky hillsides and steep slopes, from sea level to 1800 m altitude.
Distribution. Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Native distribution long obscured but occurring widely throughout the tropics.
Proposed regional IUCN conservation status. Senna occidentalis is assessed here as Least Concern (LC), being widely distributed in the Arabian Peninsula.
Specimens examined. Saudi Arabia. Jabal Tharban, 10 viii 1982, Hassan, H.M., Konig, P. & Kürschner, H. 822172 (E); Jeddah, 18 v 1981, Collenette, I.S. 2728 (E, K); ibid., 1820–1826, Ehrenberg, C.G. s.n. (K); Wadi Al Uss, 17 x 1981, Collenette, I.S. 2970 (E). Yemen. Aden, 3 ix 2010, Miller, A.G. 46062 (E); Al Qaidah, 18 vii 1983, Spellenberg, R.W. & Abushe’ar 7362 (K); Hajjah, 6 x 1982, Müller-Hohenstein, K. & Deil, U. 624 (E); Hodeida, 24 vii 1983, Spellenberg, R.W. 7485 (K); Medinat al Abid, Wadi Rima, 17 v 1976, Henry, P.W.T. 5676 (K); Sheikh Othman, 26 i 1953, Grierson, A. 72 (E); Taiz, 14 viii 1978, Miller, A.G. 20 (E); Wadi Ayan, 6 iii 1982, Müller-Hohenstein, K. & Deil, U. 126 (E).
Senna occidentalis resembles S. sophera and sterile specimens of the two species may be difficult to distinguish. However, generally the leaflets of Senna occidentalis are relatively broader (2–3 times longer than wide) than those of S. sophera (3–5 times longer than wide). Both species have a globose, sessile extrafloral nectary at the base of each leaf although this is generally larger (1–1.5 mm across) in Senna occidentalis than in S. sophera (0.5–1 mm). Whilst extrafloral nectaries may be present between the upper leaflet pair of Senna occidentalis and S. sophera, the presence of extrafloral nectaries between other leaflet pairs or on the internodes of the leaf rachis is characteristic of S. sophera but not of S. occidentalis. Pods of Senna occidentalis are usually compressed whereas those of S. sophera are commonly subterete or occasionally terete.
8. Senna sophera (L.) Roxb., Fl. Ind., ed. 2, 2: 347 (‘sophora’) (1832). – Cassia sophera L., Sp. Pl. 1: 379 (1753). – Type: Herb. Hermann 4: 79, No. 150 (lecto BM [BM-000594778], designated by Fawcett & Rendle (1920: 105)). Fig. 1C, D.
Cassia socotrana Serrato, Webbia 26(1): 27 (1971), syn. nov. – Type: Socotra, Symony s.n. (holo W).
Erect or ascending robust perennial herb or shrub 0.5–1 m high. Stipules usually caducous, sometimes persistent, narrowly triangular, 1.5–4.5 × 0.1–1 mm. Leaflets in 4–9 pairs, lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, 1–5.5 × 0.5–1.5 cm; adaxial surface glabrous, abaxial surface glabrous or sparsely sericeous, more densely so on the midrib and margins, apex acute. Extrafloral nectaries variable in position and structure: ovoid, sessile to narrowly or thickly stalked with dark brown heads usually present at the base of each petiole; ensiform or falcate nectaries 0.5–1.2 mm long, present between the upper leaflet pair; minute, filiform nectaries c.0.2 mm long, usually present on the ridge between each leaflet pair; and falcate nectaries 0.2–0.5 mm long, sometimes occurring along the internodes of the leaf rachis. Inflorescence a raceme, axis 1.5–3.5 cm long, glabrous or sparsely to moderately sericeous. Sepals 5, pale greenish or light yellowish brown, lighter along the margins, occasionally pale pinkish orange and whitish along the margins, veins pale orange or pale brownish yellow, obovate, 5–10 × 3.5–7 mm. Petals 5, yellow with a pale yellow blotch towards the apex, or yellowish to saffron coloured, brown-veined, obovate, 7–14 × 4.5–8.5 mm. Stamens 9 or 10, in three ranks; anthers dehiscing through apical pores. Ovary moderately sericeous. Pod linear-oblong, commonly subterete or occasionally terete, not crested, dull brownish yellow on margins, olive and dark brown in centre, 5–11 × 0.5–1 cm, sparsely to moderately sericeous, beak apical; seeds 20–34, pale brownish yellow to dark brown, 2.5–4.5 × 2–4 × 1.5–2.5 mm, smooth.
Habitat and ecology. In moist sandy soil or in wadi beds, or amongst pebbles in dry river beds, sometimes associated with date palms, and along tracks, at 100–2300 m altitude.
Distribution. Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Socotra and Oman. Also in Bahrain, India, Malaysia and the Philippines.
Proposed regional IUCN conservation status. Senna sophera was assessed as Least Concern (LC) on Socotra by Miller & Morris (Reference Miller and Morris2004). We extend that designation to the Arabian Peninsula as a whole, where it is widely distributed.
