A revised check-list of the seaweeds of Britain

Juliet Brodie; Joanna Wilbraham; Jane Pottas; Michael D. Guiry

doi:10.1017/S0025315415001484

A revised check-list of the seaweeds of Britain

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 29 October 2015

Jane Pottas and

Juliet Brodie*: Affiliation:
Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
Joanna Wilbraham: Affiliation:
Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
Jane Pottas: Affiliation:
Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
Michael D. Guiry: Affiliation:
AlgaeBase and Irish Seaweed Research Group, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
*: Correspondence should be addressed to:J. Brodie, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK email: j.brodie@nhm.ac.uk

Article contents

Abstract
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
Footnotes
References

Rights & Permissions

Abstract

A revision of the check-list of the red (Rhodophyta), green (Chlorophyta) and brown (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae) seaweeds of Britain has been compiled and revealed 644 taxa, mostly at species level but including infraspecific taxa: 348 reds, 110 greens and 186 browns. There were 30 additions to the list, notably five newly described species and five new non-native additions. In addition to the check-list, an updated list of non-native species was compiled based on a stringent review of the available evidence. We have listed 31 non-native species (~5% of the flora), although the numbers may be considerably higher and probably include species that are effectively naturalized and perceived to be part of the indigenous flora. The check-list is discussed in relation to the impact of molecular techniques on the identification, taxonomy and phylogeny of species, and points to the need for a comprehensive, in-depth study on the identity and relationships of the seaweeds of Britain.

Keywords

biodiversity Britain check-list Chlorophyta non-native seaweeds Rhodophyta Phaeophyceae

Information

Type: Research Article
Information: Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom , Volume 96 , Issue 5 , August 2016 , pp. 1005 - 1029

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315415001484 [Opens in a new window]
Copyright: Copyright © Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2015

INTRODUCTION

The intertidal and shallow subtidal seas around Britain support an important component of UK biodiversity with about 7% of the world's red (Rhodophyta), green (Chlorophyta) and brown (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae) known seaweeds. There is increasing evidence of change in the seaweed flora of the region and nearby areas (e.g. Brodie et al., Reference Brodie, Williamson, Smale, Kamenos, Mieszkowska, Santos, Cunliffe, Steinke, Yesson, Anderson, Asnaghi, Brownlee, Burdett, Burrows, Collins, Donohughe, Harvey, Foggo, Noisette, Nunes, Raggazola, Raven, Schmidt, Suggett, Teichberg and Hall-Spencer2014b, Yesson et al., Reference Yesson, Bush, Davies and Brodie2015) and an urgent need for quality data on the distribution and abundance of species, in order to provide information into, for example, environmental change, potential pressures from harvesting and foraging, loss of habitats, and increases in non-native species. In order to be able to assess change within species in the flora, it is essential to know what the species are. The need to know what species were present on British shores was recognized by the British Phycological Society from its foundation in 1952. Indeed, one of the first achievements of the initial aims of the Society was the production of a check-list of British marine algae (Parke, Reference Parke1953). This was the start of a series of check-lists (summarized in Table 1) that included the seaweeds, the most recent of which (Hardy & Guiry, Reference Hardy and Guiry2003, Reference Hardy and Guiry2006) included the seaweeds of Britain and Ireland together with an atlas of 250,000 records of the distribution of the marine algae of the islands gathered by members of the Society over a 25-year period.

Table 1.

Check-lists which include British seaweeds.

Since the most recent check-list of Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003, reissued in Reference Hardy and Guiry2006 with minor corrections), there have been considerable changes to the seaweed flora. These reflect the discovery of undescribed, often cryptic species (e.g. Robba et al., Reference Robba, Russell, Barker and Brodie2006; Walker et al., Reference Walker, Brodie, Russell, Irvine and Orfanidis2009), the impact of molecular taxonomy on understanding of species and other taxonomic concepts (e.g. Brodie et al., Reference Brodie, Walker, Williamson and Irvine2013) and phylogenetic relationships (e.g. Draisma & Prud'homme van Reine, Reference Draisma and Prud'homme van Reine2010), and the arrival of non-native species, the most recent of which is the red alga Chrysymenia wrightii (Harvey) Yamada (Bunker, Reference Bunker2014). Additionally, there have also been a number of initiatives that require up-to-date knowledge of the British flora. These include Important Plant Areas for the Algae (Brodie et al., Reference Brodie, John, Tittley, Holmes and Williamson2007a), new floras (Brodie et al., Reference Brodie, Maggs and John2007b; Bunker et al., Reference Bunker, Brodie, Maggs and Bunker2010), a provisional list of non-native species (Brodie et al., Reference Brodie, Irvine, Pottas and Wilbraham2012) and a provisional Red Data list (Brodie & Wilbraham, Reference Brodie and Wilbraham2014). There has also been an upsurge in interest in the seaweeds and recording and it is now possible to put field records online (British Phycological Society recording site, http://www.bpsalgalrecords.com/), and a set of verification rules for the seaweeds has been set up for the National Biodiversity Network (NBN Record Cleaner, http://www.nbn.org.uk/Tools-Resources/Recording-Resources/NBN-Record-Cleaner.aspx; Brodie et al., Reference Brodie, Dean, Harrower and Roy2014a) in an attempt to provide quality assurance to the records submitted and consequently make them more reliable for use in biodiversity and environmental assessment.

Here, we have compiled a revised check-list of the British seaweeds and provided a newly revised list of species which are considered to be non-native.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

To compile the revised check-list of the Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta and Ochrophyta (only the class Phaeophyceae includes seaweeds) of Britain, the check-list for the seaweeds of Britain and Ireland (Hardy & Guiry, Reference Hardy and Guiry2003) was used as a starting point. Species were added to the list if, since that date, they were (i) newly described, (ii) new additions either not previously recognized or range expansion or introduced (non-natives) or (iii) species whose names are still current but were omitted from the 2003 check-list and the identity of which remains uncertain. Species were excluded from the list (Table 2) if they (i) were known only from Ireland (Guiry, Reference Guiry2012), (ii) had not been recorded and considered not to be present in Britain, (iii) were based on a misidentification or (iv) were regarded as a synonym of another species already on the list. For the species that remained, name changes were incorporated based on recent literature and following the style of authorities given in Guiry & Guiry (Reference Guiry and Guiry2015), which generally complies with the standards of IPNI (The International Plant Names Index; http://www.ipni.org/index.html). To compile a revised, annotated list of non-native species (Table 3), a review was undertaken of the provisional list compiled by Brodie et al. (Reference Brodie, Irvine, Pottas and Wilbraham2012), and species retained where there was convincing evidence from phylogenetic evidence, literature records and herbarium records. In contrast to the check-lists of Parke and Parke & Dixon (Table 1), the full binomials and trinomials are used to facilitate electronic indexing, important today for information retrieval.

