This book is divided into four parts. The first part provides a general introduction to plant anatomy, the techniques employed by plant anatomists and the importance of the study of plant anatomy to modern plant science. The second part presents specific information on major cereal (rice, maize, wheat, sorghum, pearl millet), pulse (chickpea, common bean, green gram, pigeonpea, cowpea, pea), oil (sunflower, peanut, mustard, sesame, castor), fibre (cotton, jute, kenaf, flax, ramie, hemp, sunnhemp) and vegetable (tomato, chilli, aubergine, okra, watermelon, bottle gourd, bitter gourd, cucumber, luffa, sponge gourd, cabbage, coriander) crops. Sections on each crop begin with its botanical classification, evolutionary origin and history of domestication, current production and uses. This is followed by descriptions of the morphologies of the vegetative and flowering plant, and then (for most crops) descriptions of the anatomy of roots, stems, leaves, floral organs and seeds or fruits. The anatomy of cotton bolls and the stems of bast fibre crops are described in detail. Specific attention is paid to the roles of trichomes in insect resistance and leaf anatomy in drought tolerance. The third part considers anatomical adaptations that help plants resist pests and pathogens or tolerate drought or waterlogging. Here, the functions of trichomes, cuticular waxes, silicification, lignification, suberisation, and the formation of aerenchyma are discussed. The final part speculates how crop productivity might be increased by, for example engineering Kranz anatomy in C3 crops to improve photosynthetic efficiency, manipulating nodulation to increase nitrogen-fixation or altering floral structures to improve pollination efficiency.