Specimens examined. Saudi Arabia. Wadi Fatimah, 1837, Fischer, S. 71 (K); ibid., 1837, Fisher, S. 71 (K); ibid., 12 ii 1836, Schimper, W. 779 (BM, E). Yemen. Ad Dabab, 11 iii 1984, Miller, A.G. & King, R.A. 5055 (E); Aden, 3 ix 2010, Miller, A.G. 46063 (E); Dabab, 11 vi 1982, Gordon, K.J. 21 (E); Taiz, 28 ii 1973, Wood, J.R.I. Y/73/11 (BM); ibid., 13 xii 1974, Wood, J.R.I. Y/74/344 (BM); Wadi Arafat, 16 iii 1984, Miller, A.G. & King, R.A. 5202 (E); Wadi Ribat, 1 ix 1977, Radcliffe-Smith, A. & Henchie, S.J. 4892 (K). Socotra. Adho di Meleh, 28 ii 2010, Banfield, L. LB4976 (E). Oman. Al Gayla, 3 iii 1985, Ash, R.E. 243 (E); Bahala, 20 iv 1975, Mandaville, J.P.J. 6685 (BM); Ibri, 4 iv 1978, Whitcombe, R. 168 (E); Ibri to Araq, 13 xi 1978, Whitcombe, R. 438 (E); Northern Oman, Tiwi, 29 ix 1989, Miller, A.G. & Nyberg, J.A. M9556 (E); Northern Oman, Wadi Sahtan, 4 iv 1975, Mandaville, J.P.J. 6202 (BM).
Senna sophera is a variable species and some collections may closely resemble collections of S. occidentalis. Characters that may be useful in separating the two species are reported under S. occidentalis (above).
9. Senna tora (L.) Roxb., Fl. Ind., ed. 2, 2: 340 (1832). – Cassia tora L., Sp. Pl. 1: 376 (1753). – Type: Herb. Hermann 4: 79, No. 152 (lecto BM [BM-000628410], designated by Brenan (1958: 250)).
Annual herb 0.3–2 m high. Stipules persistent, subulate, 4–7.5 × 0.2–0.5 mm. Leaflets usually in three pairs, obovate, occasionally lowest leaflet pair elliptic, 1–4 × 1–2 cm, adaxial surface sparsely appressed villous, abaxial surface moderately so, apex rounded or retuse. Extrafloral nectaries present between the lower and median leaflet pairs, sometimes also present between the upper leaflet pair. Inflorescence an erect, axillary few-flowered raceme, axis 2–7 cm long, sparsely to moderately appressed to spreading white villous. Sepals 5, light olive, elliptic to obovate, light brown-veined, 4.5–8 × 3.5–5 mm. Petals 5, pinkish or pale orange, paler in the middle, brown-veined, obovate, 8.5–14 × 4.5–6 mm. Stamens 9 or 10, in three ranks, anthers dehiscing through apical pores. Ovary densely appressed white villous. Pod linear, angular, not crested, 10.5–16.5 × 0.2–0.5 cm, brown with brownish venation in centre, paler along margins, sparsely to moderately appressed villous, beak attenuate to acuminate, beak apical; seeds 16–25, dark brown, 5.5–6 × 2.5–3 × 0.5–1 mm, foveolate.
Habitat and ecology. Dry and/or gravelly wadis, or in cool cave areas, at 300–1200 m altitude.
Distribution. Introduced and becoming naturalised in Oman, Yemen and Socotra.
Proposed regional IUCN conservation status. The species is assessed here as Least Concern (LC), being widely distributed in the Arabian Peninsula and elsewhere.
Specimens examined. Yemen. Wadi Arafat, 16 iii 1984, Miller, A.G. & King, R.A. 5199 (E). Socotra. Wadi Ayhaft, 31 i 1994 – 1 xi 1994, Thulin, M. & Gifri, A.N. 8839 (E). Oman. Dhofar, 3 x 1991, Prendergast, H.D.V. HDVP469 (K); Dhofar, Ain Garzeez, 14 xi 1984, McLeish, I. 344 (E); Dhofar, Shahayt, 24 ix 1993, McLeish, I. 2655 (E); ibid., 24 ix 1993, McLeish, I. 2676 (E).
Senna tora closely resembles S. obtusifolia but even sterile collections can be distinguished due to the differences in the positions of extrafloral nectaries as discussed under S. obtusifolia (above).
Acknowledgements
We wish to express our gratitude to the staff at BM and K for their hospitality during study visits of the first author and their loan of material for study at RBGE. We would like to thank Martin Pullan for his work on a Senna database and Robert Mill for help with Latin translations in historical literature. We acknowledge Anthony Miller for providing photographs of Senna taken in the field in Oman and Yemen, and for helpful discussions on plant distributions and habitats. We are also grateful to two reviewers for their constructive comments on earlier versions of this paper. F. Z. Filimban’s sponsor, King Abdul Aziz University in Jeddah, KSA, is gratefully acknowledged for funding the research.
Index of Exsiccatae
The number in brackets corresponds to the number given to the taxon in the species accounts: Senna alexandrina var. alexandrina (1); S. didymobotrya (2); S. holosericea (3); S. hookeriana (4); S. italica (5); S. italica subsp. italica (5.1); S. italica subsp. micrantha (5.2); S. obtusifolia (6); S. occidentalis (7); S. sophera (8); S. tora (9).