Table 2.

Species excluded from British check-list since Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).

Table 3.

Non-native species in Britain.

^iv Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Ohmi) Papenfuss has been reported from Hengistbury Head, Dorset (Christine Maggs, pers. comm., October 2015) but the identification requires confirmation; see also Guiry (Reference Guiry2012).

RESULTS

Revised check-list of British Seaweeds

*=Additions to the list, including new species and those not listed in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).

PLANTAE Haeckel 1866
RHODOPHYTA Wettstein 1901

Class Porphyridiophyceae Shameel 2001

Order Porphyridiales Kylin 1937

Family Porphyridiaceae Kylin 1937

PORPHYRIDIUM Nägeli 1849 nom. cons.

Porphyridium purpureum (Bory de Saint-Vincent) K.M.Drew & R.Ross

Class Rhodellophyceae Cavalier-Smith 1998

Order Rhodellales H.S.Yoon, K.M.Müller, Sheath, F.D.Ott & D.Bhattacharya 2006

Family Rhodellaceae H.S.Yoon, K.M.Müller, Sheath, F.D.Ott & D.Bhattacharya 2006

RHODELLA L.V.Evans 1970

Rhodella violacea (Kornmann) Wehrmeyer

[Rhodella maculata L.V.Evans in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003)]

Class Stylonematophyceae H.S.Yoon, K.M.Müller, Sheath, F.D.Ott & D.Bhattacharya 2006

Order Stylonematales K.M.Drew 1956

Family Stylonemataceae K.M.Drew 1956

CHROODACTYLON A.Hansgirg 1885

Chroodactylon ornatum (C.Agardh) Basson

COLACODICTYON Feldmann 1955

Colacodictyon reticulatum (Batters) Feldmann

NEEVEA Batters 1900

Neevea repens Batters

STYLONEMA Reinsch 1875

Stylonema alsidii (Zanardini) K.M.Drew

Stylonema cornu-cervi Reinsch

Class Compsopogonophyceae G.W.Saunders & Hommersand 2004

Order Erythropeltidales Garbary, G.I.Hansen & Scagel 1980

Family Erythrotrichiaceae G.M.Smith 1933

ERYTHROCLADIA Rosenvinge 1909

Erythrocladia irregularis Rosenvinge

ERYTHROPELTIS F.Schmitz 1896

*Erythropeltis discigera var. flustrae Batters

[The nominal Erythropeltis discigera was incorrectly listed in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003); see Brodie & Irvine (Reference Brodie and Irvine2003)]

ERYTHROTRICHIA J.E.Areschoug 1850, nom. cons.

Erythrotrichia bertholdii Batters

Erythrotrichia carnea (Dillwyn) J.Agardh

Erythrotrichia investiens (Zanardini) Bornet

Erythrotrichia reflexa (P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan) Thuret ex De Toni

Erythrotrichia welwitschii (Ruprecht) Batters

PORPHYROPSIS Rosenvinge 1909

Porphyropsis coccinea (J.Agardh ex Areschoug) Rosenvinge

PORPHYROSTROMIUM Trevisan 1848

Porphyrostromium boryanum (Montagne) P.C.Silva

Porphyrostromium ciliare (Carmichael) M.J.Wynne

SAHLINGIA P.Kornmann 1989

Sahlingia subintegra (Rosenvinge) Kornmann

Class Bangiophyceae Wettstein 1901

Order Bangiales F.Schmitz 1847

Family Bangiaceae Engler 1892, nom. cons.

BANGIA Lyngbye 1819

Bangia fuscopurpurea (Dillwyn) Lyngbye

[As Bangia atropurpurea (Roth) C.Agardh in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003). Bangia fuscopurpurea (Dillwyn) Lyngbye is the name used for marine species of Bangia sensu lato, although Bangia sensu stricto is confined to fresh water; see Sutherland et al. (Reference Sutherland, Lindstrom, Nelson, Brodie, Lynch, Hwang, Choi, Miyata, Kikuchi, Oliveira, Farr, Neefus, Mortensen, Milstein and Müller2011).]

PORPHYRA C.Agardh 1824, nom. cons.

Porphyra dioica J.Brodie & L.M.Irvine

Porphyra linearis Greville

Porphyra purpurea (Roth) C.Agardh

Porphyra umbilicalis Kützing

Porphyra yezoensis sensu Kornmann

[Non-native; Table 3. Molecular evidence indicates that this species belongs in the genus Pyropia (Brodie & Irvine, Reference Brodie and Irvine2003; Brodie et al., Reference Brodie, Mols Mortensen, Ramirez, Russell and Rinkel2008) but until the identity of the species is confirmed, it is retained here in Porphyra.]

PYROPIA J.Agardh 1899

Pyropia drachii (Feldmann) J.Brodie, comb. nov.

[For details of the new combination, see Appendix 1. Probably non-native; Table 3.]

*Pyropia elongata (Kylin) Neefus & J.Brodie

[New record for Britain; see Brodie et al. (Reference Brodie, Maggs and John2007b) and Neefus & Brodie, Reference Neefus and Brodie2009.]

Pyropia leucosticta (Thuret) Neefus & J.Brodie

[Non-native; Table 3.]

WILDEMANIA De Toni 1890

Wildemania amplissima Foslie

[As Porphyra amplissima (Kjellman) Setchell & Hus ex Hus in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003); see Sutherland et al. (Reference Sutherland, Lindstrom, Nelson, Brodie, Lynch, Hwang, Choi, Miyata, Kikuchi, Oliveira, Farr, Neefus, Mortensen, Milstein and Müller2011). The cited basionym given by Foslie (1891, 49), Diploderma amplissimum Kjellman 1883, is nomenclaturally illegitimate as Diploderma Kjellman is a later homonym of Diploderma Link 1816 (Fungi). Foslie's name is here treated as new.]

Class Florideophyceae Cronquist 1960

Subclass Ahnfeltiophycidae G.W.Saunders & Hommersand 2004

Order Ahnfeltiales Maggs & Pueschel 1989

Family Ahnfeltiaceae Maggs & Pueschel 1989

AHNFELTIA Fries 1836, typ. cons.

Ahnfeltia plicata (Hudson) Fries

Subclass Nemaliophycidae T.A.Christensen 1978

Order Acrochaetiales Feldmann 1953

Family Acrochaetiaceae F.E.Fritsch ex W.R.Taylor 1957, nom. cons.

ACROCHAETIUM Nägeli 1858

[Allocation of species with single stellate chloroplasts to this genus is provisional.]

