Amanda Porterfield has produced a masterful, accessible, tightly-woven macro-history of religious influences upon corporate cultures and structures from ancient Rome to the presidency of Donald Trump. She argues that the Pauline emphasis upon Christian membership in a collaborative body of Christ influenced the development, operation and expectations of religious and secular corporations. Specifically, she demonstrates how the Pauline framework infused accountability to others and to God's greater good into the corporate spirit, which helped temper corporate tendencies toward selfishness, corruption and exploitation. She traces where, why and how the force of Pauline accountability waxed and waned, including how corporate leaders sometimes extrapolated aspects of Pauline theology to justify wilful exploitation for profit. After detailing Europe's religion-centric context of corporate development, Porterfield shifts focus to the maturation of corporations in a Pauline-infused America peppered with Christians seeking economic opportunities and religious reformations not readily available in Europe. Given legal personhood in the late nineteenth century, corporations used government protections and Social Darwinism to justify exploiting workers, racist policies and natural resources. However, they were repeatedly challenged by Christian-based critiques against abuses of power that implored corporations to emulate a Christlike capitalism that bettered the general welfare while serving their bottom line. Porterfield asserts that, by the mid-twentieth century, corporations generally operated under Pauline-inspired expectations that they cooperate with government to protect the basic welfare of workers and consumers on whom business depended. However, these expectations eroded from the 1980s onward, when economic, political, religious and legal changes – including deregulation and off-shoring, anti-federal government politics and empowerment of prosperity theology and the religious right – all helped to eviscerate that expectation of corporate responsibility to society. This created space for entities like Enron to glorify chasing short-term profits at the expense of their own and the community's long-term benefit. In this compelling chapter, she links these trends to President Trump's own attachment to Norman Vincent Peale's faith in one's indominable will to extract success with God's blessing, regardless of negative impacts on others. She connects this to William James's assertion that one's faith, when married to will-power, can recreate reality, dominating and transforming facts. In other words, a corporate leader's drive to reap profit through bending truth, exploiting systems and outright corruption has enjoyed a supportive spiritual-secular environment since the 1980s. But accountability to Pauline ideals still percolates within sectors of corporate America. Porterfield concludes with examples like Patagonia, Marriott, and 3M which adhere to a more traditional view of Pauline expectations, and centre their identities around more transcendent values than quick profits; their examples provide critiques of Enron's and Trump's models. Porterfield's history of Pauline influences upon corporations across centuries of European and American history is the most readable, concise narrative within the growing scholarship on business and religion. Her concluding chapter provides a terrific teaching tool for explaining the complex (including religious) forces that unleashed the 2008 economic crisis and that continue to threaten society's well-being. She also asserts that Pauline values remain invaluable tethers for restoring corporations’ community-based accountability.
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