Introduction
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a significant pathogen associated with acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs), particularly in young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. First discovered in 2001, HMPV is a member of the Paramyxoviridae family and shares genomic and clinical similarities with the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).Reference van den Hoogen, de Jong and Groen 1 Despite its widespread prevalence, HMPV remains underrecognized compared to other respiratory viruses, such as RSV and influenza.Reference Boivin, De Serres and Hamelin 2
Globally, HMPV accounts for a substantial burden of respiratory illnesses, with studies estimating its contribution to 5%–10% of ARTIs.Reference Yim, Mousa and Blanco 3 , Reference Williams, Harris and Tollefson 4 The virus is particularly concerning in pediatric populations, where it is associated with bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and hospitalization.Reference Madhi, Klugman and Group 5 In adults, especially those with underlying conditions or advanced age, HMPV can exacerbate chronic diseases and lead to severe outcomes.Reference Falsey, Erdman and Anderson 6 However, surveillance and epidemiological studies remain limited, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where access to diagnostic tools is constrained.Reference Hall, Simőes and Anderson 7
The lack of specific antiviral therapies and vaccines further complicates HMPV management. Current treatment approaches are largely supportive, focusing on symptom alleviation rather than viral eradication.Reference Shahani, Ariza-Heredia and Chemaly 8 The development of effective therapeutics and vaccines has been hampered by challenges such as antigenic variability and limited immunogenicity of vaccine candidates.Reference Ren, Phan and Bao 9 , Reference Gootenberg, Abudayyeh and Kellner 10 Nevertheless, advances in monoclonal antibodies, fusion inhibitors, and RNA-based vaccine platforms hold promise for addressing these limitations.Reference Chakraborty, Sharma and Bhattacharya 11 , Reference Deffrasnes, Hamelin and Boivin 12
Recent advancements in molecular diagnostics, such as real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and next-generation sequencing, have enhanced the detection and characterization of HMPV, enabling better epidemiological understanding.Reference Moriyama, Hugentobler and Iwasaki 13 These technologies have also facilitated research into the molecular mechanisms of HMPV pathogenicity, offering insights for therapeutic and vaccine development.Reference Otsubo and Yasui 14
Collaboration and equitable research efforts are essential for addressing the global burden of HMPV. High-income countries dominate research output, but LMICs, where the burden of disease is often highest, remain underrepresented.Reference Wu, Harrich and Li 15 This disparity underscores the need for inclusive global research strategies and partnerships to bridge gaps in diagnostics, therapeutics, and prevention.
Given the growing volume of literature on HMPV, a traditional narrative review may be insufficient to systematically assess the evolution of global research, highlight productive regions and authors, and identify underexplored domains. Bibliometric analysis serves as a powerful tool to map scientific output, track thematic evolution, and evaluate collaboration patterns across geographies and institutions. As noted by Azizan, bibliometric methods provide a structured and quantitative overview of research activity and offer unique insights into knowledge gaps, emerging themes, and scholarly influence, which may not be apparent through conventional literature reviews.Reference Azizan 16 Moreover, bibliometric tools such as Bibliometrix enable visual exploration of trends, thematic clusters, and global research networks, which are essential for directing future intervention strategies in public health domains like HMPV.
Thus, this study aims to analyze global research trends on HMPV interventions—including vaccines, diagnostics, and therapeutics—using bibliometric techniques. It seeks to identify the leading contributors to HMPV research, such as authors, countries, journals, and institutions; evaluate the thematic evolution of research topics and delineate key scientific clusters; examine global collaboration networks and geographic disparities; and highlight critical research gaps while providing recommendations to inform future research directions and policy development.
Methods
The bibliometric data for this study were retrieved from the Scopus database due to its broad coverage of peer-reviewed literature, robust citation metrics, and compatibility with Biblioshiny/Bibliometrix workflows. While databases such as Web of Science (WoS) and PubMed were considered, Scopus was preferred for its inclusion of a wider range of journals relevant to respiratory viruses and intervention studies. The search utilized combinations of keywords, including “human metapneumovirus,” “HMPV,” “intervention,” “treatment,” “vaccine,” “diagnostics,” and “prevention,” in the title, abstract, and keywords fields. Boolean operators (AND, OR) and truncation (e.g., “vaccine*”) were employed to ensure the retrieval of all relevant studies. The selection of keywords was guided by preliminary scoping searches. This approach follows systematic keyword refinement methodologies as outlined by Azizan et al., ensuring both sensitivity and specificity in retrieving relevant publications.Reference Azizan 17 Filters were applied to include only peer-reviewed journal articles and review papers published in English between 2000 and 2025. The final dataset was exported in Bib file for subsequent analysis. We acknowledge the limitation of excluding non-English publications, which may result in underrepresentation of research from non-English-speaking regions.