Acrochaetium alariae (Jónsson) Bornet

Acrochaetium battersianum G.Hamel

Acrochaetium brebneri (Batters) G.Hamel

Acrochaetium endozoicum (Darbishire) Batters

Acrochaetium lorrain-smithiae (Lyle) L.Newton

Acrochaetium microscopicum (Nägeli ex Kützing) Nägeli

Acrochaetium mirabile (Suhr) Nägeli

[Included as a synonym of Acrochaetium minimum F.S.Collins, in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

Acrochaetium parvulum (Kylin) Hoyt

Acrochaetium rosulatum (Rosenvinge) Papenfuss

Acrochaetium sanctae-mariae (Darbishire) G.Hamel

Acrochaetium savianum (Meneghini) Nägeli

Acrochaetium scapae (Lyle) Papenfuss

Acrochaetium secundatum (Lyngbye) Nägeli

[Includes A. virgatulum (Harvey) Batters; see Clayden & Saunders (Reference Clayden and Saunders2014).]

Acrochaetium seiriolanum (R.J.H.Gibson) G.Hamel

Acrochaetium sparsum (Harvey) Nägeli

GRANIA (Rosenvinge) Kylin 1944

Grania efflorescens (J.Agardh) Kylin

[As Acrochaetium efflorescens (J.Agardh) Nägeli in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

RHODOCHORTON Nägeli 1862, nom. cons.

Rhodochorton purpureum (Lightfoot) Rosenvinge

Order Palmariales Guiry & D.E.G.Irvine 1978

Family Palmariaceae Guiry 1974

PALMARIA Stackhouse 1801

Palmaria palmata (Linnaeus) F.Weber & D.Mohr

Family Rhodophysemataceae G.W.Saunders & McLachlan 1990

RHODOPHYSEMA Batters 1900

Rhodophysema elegans (P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan ex J.Agardh) P.S.Dixon

Rhodophysema georgei Batters

Rhodophysema kjellmanii G.W.Saunders & Clayden

[As Halosacciocolax kjellmanii S.Lund, nom. inval. in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

Family Meiodiscaceae Clayden & G.W.Saunders 2010

MEIODISCUS G.W.Saunders & McLachlan 1991

Meiodiscus concrescens (K.M.Drew) P.W.Gabrielson

[As Rhodochorton concrescens K.M.Drew in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

Meiodiscus spetsbergensis (Kjellman) G.W.Saunders & McLachlan

RUBROINTRUSA Clayden & G.W.Saunders 2010

Rubrointrusa membranacea (Magnus) Clayden & G.W.Saunders

[As Rhodochorton membranaceum (Magnus) Hauck in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

Family Rhodothamniellaceae G.W.Saunders 1995

RHODOTHAMNIELLA Feldmann 1978

Rhodothamniella floridula (Dillwyn) Feldmann

Order Colaconematales J.T.Harper & G.W.Saunders 2002

Family Colaconemataceae J.T.Harper & G.W.Saunders 2002

COLACONEMA Batters 1896

Colaconema asparagopsidis Chemin

[The orthography ‘asparagopsis’ (Chemin, Reference Chemin1926) was later corrected to ‘asparagopsidis’ by Chemin (Reference Chemin1927)]

Colaconema bonnemaisoniae Batters

Colaconema caespitosum (J.Agardh) Jackelman, Stegenga & J.J.Bolton

Colaconema chylocladiae Batters

[As Acrochaetium chylocladiae (Batters) Batters in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

Colaconema daviesii (Dillwyn) Stegenga

Colaconema endophyticum (Batters) J.T.Harper & G.W. Saunders

Colaconema infestans (M.Howe & Hoyt) Woelkerling

[As Acrochaetium infestans M.Howe & Hoyt in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

Colaconema nemalione (De Notaris ex L.Dufour) Stegenga [As ‘nemalionis’ and ‘nemalii’ by various authors. As Acrochaetium nemalii (De Notaris ex L.Dufour) Bornet in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

Order Nemaliales F.Schmitz 1892

Family Scinaiaceae Huisman, J.T.Harper & G.W.Saunders 2004

SCINAIA Bivona-Bernardi 1822

Scinaia furcellata (Turner) J.Agardh

Scinaia interrupta (A.P.de Candolle) M.J.Wynne

Family Liagoraceae Kützing 1843

HELMINTHOCLADIA J.Agardh, 1851, nom. cons.

Helminthocladia calvadosii (J.V.Lamouroux ex Duby) Setchell

HELMINTHORA J.Agardh, 1851, nom. cons.

Helminthora divaricata (C.Agardh) J.Agardh

[As Helminthora stackhousei (Clemente) J.Cremades by some authors; this entity was later shown to represent a Helminthocladia rather than a Helminthora; see Cremades (Reference Cremades1993)]

NEMALION J.É.Duby 1830

Nemalion elminthoides (Velley) Batters

[As Nemalion helminthoides [sic] (Velley) Batters in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003). Type locality: Portland, Dorset.]

*Nemalion multifidum (Lyngbye) ChauvinFootnote ⁱ

[Type locality: Varberg, Sweden. Reported from Britain in Newton (Reference Newton1931) and others. Further studies are required (cf. Le Gall & Saunders, Reference Le Gall and Saunders2010) to establish if two species are present in Britain.]

Class Rhodymeniophycidae G.W.Saunders & Hommersand 2004

Order Gelidiales Kylin 1923

Family Gelidiaceae Kützing 1843

GELIDIUM J.V.Lamouroux, 1813, nom. cons.

Gelidium attenuatum (Turner) Thuret

[Treated as a synonym of Gelidium spinosum (S.G.Gmelin) P.C.Silva in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003). Reinstated in Guiry (Reference Guiry2012).]

Gelidium corneum (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux

Gelidium crinale (Hare ex Turner) Gaillon

Gelidium maggsiae Rico & Guiry

Gelidium pulchellum (Turner) Kützing

Gelidium pusillum (Stackhouse) Le Jolis

Gelidium spinosum (S.G.Gmelin) P.C.Silva

Family Pterocladiaceae G.P.Felicini & C.Perrone 2006

PTEROCLADIELLA Santelices & Hommersand 1997

Pterocladiella capillacea (S.G.Gmelin) Santelices & Hommersand

Family Gelidiellaceae K.C.Fan 1961

GELIDIELLA Feldmann & G.Hamel, 1934

Gelidiella calcicola Maggs & Guiry

Order Gracilariales Fredericq & Hommersand 1989

Family Gracilariaceae Nägeli 1847

GRACILARIA Greville 1830, nom. et typ. cons.

