This is a long overdue English translation of the critical political writings of one of Central Europe’s most important churchmen of the late Middle Ages, Paweł Włodkowic (Paulus Vladimiri). Włodkowic, a member of a Polish delegation to the Council of Constance (1414–1418), spoke in defense of the kingdom against the predations of the Teutonic Order. The Teutonic Knights had settled in Polish territory in the thirteenth century. Though ostensibly in the region to Christianize the Prussians and later Lithuanians, they set up their own state, turned against their hosts, and terrorized their neighbors. The conflict also created an intellectual crisis. How were Christians to interact with those outside of Christendom? What natural rights did pagans have, and when was it just to resort to war to compel their conversion? These were the types of questions that Włodkowic took up at Constance and responded to throughout his career. The volume contains eight of his most important writings in this regard. It also comes with a useful introduction from Paul Knoll, who with a deft touch places Włodkowic’s achievement in context. After providing a helpful overview of the Polish kingdom up to Constance, Knoll turns to a closer examination of Włodkowic himself. Particularly significant is his discussion of the university in Cracow. Włodkowic was no lone voice in the wilderness. The university was an important locus of discussions on just war and natural law, and Włodkowic’s sentiments reflected the views of others. This translation, then, is a belated introduction to what is in essence an entire school of political thought virtually unknown to scholars of medieval and early modern Europe, especially in the Anglophone world. Indeed, Włodkowic’s writings are no esoteric reflections on local matters of little interest outside specialists of East Central Europe. The questions that he and his contemporaries wrestled with concerning natural law, just war, and the treatment of non-Christians would be examined in more celebrated fashion only a century later in the context of the New World through the writings of Bartolomé de las Casas and others. Włodkowic deserves a greater audience today.