Sociality may not be a defining feature of social learning. Complexsocial systems have been predicted to favour the evolution of sociallearning, but the evidence for this relationship is weak. In birds,only one study supports the hypothesis that social learning is anadaptive specialisation to social living. In nonhuman primates,social group size and social learning frequency are not correlated.Though cetaceans may prove an exception, they provide a useful groupwith which to test these ideas.