Gracilaria bursa-pastoris (S.G.Gmelin) P.C.Silva

*Gracilaria dura (C.Agardh) J.Agardh

[Brodie (unpublished) considers Gracilaria gracilis from Cornwall as reported by Robba et al. (Reference Robba, Russell, Barker and Brodie2006) to be this species.]

Gracilaria gracilis (Stackhouse) Steentoft, L.M.Irvine & Farnham

Gracilaria multipartita (Clemente) Harvey

GRACILARIOPSIS E.Y.Dawson 1949

Gracilariopsis longissima (S.G.Gmelin) Steentoft, L.M.Irvine & Farnham

Family Pterocladiophilaceae K.C.Fan & Papenfuss 1959

HOLMSELLA Sturch 1926

Holmsella pachyderma (Reinsch) Sturch

Order Bonnemaisoniales Feldmann & G.Feldmann 1952

Family Bonnemaisoniaceae F.Schmitz 1892

ASPARAGOPSIS Montagne 1841

Asparagopsis armata Harvey [Non-native; Table 3.]

BONNEMAISONIA C.Agardh 1822

Bonnemaisonia asparagoides (Woodward) C.Agardh

Bonnemaisonia clavata G.Hamel

[May be part of a species complex; see Guiry (Reference Guiry2012).]

Bonnemaisonia hamifera Hariot

[Non-native; Table 3.]

Family Naccariaceae Kylin 1928

ATRACTOPHORA P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan 1848

Atractophora hypnoides P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan

NACCARIA Endlicher 1836

Naccaria wiggii (Turner) Endlicher

Order Halymeniales G.W.Saunders & Kraft 1996

Family Halymeniaceae Bory de Saint-Vincent 1828

CRYPTONEMIA J.Agardh 1842

Cryptonemia hibernica Guiry & L.M.Irvine

[Probably non-native; Table 3.]

*Cryptonemia lomation (Bertoloni) J.Agardh

[There is uncertainty over the status of this species and whether it may be non-native; requires further taxonomic investigation; see Guiry (Reference Guiry2012).]

Cryptonemia seminervis (C.Agardh) J.Agardh

[British populations require further investigation; elsewhere in Europe it is considered synonymous with C. lomation (e.g. Bárbara et al., Reference Bárbara, Cremades, Calvo, López-Rodríguez and Dosil2005; see also Yang & Kim, Reference Yang and Kim2014)]

DERMOCORYNUS P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan 1858

Dermocorynus dichotomus (J.Agardh) Gargiulo, Morabito & Manghisi

[As Grateloupia dichotoma J.Agardh; see Gargiulo et al. (Reference Gargiulo, Morabito and Manghisi2013).]

Dermocorynus montagnei P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan

[Grateloupia montagnei (P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan) R.J.Wilkes, L.M.McIvor & Guiry]

GRATELOUPIA C.Agardh 1822, nom. cons.

Grateloupia filicina (J.V.Lamouroux) C.Agardh

*Grateloupia minima P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan

[Included as a synonym of Grateloupia filicina (J.V. Lamouroux) C.Agardh in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003). Reinstated independently by Wilkes et al. (Reference Wilkes, McIvor and Guiry2005) and De Clerck et al. (Reference De Clerck, Gavio, Fredericq, Bárbara and Coppejans2005).]

Grateloupia subpectinata Holmes

[Included as Grateloupia filicina var. luxurians A.Gepp & E.S.Gepp in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003). Non-native; Table 3.]

Grateloupia turuturu Yamada

[Non-native; Table 3.]

HALYMENIA C.Agardh 1817, nom. et typ. cons.

Halymenia latifolia P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan ex Kützing

POLYOPES J.Agardh 1849

Polyopes lancifolius (Harvey) Kawaguchi & H.W.Wang

[Non-native; Table 3.]

Family Tsengiaceae G.W.Saunders & Kraft 2002

TSENGIA K.C.Fan & Y.P.Fan 1962

Tsengia bairdii (Farlow) K.C.Fan & Y.P.Fan

Subclass Hildenbrandiophycidae G.W.Saunders & Hommersand 2004

Order Hildenbrandiales Pueschel & K.M.Cole 1982

Family Hildenbrandiaceae Rabenhorst 1868

HILDENBRANDIA Nardo 1834, nom. et orth. cons.

Hildenbrandia crouaniorum J.Agardh

[as Hildenbrandia ‘crouanii’ in most previous publications.]

Hildenbrandia rubra (Sommerfelt) Meneghini

Subclass Corallinophycidae LeGall & G.W.Saunders 2007

Order Corallinales P.C.Silva & H.W.Johansen 1986

Family Hapalidiaceae J.E.Gray 1865

Subfamily Austrolithoideae A.S.Harvey & Woelkerling 1995

BOREOLITHON A.S.Harvey & W.J.Woelkerling 1995

Boreolithon van-heurckii (Heydrich) A.S.Harvey & Woelkerling

Subfamily Choreonematoideae Woelkerling 1987

CHOREONEMA F.Schmitz 1889

Choreonema thuretii (Bornet) F.Schmitz

Subfamily Melobesioideae Bizzozero 1885

EXILICRUSTA Y.M.Chamberlain 1992

Exilicrusta parva Y.M.Chamberlain

LEPTOPHYTUM W.H.Adey 1966, nom. illeg.Footnote ⁱⁱ

[As Leptophytum is illegitimate (see footnote), the two species included here are illegitimate and are in need of reassignment.]

Leptophytum bornetii (Foslie) Adey, nom. illeg.

Leptophytum elatum Y.M.Chamberlain, nom. illeg.

LITHOTHAMNION Heydrich 1897, nom. et typ. cons.

Lithothamnion corallioides (P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan) P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan

Lithothamnion glaciale Kjellman

Lithothamnion lemoineae Adey

Lithothamnion sonderi Hauck

MELOBESIA J.V.Lamouroux 1812

Melobesia membranacea (Esper) J.V.Lamouroux

MESOPHYLLUM Me.Lemoine 1928

Mesophyllum lichenoides (J.Ellis) Me.Lemoine

PHYMATOLITHON Foslie 1898 nom. cons.

Phymatolithon brunneum Y.M.Chamberlain

Phymatolithon calcareum (Pallas) W.H.Adey & McKibbin

Phymatolithon laevigatum (Foslie) Foslie

Phymatolithon lamii (Me.Lemoine) Y.M.Chamberlain

Phymatolithon lenormandii (J.E.Areschoug) Adey

Phymatolithon purpureum (P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan) Woelkerling & L.M.Irvine

Family Corallinaceae J.V.Lamouroux 1812

Subfamily Corallinoideae (J.E.Areschoug) Foslie 1908

Tribe Corallineae J.E.Areschoug 1852

CORALLINA Linnaeus 1758

*Corallina caespitosa R.H.Walker, J.Brodie & L.M.Irvine [Newly described species since Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003); see Walker et al. (Reference Walker, Brodie, Russell, Irvine and Orfanidis2009).]