The Bib file was imported into Biblioshiny, the graphical user interface (GUI) of the Bibliometrix R package. Biblioshiny is a powerful tool for bibliometric analysis, offering advanced visualization capabilities and user-friendly options for exploring data. During the preprocessing stage, duplicate records, incomplete entries, and irrelevant articles were removed to ensure a clean and accurate dataset using Zotero. Key bibliographic information, including authors, affiliations, keywords, journal names, publication years, and citation counts, was retained for the analysis. These steps followed established best practices for bibliometric data processing in interdisciplinary fields, as recommended by Azizan and Fadzil.Reference Azizan and Fadzil 18 To enhance data robustness, test searches were conducted to refine search strings and reduce irrelevant results. Keyword combinations were iteratively adjusted for sensitivity. Although formal inter-reviewer agreement was not applicable, two authors independently screened the final records to ensure relevance.
Descriptive analysis was conducted to generate basic bibliometric indicators. Metrics such as the total number of publications, annual trends in scientific production, average citations per document, and the most highly cited papers were calculated. This analysis provided an overview of the research landscape, highlighting the growth and impact of HMPV-related studies over time. Source analysis was performed to identify the most productive journals contributing to this field. Key indicators such as total publications, h-index, and citation counts were computed for each journal, revealing the platforms most influential in disseminating HMPV research.
Author analysis focused on identifying the most prolific researchers based on their publication output and citation impact. Collaboration networks among authors were visualized to highlight influential individuals and collaborative clusters within the research community. This analysis also examined the distribution of contributions across countries and institutions, providing insights into the geographic diversity of HMPV research.
Keyword analysis was performed using co-occurrence metrics to identify the most frequently used terms and emerging themes in HMPV research. Biblioshiny was used to generate visualizations such as word clouds and thematic maps, offering a graphical representation of key research areas. Thematic evolution analysis further explored changes in research focus over time by grouping keywords into clusters and tracking their development across different time periods. This provided insights into how the field has evolved and identified persistent and emerging topics of interest.
Geographic and institutional analyses mapped global research productivity and collaboration patterns. Contributions by countries and affiliations were assessed to identify regional strengths and disparities. A collaboration world map was generated to visualize international partnerships, highlighting regions with strong research output and collaboration networks. This analysis revealed imbalances in contributions, with high-income countries dominating HMPV research while LMICs were underrepresented.
Network analysis examined bibliographic coupling, coauthorship, and institutional collaborations. Network diagrams were created to visualize key nodes and linkages, illustrating the interconnectedness of researchers and institutions. These visualizations identified influential networks and potential opportunities for expanding collaborations.
Biblioshiny’s advanced visualization tools were used to create high-quality graphs, charts, and network diagrams. Key outputs included line graphs showing annual publication trends, word clouds illustrating frequently used keywords, and collaboration maps highlighting geographic and institutional partnerships. Thematic maps plotted the relevance and density of research topics, providing insights into the most studied and emerging areas of interest. Statistical outputs such as h-index and g-index values were extracted and validated for consistency. Comparative analyses of geographic and institutional contributions were conducted to assess disparities and identify gaps in research.
The findings from Biblioshiny were integrated into the manuscript as tables and figures. Visualizations were manually curated to ensure clarity and alignment with the study’s objectives, focusing on trends in HMPV interventions, research gaps, and collaboration patterns. This approach ensured a detailed analysis of the global research landscape, offering actionable insights into the progress and challenges of HMPV-related studies. This study provided a comprehensive understanding of the current state of HMPV research and identified opportunities for future advancements.
