This beautifully crafted, highly insightful study uncovers vital strands of native English Presbyterianism that did not die with the suppression of the Puritan movement by the crown in 1592, but continued to develop and thrive underground in the rich, fertile soil of late sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century Puritan ecclesiological thought and practice. Based in part on previously unexplored papers of the Presbyterian polemicist Walter Travers, as well as a careful and thorough search of manuscript records from the English Merchant Adventurer church in Antwerp and the English Reformed Church in Amsterdam, Ha's book challenges many traditional assumptions about the Puritan and Presbyterian narrative at this stage in its history, especially the seemingly ineluctable congregational drift of the Puritan enterprise as well as assumptions about the narrowly bourgeois social and political appeal of Presbyterian polity. While not claiming that a clearly delineated Presbyterian polity had evolved into anything like the denominational fixity of their namesakes in the Long Parliament, late Elizabethan and early Stuart Presbyterians nevertheless formulated ecclesial structures that brought into bold relief the outlines of a representative form of church government centred on local parish consistories and national synods that stood in sharp contrast with the congregational orientation of English separatists and the independency of Henry Jacob's Southwark experiment in 1616. At the same time, Ha's study underscores the fluidity of ideas and practices that characterised Puritanism of the period in which Presbyterians also emphasised the consensual qualities of their polity that guarded personal liberties of church members and also appealed to the aspirations of lower class members, in practice giving them a significant voice and influence in congregational matters. Ha has a finely honed grasp of the nuances and complexities involved in Puritan ecclesiastical developments of this period, and is especially good at clarifying the critical issues that separate advocates of a Presbyterian way from others who inclined more toward moderate conformity or radical congregationalism. Beyond that, Ha's mastery of contemporary Puritan scholarship and its unexamined biases makes this study especially perceptive and gratifying to read.