Corallina officinalis Linnaeus

ELLISOLANDIA Hind & G.W.Saunders 2013

Ellisolandia elongata (J.Ellis & Solander) Hind & G.W.Saunders

[As Corallina elongata J.Ellis & Solander in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

Tribe Janieae H.W.Johansen & P.C.Silva 1978

JANIA J.V.Lamouroux 1812

Jania rubens (Linnaeus) J.V.Lamouroux

Jania squamata (Linnaeus) J.H.Kim, Guiry & H.-G.Choi

[As Haliptilon squamatum H.W.Johansen, L.M.Irvine & A.M.Webster in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003); see Kim et al. (Reference Kim, Guiry, Oak, Choi, Kang, Chung and Choi2007), but also Walker et al. (Reference Walker, Brodie, Russell, Irvine and Orfanidis2009).]

Subfamily Lithophylloideae Setchell 1943

LITHOPHYLLUM Philippi 1837

Lithophyllum corallinae (P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan) Heydrich

[As Titanoderma corallinae (P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan) Woelkerling, Y.M.Chamberlain & P.C.Silva in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

Lithophyllum crouaniorum Foslie

Lithophyllum duckerae Woelkerling

[Requires further investigation; may be synonymous with L. racemeus.]

Lithophyllum fasciculatum (Lamarck) Foslie

[Requires further investigation.]

Lithophyllum incrustans Philippi

Lithophyllum nitorum W.H.Adey & P.J.Adey

Lithophyllum orbiculatum (Foslie) Foslie

TITANODERMA Nägeli 1858

Titanoderma laminariae (P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan) Y.M.Chamberlain

Titanoderma pustulatum (J.V.Lamouroux) Nägeli

Subfamily Hydrolithoideae A.Kato & M.Baba 2011

HYDROLITHON (Foslie) Foslie 1909

Hydrolithon boreale (Foslie) Y.M.Chamberlain

Hydrolithon cruciatum (Bressan) Y.M.Chamberlain

Hydrolithon farinosum (J.V.Lamouroux) Penrose & Y.M.Chamberlain

Hydrolithon samoënse (Foslie) Keats & Y.M.Chamberlain

Hydrolithon sargassi (Foslie) Y.M.Chamberlain

Subfamily Mastophoroideae Setchell 1943

PNEOPHYLLUM Kützing 1843

Pneophyllum confervicola (Kützing) Y.M.Chamberlain

Pneophyllum coronatum (Rosanoff) Penrose

Pneophyllum fragile Kützing

Pneophyllum limitatum (Foslie) Y.M.Chamberlain

Pneophyllum lobescens Y.M.Chamberlain

Pneophyllum myriocarpum (P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan) Y.M.Chamberlain

Order Gigartinales F.Schmitz 1892

Family Calosiphoniaceae Kylin 1932

CALOSIPHONIA P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan 1852

Calosiphonia vermicularis (J.Agardh) F.Schmitz

SCHMITZIA P.C.Silva 1950

Schmitzia hiscockiana Maggs & Guiry

Schmitzia neapolitana (Berthold) P.C.Silva

Family Caulacanthaceae Kützing 1843

CATENELLA Greville 1839, nom. cons.

Catenella caespitosa (Withering) L.M.Irvine

CAULACANTHUS Kützing, 1843

*Caulacanthus okamurae Yamada

[Non-native; referred to in Britain as Caulacanthus ustulatus (Mertens ex Turner) Kützing but the correct name is Caulacanthus okamurae Yamada (F. Minéur, pers. comm.; Table 3. Frequently, but incorrectly, spelled ‘okamurai’]

Family Cruoriaceae (J.Agardh) Kylin 1928

CRUORIA Fries 1835

Cruoria cruoriiformis (P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan) Denizot

[As ‘cruoriaeformis’ in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003, Reference Hardy and Guiry2006) and earlier authors.]

Cruoria pellita (Lyngbye) Fries

Family Cystocloniaceae Kützing 1843

CALLIBLEPHARIS Kützing 1843, nom. cons.

Calliblepharis ciliata (Hudson) Kützing

Calliblepharis jubata (Goodenough & Woodward) Kützing

CYSTOCLONIUM Kützing 1843

Cystoclonium purpureum (Hudson) Batters

RHODOPHYLLIS Kützing 1847, nom. cons.

Rhodophyllis divaricata (Stackhouse) Papenfuss

*Rhodophyllis irvineorum Guiry, Maggs & Bunker

[Newly described species since Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003); see Guiry (Reference Guiry2012).]

Family Dumontiaceae Bory de Saint-Vincent 1828

DILSEA Stackhouse 1809

Dilsea carnosa (Schmidel) Kuntze

DUDRESNAYA P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan 1835, nom. cons.

Dudresnaya verticillata (Withering) Le Jolis

DUMONTIA J.V.Lamouroux 1813

Dumontia contorta (S.G.Gmelin) Ruprecht

PIKEA Harvey 1853

Pikea californica Harvey

[Non-native; Table 3.]

Family Furcellariaceae Greville 1830

FURCELLARIA J.V.Lamouroux 1813, nom. cons.

Furcellaria lumbricalis (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux

HALARACHNION Kützing 1843

Halarachnion ligulatum (Woodward) Kützing

Family Gigartinaceae Bory de Saint-Vincent 1828

CHONDRACANTHUS Kützing 1843

Chondracanthus acicularis (Roth) Fredericq

Chondracanthus teedei (Mertens ex Roth) Kützing

[As ‘teedii’ in earlier works.]

CHONDRUS Stackhouse 1797

Chondrus crispus Stackhouse

GIGARTINA Stackhouse 1809

Gigartina pistillata (S.G.Gmelin) Stackhouse

Family Gloiosiphoniaceae F.Schmitz 1892

GLOIOSIPHONIA Carmichael 1833

Gloiosiphonia capillaris (Hudson) Carmichael

PLAGIOSPORA Kuckuck 1897

Plagiospora gracilis Kuckuck

[Requires further investigation.]