Results
This bibliometric analysis provides a comprehensive overview of the research landscape of HMPV interventions, with a focus on therapeutic, diagnostic, and preventive strategies. A total of 2482 studies were included in this analysis. The findings highlight trends in publication output, advances in therapeutic and vaccine development, research gaps, and global collaboration networks, offering valuable insights for the future direction of HMPV research.
Table 1 highlights the leading contributors to HMPV research, including journals, authors, organizations, and countries, showcasing the global effort to advance knowledge and interventions for HMPV infections. A summary of key bibliometric indicators—including publication volume, authorship, leading institutions, and research themes—over the 2000–2025 period is presented in Table 2. The major journals that have contributed to advancing the evidence on HMPV include the Journal of Clinical Virology, Journal of Medical Virology, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, and PLOS One. Many organizations have played a vital role in advancing HMPV research and other respiratory infectious diseases. The leading contributors to HMPV include the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the University of Texas Medical Branch, the Vanderbilt University Medical Center, the University of Washington, and the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. These organizations’ credibility is built upon decades of impactful research, high publication output, and collaboration with global health bodies such as the World Health Organization. The robust infrastructure, expertise, and dedication of these institutions ensure they remain at the forefront of combating HMPV and other respiratory infectious diseases, addressing critical public health challenges worldwide.
Leading contributors to HMPV: journals, authors, organizations, and countries
Summary of key bibliometric indicators in HMPV intervention research (2000–2025)
The geographic distribution of research output, detailed in Table 1, reveals significant disparities in global contributions. The United States, the United Kingdom, and China are the leading contributors, reflecting robust research funding and infrastructure in these regions. However, the limited participation from LMICs highlights a critical gap in equitable research distribution. This disparity suggests the need for more inclusive research collaborations to ensure that the benefits of HMPV interventions are accessible to populations in resource-limited settings. Addressing this imbalance will require targeted investments in capacity-building and partnerships that foster knowledge sharing between high- and low-resource regions.
The contributions of individual researchers to the field of HMPV research are significant, as highlighted in Figure 1. The figure illustrates the productivity of the most prolific authors over time, demonstrating their consistent efforts in advancing HMPV intervention research. Notable contributors, such as Williams JV, Boivin G, Osterhaus ADME, Zhang Y, and Wang Y, have made critical advancements in areas like vaccine development, antiviral therapies, and diagnostic tools. The productivity of these leading authors showcases the collaborative and interdisciplinary nature of HMPV research, integrating virology, immunology, and public health. Their contributions have laid a solid foundation for clinical trials, preclinical studies, and translational research aimed at reducing the global burden of HMPV infections. This work underscores the critical role of focused efforts by expert groups, often associated with prominent virology and infectious disease institutions, in fostering innovation and progress in the field.
Temporal trends in author productivity and citation impact: a visualization of scholarly contributions.
The temporal distribution in Figure 1 shows a consistent rise in research activity over the years, with a notable acceleration after 2015. The upward trend in publications, as depicted in Figure 1, highlights the growing academic interest in HMPV research. This growth in research activity also aligns with the global prioritization of HMPV, particularly in light of the heightened focus on respiratory virus research following pandemics such as COVID-19. These findings emphasize the research community’s dedication to addressing HMPV infections, which are increasingly recognized as a significant cause of morbidity in vulnerable populations.
Emerging research themes and underexplored areas are identified through keyword analysis. Figure 2 presents a heatmap illustrating the most frequently used keywords across HMPV-related publications, providing insights into the core themes and focus areas of research. Prominent keywords reflect that there is an emphasis on studying the impact of HMPV on vulnerable populations with a focus on understanding the HMPV’s epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical outcomes. Further, the emphasis is also toward the scope of research across diverse age groups and the emphasis on scientific and clinical investigations. However, significant gaps remain in areas like coinfections, long-term sequelae of HMPV infections, and interventions for high-risk groups, including immunocompromised individuals and pediatric populations. This gap analysis suggests a pressing need for targeted studies that address these themes to improve health outcomes for vulnerable groups affected by HMPV.
Heatmap showing keywords across the publications.