Ash, R.E. 132 (6), 243 (9), 288 (5AQ1: Typesetter: Please note the list should below should be in 9/11pt, with first line indent (as in style 'specimens 2 etc')).
Balston, M.E. 8 (1); Banfield, L. LB4976 (9); Batanouny, K.H. 13 (5.1), 16 (5.1); Bent, J.T. 69 (3); Berkeley, A. 27 (3); Boulos L. et al. 16597 (5), 16842 (3), 16878 (4); Brunt, M.A. 2502 (5.1).
Carter, R.M. 57 (4); Clarke, J.E. 0005 (3); Collenette, I.S. 2728 (7), 2970 (7), 2972 (6), 5925 (6); Cope, T.A. & Murtland, R. 293 (2).
Dean, G. E92 (5.1); Deflers, M. 229 (1); Deflers, M.A. 31 (4); Dickson, V.P. 1000 (3).
Ehrenberg, C.G. s.n. (7); El-Sheikh, A.M., Frey, W., Konig, P., Kurschner, H., Mahmoud, A. and Migahid, A.M. 81346a (1).
Fayed, A.A. 1232 (1.1); Fischer, S. 70 (3), 71 (9).
Gallagher, M.D. 646444 (5.1); 80212 (3); Good, Prof. R.D. 121 (5.1); Gordon, K.J. 21 (9), 195 (1), 398 (1); Grierson, A. 57 (3), 72 (7), 115 (4), 236 (1); Guichard, K.M. KG/HAD/79 (1), KGIHAD/146 (3), KG/HAD/146A (4).
Hassan, H.M., Konig, P. & Kürschner, H. 822172 (7); Hay, G.W.R. s.n. (4); Hemming, C.F. 534 (3), 539 (1); Henry, P.W.T. 5676 (7); Hugh, W. & Leach, R. 71/51 (5).
Kilian, N. et al. YP3692 (3); King, R.A. 236 (1).
Lawton, R.M. 2385 (6); Lee-Oldfield, F.N. LO/50/1 (5.1), LO/50/29 (5.1); Lumley, P.W. 11 (5.1), 39 (5.1); Lunt, W. 61 (4).
Maconochie, J.R. 2888 (3), 2982 (3); Mandaville, J.P.J. 1029 (5), 1049 (5), 2101 (5), 2947 (5), 6144 (5.1), 6202 (9), 6685 (9), 6940 (6), 7297 (5); Marchesetti, Carlo De s.n. (3); McLeish, I. 344 (10), 470 (3), 822 (3), 1014 (3), 1845 (5.1), 1930 (3), 2655 (10), 2676 (10); Miller, A.G. 20 (7), 295 (1), 2194 (3), 2447 (3), 2671 (6), 46061 (6), 46062 (7), 46063 (9), 46146 (5); Miller, A.G. & King, R.A. 5055 (9), 5109 (3), 5114 (1), 5199 (10), 5202 (9); Miller, A.G. & Nyberg, J.A. M9262 (6), M9556 (9); Moreau, R.E. 5601 (4); Müller-Hohenstein, K. & Deil, U. 126 (7), 624 (7), 981 (3), 1134 (3).
Nasher, A.K. 17884 (6); Naylor, K. 349 (2).
Philby, H.S.J.B. 2 (3); Popov, G.B. 4 (6), GP/49/300 (3); Popov, G.B. et al. 4263 (1), 4303 (3); Prendergast, H.D.V. HDVP469 (10).
Radcliffe-Smith, A. 5235 (6), 5361 (3), 5544 (3); Radcliffe-Smith, A. & Henchie, S.J. 4892 (9); Rauh, W. & Lavranos, J.J. 13343 (4); Risopoulos, S.A. 68 (4).
Sanadiki, N. 00169 (3); Schimper, A.F.W. 780 (3); Schimper, W. s.n. (3), 303 (5.1), 779 (9), 780 (3); Schwan, H.E. 53 (1); Schweinfurth, G.A. 151 (1); Scott, H. & Britton, E.B. 23 (5); Skene 13B (5.1); Spellenberg, R.W. 7485 (7); Spellenberg, R.W. & Abushe’ar 7362 (7).
Thesiger, W.P. s.n. (3), s.n. (3), s.n. (3), s.n. (4), s.n. (5); Thompson, A.T. s.n. (3); Thulin, M. & Gifri, A.N. 8839 (10).
Vesey-Fitzgerald Y/16720/29 (3); Vesey-Fitzgerald, D. 16688/28 (5.1).
Wakefield Expedition 41 (1); Waring, J. 69 (5.1); Whitcombe, R. 122 (5.1), 168 (9), 357 (1), 438 (9), 817 (5.1); Whithead, J. 838 (3); Willcox, C. 42 (5.1); Wilson, H.L. 17 (5.1); Wood, J.R.I. 73/85 (1), 1176 (2), Y/73/11 (9), Y/74/128 (6), Y/74/344 (9).