Family Haemeschariaceae R.T.Wilce & Maggs 1989

HAEMESCHARIA Kjellman 1883

Haemescharia hennedyi (Harvey) K.L.Vinogradova & T.Yacovleva

Family Kallymeniaceae (J.Agardh) Kylin 1928

CALLOCOLAX F.Schmitz ex Batters 1895

Callocolax neglectus F.Schmitz ex Batters

CALLOPHYLLIS Kützing 1843

Callophyllis laciniata (Hudson) Kützing

EUTHORA J.Agardh 1847

Euthora cristata (C.Agardh) J.Agardh

[As Callophyllis cristata (C.Agardh) Kützing in Hardy & Guiry (2006)]

KALLYMENIA J.Agardh 1842

Kallymenia reniformis (Turner) J.Agardh

MEREDITHIA J.Agardh 1892

Meredithia microphylla (J.Agardh) J.Agardh

Family Nemastomataceae F.Schmitz 1892, nom. cons.

ITONOA Masuda & Guiry 1995

Itonoa marginifera (J.Agardh) Masuda & Guiry

Family Peyssonneliaceae Denizot 1968

PEYSSONNELIA J.Decaisne 1841 [‘PEYSSONELIA’]

Peyssonnelia armorica (P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan) Weber-van Bosse

Peyssonnelia atropurpurea P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan

Peyssonnelia dubyi P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan

Peyssonnelia harveyana P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan ex J.Agardh

Peyssonnelia immersa Maggs & L.M.Irvine

Family Schmitziellaceae Guiry, Garbary & G.W.Saunders 2012

SCHMITZIELLA Bornet & Batters 1892

Schmitziella endophloea Bornet & Batters

[Included in the Acrochaetiales by Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003) and other authors; transferred to a new family provisionally referred to the Gigartinales in Guiry (Reference Guiry2012).]

Family Solieriaceae J.Agardh 1876

SARCODIOTHECA Kylin 1932

Sarcodiotheca gaudichaudii (Montagne) P.W.Gabrielson [Non-native; Table 3.]

SOLIERIA J.Agardh 1842

Solieria chordalis (C.Agardh) J.Agardh

[Non-native; Table 3.]

Family Phyllophoraceae Rabenhorst 1863

AHNFELTIOPSIS P.C.Silva & DeCew 1992

Ahnfeltiopsis devoniensis (Greville) P.C.Silva & DeCew

COCCOTYLUS Kützing 1843

Coccotylus brodiei (Turner) Kützing

Coccotylus hartzii (Rosenvinge) L.Le Gall & G.W.Saunders

[As Ceratocolax hartzii Rosenvinge in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

ERYTHRODERMIS Batters 1900

Erythrodermis traillii (Holmes ex Batters) Guiry & Garbary

GYMNOGONGRUS C.Martius 1833

Gymnogongrus crenulatus (Turner) J.Agardh

Gymnogongrus griffithsiae (Turner) C.Martius

MASTOCARPUS Kützing 1843

Mastocarpus stellatus (Stackhouse) Guiry

PHYLLOPHORA Greville 1830, nom. cons.

Phyllophora crispa (Hudson) P.S.Dixon

Phyllophora pseudoceranoïdes (S.G.Gmelin) Newroth & A.R.A.Taylor

Phyllophora sicula (Kützing) Guiry & L.M.Irvine

SCHOTTERA Guiry & Hollenberg 1975

Schottera nicaeënsis (J.V.Lamouroux ex Duby) Guiry & Hollenberg

STENOGRAMMA Harvey 1840

Stenogramma interruptum (C.Agardh) Montagne ex Harvey

[Non-native; Table 3.]

Family Polyidaceae Kylin 1956, nom. cons.

POLYIDES C.Agardh 1822

Polyides rotunda (Hudson) Gaillon

[‘rotundus’ in earlier works]

Family Schizymeniaceae (F.Schmitz & Hauptfleisch) Masuda & Guiry 1995

SCHIZYMENIA J.Agardh 1851, nom. et typ. cons.

Schizymenia dubyi (Chauvin ex Duby) J.Agardh

Family Sphaerococcaceae Dumortier 1822

SPHAEROCOCCUS Stackhouse 1797

Sphaerococcus coronopifolius Stackhouse

Order Plocamiales G.W.Saunders & Kraft 1994

Family Plocamiaceae Kützing 1843 nom. cons.

PLOCAMIUM J.V.Lamouroux 1813, nom. cons.

Plocamium cartilagineum (Linnaeus) P.S.Dixon

*Plocamium lyngbyanum Kützing

[Partly included in P. cartilagineum in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003) and earlier authors; see Saunders & Lehmkuhl (Reference Saunders and Lehmkuhl2005) and Cremades et al. (Reference Cremades, Barreiro, Maneiro and Saunders2011).]

*Plocamium maggsiae G.W.Saunders & Lehmkuhl

[New species described since Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003); see Saunders & Lehmkuhl (Reference Saunders and Lehmkuhl2005).]

Order Rhodymeniales F.Schmitz 1892

Family Champiaceae Kützing 1843

CHAMPIA Desvaux 1809

Champia parvula (C.Agardh) Harvey

CHYLOCLADIA Greville 1833, nom. cons.

Chylocladia verticillata (Lightfoot) Bliding

GASTROCLONIUM Kützing 1843, nom. cons.

Gastroclonium ovatum (Hudson) Papenfuss

Gastroclonium reflexum (Chauvin) Kützing

Family Lomentariaceae J.Agardh, 1876 nom. cons.

LOMENTARIA Lyngbye 1819

Lomentaria articulata (Hudson) Lyngbye

Lomentaria clavellosa (Turner) Gaillon

Lomentaria orcadensis (Harvey) F.S.Collins

Family Rhodymeniaceae Harvey 1849

CHRYSYMENIA J.Agardh 1842

*Chrysymenia wrightii (Harvey) Yamada

[Non-native; Table 3.]

CORDYLECLADIA J.Agardh 1852

Cordylecladia erecta (Greville) J.Agardh

RHODYMENIA Greville 1830, nom. et orth. cons.

Rhodymenia ardissonei (Kuntze) Feldmann

Rhodymenia delicatula P.J.L.Dangeard

Rhodymenia holmesii Ardissone

Rhodymenia pseudopalmata (J.V.Lamouroux) P.C.Silva

Order Ceramiales Oltmanns 1904

Family Callithamniaceae Kützing 1843

Tribe Callithamnieae F.Schmitz & Hauptfleisch 1897

AGLAOTHAMNION Feldmann-Mazoyer 1941

Aglaothamnion bipinnatum (P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan) Feldmann & G.Feldmann

Aglaothamnion diaphanum L'Hardy-Halos & Maggs

Aglaothamnion feldmanniae Halos

[Non-native; see Table 3.]