Figure 3 presents trends in research topics through term frequency analysis, which aligns with the rise in publications over the years. The consistent growth in topics such as “epidemiology,” “drug therapy,” “human metapneumovirus,” and “reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction” highlights the academic and clinical interest in HMPV, particularly in understanding its epidemiology, diagnostics, and management. Figure 4 showcases a co-occurrence network of keywords, highlighting the interconnected nature of research themes in HMPV studies. Clusters within the network reveal concentrated efforts on vaccine trials, therapeutic advancements, and molecular diagnostics. Central nodes, such as “humans,” “human metapneumovirus,” and “respiratory tract infections,” demonstrate the pivotal focus areas of research. However, the network also exposes gaps, such as the limited representation of keywords related to LMICs, signaling the need for more inclusive research efforts. Expanding cross-regional partnerships will be crucial to addressing the global burden of HMPV and ensuring that research efforts translate into equitable health care outcomes.
Trends in research topics related to HMPV: term frequency analysis.
Co-occurrence network illustrating frequently occurring terms in HMPV research.
Figure 5 visualizes thematic clustering of research topics, identifying strong connections between themes like vaccine development, respiratory virus infections, clinical studies, and molecular diagnostics. Prominent institutions, such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH), play a key role in fostering global collaborations that advance HMPV research. However, the clustering also reveals limited involvement from LMICs, suggesting the need for targeted capacity-building initiatives and cross-regional partnerships to ensure equitable research contributions and benefits.
Thematic clustering of research topics on HMPV: a visual representation of term relationships.
Advances in vaccine development remain a focal point of HMPV research. Several vaccine candidates are in preclinical and early clinical stages, with efforts focused on overcoming challenges related to antigenic variability and immune response optimization. The development of therapeutics, including monoclonal antibodies, fusion inhibitors, and immunomodulatory agents, has also progressed significantly, as reflected in the literature. However, further research is needed to evaluate the efficacy and scalability of these interventions, particularly in resource-limited settings where the burden of HMPV infections is often greatest. The current state of vaccine and therapeutic development highlights both the progress achieved and the hurdles that remain in achieving widespread protection against HMPV.
The findings of this bibliometric analysis highlight the significant progress made in HMPV intervention research while identifying critical gaps and opportunities. To address these challenges, strategic efforts should focus on fostering global collaboration, particularly between high- and low-resource countries. This includes building research capacity in LMICs and ensuring that funding and infrastructure are allocated equitably. Research priorities should include studies on high-risk populations, such as children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals, as well as investigations into the long-term sequelae of HMPV infections. Additionally, the development of cost-effective and scalable diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies tailored to diverse health care settings is essential. Vaccine development efforts must continue to innovate, addressing challenges such as antigenic variability and optimizing immune responses.
Emerging research themes in HMPV studies reveal a predominantly biomedical orientation, with a strong emphasis on diagnostics, antiviral therapies, and vaccine development. This thematic focus stands in contrast to the broader bibliometric trends observed in other respiratory viruses. For example, COVID-19 bibliometric analyses have highlighted significant attention toward artificial intelligence, telemedicine, and public health policy response.Reference Dehghanbanadaki, Seif and Vahidi 19 , Reference Zyoud and Al-Jabi 20 Similarly, studies on RSV have identified evolving research hotspots in vaccine innovation and monoclonal antibody development over the past three decades,Reference Li, Zong and Li 21 while influenza-related bibliometric reviews increasingly reflect interest in inflammatory mechanisms and neurological sequelae.Reference Zhang, Tan and Li 22 Notably, HMPV research lacks substantial engagement with cross-cutting themes such as digital health, disease surveillance informatics, and social determinants of health, indicating a narrower and more clinically focused research trajectory. Our thematic mapping follows Azizan’s framework, which is valued for revealing core and emerging themes in interdisciplinary bibliometric studies.Reference Azizan 23
Discussion
HMPV has emerged as a significant respiratory pathogen, particularly affecting vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. This bibliometric analysis provides a comprehensive overview of the global research landscape on HMPV interventions, highlighting trends, advancements, and gaps in therapeutic, diagnostic, and preventive strategies. The findings underscore critical areas of focus and provide a roadmap for future research and policy development.
Research Trends and Growth in HMPV Publications
The increasing number of publications on HMPV interventions, as demonstrated by the temporal growth in output, reflects a growing recognition of HMPV as a significant public health challenge. The notable rise in research activity post-2015 aligns with advancements in molecular diagnostics and heightened global awareness of respiratory infections. Journals such as Journal of Clinical Virology, Journal of Medical Virology, and PLOS One have been pivotal in disseminating HMPV-related findings, establishing themselves as key platforms for researchers in this field.