Aglaothamnion gallicum (Nägeli) Halos ex Ardré

Aglaothamnion hookeri (Dillwyn) Maggs & Hommersand

Aglaothamnion priceanum Maggs, Guiry & Rueness

Aglaothamnion pseudobyssoides (P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan) Halos

Aglaothamnion roseum (Roth) Maggs & L'Hardy-Halos

Aglaothamnion sepositum (Gunnerus) Maggs & Hommersand

Aglaothamnion tenuissimum (Bonnemaison) Feldmann-Mazoyer

Aglaothamnion tripinnatum (C.Agardh) Feldmann-Mazoyer

CALLITHAMNION Lyngbye 1819

Callithamnion corymbosum (Smith) Lyngbye

Callithamnion granulatum (Ducluzeau) C.Agardh

Callithamnion tetragonum (Withering) S.F.Gray

Callithamnion tetricum (Dillwyn) S.F.Gray

SEIROSPORA Harvey 1846

Seirospora interrupta (Smith) F.Schmitz

Tribe Crouanieae F.Schmitz & Hauptfleisch 1897

CROUANIA J.Agardh 1942

Crouania attenuata (C.Agardh) J.Agardh

Family Wrangeliaceae J.Agardh 1851

Tribe Bornetieae Baldock & Womersley 1998

BORNETIA Thuret 1855

Bornetia secundiflora (J.Agardh) Thuret

Tribe Griffithsieae F.Schmitz & Hauptfleisch 1897

ANOTRICHIUM Nägeli 1862

Anotrichium barbatum (C.Agardh) Nägeli

Anotrichium furcellatum (J.Agardh) Baldock

[Non-native; Table 3.]

GRIFFITHSIA C.Agardh 1817, nom. et orth. cons.

Griffithsia corallinoides (Linnaeus) Trevisan

Griffithsia devoniensis Harvey

HALURUS Kützing 1843

Halurus equisetifolius (Lightfoot) Kützing

Halurus flosculosus (J.Ellis) Maggs & Hommersand

Tribe Monosporeae F.Schmitz & Hauptfleisch 1897

MONOSPORUS Solier 1845

Monosporus pedicellatus (Smith) Solier

Tribe Ptiloteae F.Schmitz & Hauptfleisch 1897

PLUMARIA F.Schmitz 1896, nom. cons.

Plumaria plumosa (Hudson) Kuntze

PTILOTA C.Agardh 1817, nom. cons.

Ptilota gunneri P.C.Silva, Maggs & L.M.Irvine

Tribe Sphondylothamnieae Feldmann-Mazoyer 1941

SPHONDYLOTHAMNION Nägeli 1862

Sphondylothamnion multifidum (Hudson) Nägeli

Tribe Spermothamnieae F.Schmitz 1889

PTILOTHAMNION Thuret 1863

Ptilothamnion pluma (Dillwyn) Thuret

Ptilothamnion sphaericum (P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan ex J.Agardh) Maggs & Hommersand

SPERMOTHAMNION J.E.Areschoug 1847

Spermothamnion repens (Dillwyn) Rosenvinge

Spermothamnion strictum (C.Agardh) Ardissone

Tribe Spongoclonieae F.Schmitz 1889

PLEONOSPORIUM Nägeli 1862, nom. cons.

Pleonosporium borreri (Smith) Nägeli

Family Ceramiaceae Dumortier 1822

Subfamily Ceramioideae De Toni 1903

Tribe Antithamnieae Hommersand 1963

ANTITHAMNION Nägeli 1847

Antithamnion cruciatum (C.Agardh) Nägeli

Antithamnion villosum (Kützing) Athanasiadis

Tribe Ceramieae F.Schmitz & Hauptfleisch 1897

CERAMIUM Roth 1797, nom et typ. cons.

Ceramium botryocarpum A.W.Griffiths ex Harvey

Ceramium ciliatum (J.Ellis) Ducluzeau

Ceramium cimbricum H.E.Petersen

Ceramium circinatum (Kützing) J.Agardh

[Non-native; Table 3.]

Ceramium deslongchampsii Chauvin ex Duby

Ceramium diaphanum (Lightfoot) Roth

Ceramium echionotum J.Agardh

Ceramium gaditanum (Clemente) Cremades

Ceramium pallidum (Nägeli ex Kützing) Maggs & Hommersand

Ceramium secundatum Lyngbye

Ceramium shuttleworthianum (Kützing) Rabenhorst

Ceramium siliquosum (Kützing) Maggs & Hommersand

Ceramium virgatum Roth

GAYLIELLA T.O.Cho, L.J.McIvor & S.M.Boo 2008

Gayliella flaccida (Harvey ex Kützing) T.O.Cho & L.J.McIvor

[As Ceramium flaccidum (Harvey ex Kützing) Ardissone in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003); see Cho et al. (Reference Cho, Boo, Hommersand, Maggs, McIvor and Fredericq2008).]

MICROCLADIA Greville 1830

Microcladia glandulosa (Solander ex Turner) Greville

Tribe Dohrnielleae Feldmann-Mazoyer 1941

ANTITHAMNIONELLA Lyle 1922

Antithamnionella floccosa (O.F.Müller) Whittick

Antithamnionella spirographidis (Schiffner) E.M.Wollaston

[Non-native; Table 3.]

Antithamnionella ternifolia (J.D.Hooker & Harvey) Lyle

[Non-native; Table 3.]

Tribe Pterothamnieae Athanasiadis 1996

PTEROTHAMNION Nägeli 1855

Pterothamnion crispum (Ducluzeau) Nägeli

Pterothamnion plumula (J.Ellis) Nägeli

Pterothamnion polyacanthum (Kützing) Nägeli

Tribe Scagelieae Athanasiadis 1996

SCAGELIA E.M.Wollaston 1972

Scagelia pylaisaei (Montagne) M.J.Wynne

Tribe Scagelothamnieae Athanasiadis 1996

SCAGELOTHAMNION Athanasiadis 1996

Scagelothamnion pusillum (Ruprecht) Athanasiadis

Subfamily Compsothamnioideae De Toni 1903

COMPSOTHAMNION (Nägeli) F.Schmitz 1889

Compsothamnion decompositum (J.Agardh) Maggs & L'Hardy-Halos

Compsothamnion gracillimum De Toni

Compsothamnion thuyoides (Smith) Nägeli

Family Spyridiaceae J.Agardh 1851

Tribe Spyrideae F.Schmitz & P.Hauptfleisch 1897

SPYRIDIA Harvey 1833

Spyridia filamentosa (Wulfen) Harvey

*Spyridia griffithsiana (J.E.Smith) Zuccarello, Prud'homme van Reine & Stegenga

[Included in Spyridia filamentosa in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003, Reference Hardy and Guiry2006); since reinstated, see Zuccarello et al. (Reference Zuccarello, Prud'homme van Reine and Stegenga2004).]