The growth in publications can also be linked to technological advancements in viral genome sequencing and diagnostic tools. RT-PCR and next-generation sequencing have revolutionized the identification of HMPV, enabling more accurate epidemiological studies and better characterization of its clinical impact.Reference van den Hoogen, de Jong and Groen 1 , Reference Boivin, De Serres and Hamelin 2 The findings from this bibliometric analysis suggest that continued focus on these areas will further drive innovations in diagnostics and surveillance.Reference Falsey, Erdman and Anderson 6
Advances in Therapeutics and Vaccine Development
The bibliometric analysis highlights significant progress in therapeutic interventions for HMPV. Monoclonal antibodies and fusion inhibitors have shown promise in preclinical and early clinical trials. Studies on immunomodulatory therapies have provided additional insights into mitigating severe HMPV infections, particularly in high-risk groups.Reference Madhi, Klugman and Group 5 , Reference Hamelin, Prince and Gomez 24 However, the limited availability of approved therapeutic agents underscores the need for more extensive clinical trials and translational research.
Vaccine development for HMPV remains a priority, with several candidates in preclinical and clinical phases. Challenges such as antigenic variability and achieving robust immune responses have hindered the rapid development of effective vaccines. Lessons from RSV vaccine development have been instrumental in guiding HMPV vaccine strategies.Reference Heikkinen, Österback and Peltola 25 , Reference Stepanova, Matyushenko and Rudenko 26 For example, the use of prefusion-stabilized F protein antigens has shown potential in eliciting protective immunity against HMPV.Reference Hijano, Maron and Hayden 27 Future efforts should focus on leveraging these strategies while addressing unique challenges posed by HMPV.
Geographic Disparities and Collaboration Gaps
The geographic analysis of research output reveals significant disparities, with high-income countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and China leading HMPV research. These nations benefit from robust research funding and infrastructure, enabling them to contribute significantly to the field. Conversely, research output from LMICs remains limited, despite the high burden of HMPV infections in these regions.Reference Gootenberg, Abudayyeh and Kellner 10 , Reference Agoti, Munywoki and Phan 28
This disparity underscores the need for more inclusive global research collaborations. Partnerships between high- and low-resource settings can facilitate knowledge transfer, capacity building, and equitable access to diagnostic and therapeutic tools. For instance, initiatives such as the Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA) and WHO-led collaborations can play a crucial role in bridging these gaps.Reference Glassy and Gupta 29 , Reference Borchers, Chang and Gershwin 30
Identification of Research Gaps
The keyword and thematic analysis revealed several underexplored areas in HMPV research. Notably, studies on coinfections, particularly with RSV and influenza, remain limited despite their clinical relevance. Coinfections often complicate disease severity and management, necessitating integrated approaches to diagnosis and treatment.Reference Ahmadi, Bazargan and Elahi 31 , Reference Alvarez and Tripp 32 Additionally, research on the long-term sequelae of HMPV infections, particularly in pediatric and elderly populations, is scarce. Understanding these outcomes is critical for developing comprehensive health care strategies.Reference O’Brien, Wolfson and Watt 33
High-risk populations, including immunocompromised individuals, remain understudied in HMPV research. This gap is concerning, given the increased susceptibility of these groups to severe infections and complications.Reference Deffrasnes, Hamelin and Boivin 12 Future research should prioritize studies focusing on these populations, ensuring that interventions are tailored to their unique needs.
Importance of Diagnostics and Scalable Interventions
Diagnostics play a central role in managing HMPV infections, yet accessibility to advanced diagnostic tools remains a challenge in LMICs. Point-of-care diagnostic tests that are cost-effective and easy to use in resource-limited settings are urgently needed. Innovations in diagnostic technologies, such as CRISPR-based platforms, could address this gap.Reference Petrova and Russell 34
Scalable interventions, including affordable therapeutics and vaccines, are also critical for ensuring equitable health care access. The high cost of monoclonal antibodies and other advanced therapies limits their use in LMICs, exacerbating health disparities. Strategies to reduce production costs and improve distribution channels are essential for achieving global health equity.Reference Pantaleo, Correia and Fenwick 35
Strategic Recommendations
Based on the findings of this analysis, several recommendations can guide future HMPV research and policy efforts. First, global collaborations should be strengthened to ensure equitable research output and health care outcomes. Initiatives that facilitate cross-regional partnerships and funding allocations can address existing disparities. Second, research on high-risk populations, coinfections, and long-term sequelae should be prioritized to fill critical knowledge gaps. Third, diagnostic and therapeutic innovations should focus on scalability and affordability, ensuring that interventions reach populations in need. Finally, accelerated efforts in vaccine development are imperative, leveraging lessons from other respiratory viruses to overcome existing challenges.Reference Wu, Harrich and Li 15 , Reference García-García, Pérez-Arenas and Pérez-Hernandez 36
The bibliometric trends observed in HMPV research demonstrate a predominantly clinical and laboratory-oriented focus, with key themes revolving around diagnostics, vaccine development, and antiviral therapy. Compared to bibliometric studies of COVID-19 and RSV, which reveal broader thematic integration—including artificial intelligence, public health informatics, and digital intervention strategies—HMPV research remains more narrowly concentrated. For instance, COVID-19 studies often highlight innovations in telehealth, real-time surveillance, and global policy frameworks,Reference Dehghanbanadaki, Seif and Vahidi 19 , Reference Zyoud and Al-Jabi 20 while RSV literature emphasizes maternal immunization and pediatric prophylaxis.Reference Li, Yu and Du 37 Influenza-related bibliometric analyses have also evolved to include neurological complications, host-pathogen interactions, and pandemic preparedness strategies.Reference Zhang, Tan and Li 22
In contrast, our findings suggest that HMPV research, despite increasing in volume, has yet to incorporate systems-level perspectives such as health service integration or digital health tools. This indicates an opportunity to diversify research priorities and bridge thematic gaps. Furthermore, collaboration networks in HMPV studies are dominated by high-income countries, with limited contributions from LMICs—mirroring patterns seen in earlier bibliometric reviews of global health interventions. Azizan emphasizes that bibliometric insights can reveal systemic imbalances in research funding and collaboration, urging more inclusive global partnerships and cross-disciplinary integration.Reference Azizan 23 Addressing these disparities in the context of HMPV will be essential for developing equitable and scalable intervention strategies.
Limitations of the Analysis
This study has several limitations. First, the analysis relied solely on the Scopus database, which, while comprehensive, may exclude relevant publications indexed in databases like WoS or PubMed, potentially introducing selection bias. Second, only English-language publications were included, limiting the representation of non-English research. Third, citation-based metrics are subject to time lag (citation delay), which may underrepresent the impact of recent publications. Additionally, self-citations could inflate the influence of certain authors or institutions. These methodological constraints are consistent with challenges commonly reported in bibliometric studies and should be interpreted accordingly.Reference Azizan 38
Conclusion
This bibliometric analysis highlights a growing global interest in HMPV interventions, with research activity accelerating after 2015. While molecular diagnostics, vaccine development, and antiviral therapies dominate the landscape, gaps remain in areas such as co-infections, long-term outcomes, and inclusion of LMICs.
Future research should prioritize cross-disciplinary approaches, equitable global collaborations, and the development of scalable interventions for high-risk populations. Bibliometric insights offer a valuable tool for identifying research imbalances and guiding public health strategies aimed at addressing respiratory viral threats more effectively.
Acknowledgments
None
Author Contribution
All authors have significantly contributed to the development of this manuscript as follows:
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• Dr. Sridevi Gnanasekaran: Conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, manuscript drafting, and corresponding author responsibilities.
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• Dr. Vignesh Murugan: Methodology design, data collection, and literature review.
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• Dr. Surendran V: Supervision, validation of analysis, and critical manuscript revision.
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• Dr. Vinoth Rajendran: Bibliometric methodology consultation, result interpretation, and final manuscript editing.
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• Dr. Vinothini Jayaraj: Data verification, final manuscript editing and visualization.
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• Dr. Kavita Vasudevan: Project administration and approval of the final version for submission.
Funding Statement
The authors did not receive funding from any sources.
Competing Interests
The authors have stated that they have no competing interests.
Ethical Standard
Not applicable as the research did not involve any human participants.