Family Dasyaceae Kützing 1843

Subfamily Dasyoideae F.Schmitz & Falkenberg 1897

DASYA C.Agardh 1824, nom. cons.

Dasya corymbifera J.Agardh

Dasya hutchinsiae Harvey

Dasya ocellata (Grateloup) Harvey

Dasya punicea (Zanardini) Meneghini ex Zanardini

DASYSIPHONIA (Yendo) H.-S.Kim

*Dasysiphonia japonica (Yendo) H.-S.Kim

[Previously known as Heterosiphonia japonica Yendo. Non-native; Table 3.]

Subfamily Heterosiphonioideae H.-G.Choi, Kraft, I.K.Lee & G.W.Saunders 2002

HETEROSIPHONIA Montagne 1842, nom. cons.

Heterosiphonia plumosa (J.Ellis) Batters

Family Delesseriaceae Bory de Saint-Vincent 1828

Subfamily Delesserioideae Stizenberger 1860

Tribe Apoglosseae S.-M.Lin, Fredericq & Hommersand 2012

APOGLOSSOCOLAX Maggs & Hommersand, Reference Maggs and Hommersand1993

Apoglossocolax pusilla Maggs & Hommersand

APOGLOSSUM J.Agardh 1898

Apoglossum ruscifolium (Turner) J.Agardh

Tribe Delesserieae J.Agardh 1841

DELESSERIA J.V.Lamouroux 1813, nom. cons.

Delesseria sanguinea (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux

MEMBRANOPTERA Stackhouse 1809

Membranoptera alata (Hudson) Stackhouse

[Pantoneura angustissima (Turner) Kylin was included by Athanasiadis (Reference Athanasiadis1996) in the synonymy of M. alata. Maggs & Hommersand (Reference Maggs and Hommersand1993, p. 199) had previously suggested that the species may be a growth form of M. alata but considered that further studies were required.]

Tribe Hypoglosseae M.J.Wynne 2001

HYPOGLOSSUM Kützing 1843

Hypoglossum hypoglossoides (Stackhouse) F.S.Collins & Hervey

Subfamily Nitophylloideae De Toni 1903

Tribe Nitophylleae J.Agardh 1897

NITOPHYLLUM Greville 1830, nom. cons.

Nitophyllum punctatum (Stackhouse) Greville

RADICILINGUA Papenfuss 1956

Radicilingua thysanorhizans (Holmes) Papenfuss

Subfamily Phycodryoideae S.-M.Lin, Fredericq & Hommersand 2001

Tribe Cryptopleureae M.J.Wynne 2001

ACROSORIUM Zanardini ex Kützing 1869

Acrosorium ciliolatum (Harvey) Kylin

[Described from Western Australia; included in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003) and Guiry (Reference Guiry2012) as Acrosorium venulosum (Zanardini) Kylin, from the Adriatic; the whole species complex requires further investigation.]

CRYPTOPLEURA Kützing 1843 nom. cons.

Cryptopleura ramosa (Hudson) Lily Newton

GONIMOPHYLLUM Batters 1892

Gonimophyllum buffhamii Batters

Tribe Myriogrammeae Hommersand & Fredericq 1997

HARALDIOPHYLLUM Zinova 1981

Haraldiophyllum bonnemaisonii (Kylin) Zinova

MYRIOGRAMME Kylin 1924

Myriogramme minuta Kylin

[As Drachiella minuta (Kylin) Maggs & Hommersand in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

Tribe Phycodryeae M.J.Wynne 2001

ASTEROCOLAX Feldmann & G.Feldmann 1951

Asterocolax erythroglossi Feldmann & G.Feldmann

ERYTHROGLOSSUM J.Agardh 1898

Erythroglossum laciniatum (Lightfoot) Maggs & Hommersand

PHYCODRYS Kützing 1843

Phycodrys rubens (Linnaeus) Batters

POLYNEURA Kützing 1843

Polyneura bonnemaisonii (C.Agardh) Maggs & Hommersand

Tribe Schizoserideae Hommersand & Fredericq 1997

DRACHIELLA J.Ernst & Feldmann 1957

Drachiella heterocarpa (Chauvin ex Duby) Maggs & Hommersand

Drachiella spectabilis J.Ernst & Feldmann

Family Rhodomelaceae J.E.Areschoug 1847, nom. cons.

Subfamily Bostrychioideae Hommersand 1963

Tribe Bostrychieae Falkenberg 1901

BOSTRYCHIA Montagne 1942, nom. cons.

Bostrychia scorpioides (Hudson) Montagne

Subfamily Rhodomeloideae Hommersand 1963

Tribe Rhodomeleae Schmitz & Falkenberg 1897

HARVEYELLA F.Schmitz & Reinke 1889

Harveyella mirabilis (Reinsch) F.Schmitz & Reinke

[Listed with the Gigartinales in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

ODONTHALIA Lyngbye 1819 nom. cons.

Odonthalia dentata (Linnaeus) Lyngbye

RHODOMELA C.Agardh 1822, nom. cons.

Rhodomela confervoides (Hudson) P.C.Silva

Rhodomela lycopodioides (Linnaeus) C.Agardh

Tribe Brongniartelleae M.J.Parsons 1975

BRONGNIARTELLA Bory de Saint-Vincent 1822

Brongniartella byssoides (Goodenough & Woodward) F.Schmitz

Tribe Amansieae F.Schmitz 1889

HALOPITHYS Kützing 1843

Halopithys incurva (Hudson) Batters

[Reported as ‘Halopitys incurvus’ by previous authors. The genus name, however, is feminine in gender as πίτυς (pithys, a pine, also a goddess who turned into a pine) is feminine.]

Tribe Polysiphonieae F.Schmitz 1889

BOERGESENIELLA Kylin 1956

Boergeseniella fruticulosa (Wulfen) Kylin

Boergeseniella thuyoides (Harvey) Kylin

CHOREOCOLAX Reinsch 1875

Choreocolax polysiphoniae Reinsch

[Listed with the Gigartinales in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

LOPHOSIPHONIA Falkenberg 1897

Lophosiphonia reptabunda (Suhr) Kylin

NEOSIPHONIA M.-S.Kim & I.K.Lee 1999

Neosiphonia harveyi (J.W.Bailey) M.-S.Kim, H.-G.Choi, Guiry & G.W.Saunders

[As Polysiphonia harveyi J.W.Bailey in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003). Non-native; Table 3.]

Neosiphonia elongella (Harvey) M.-S.Kim & I.K.Lee

[As Polysiphonia elongella Harvey in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

POLYSIPHONIA Greville 1823, nom. et typ. cons.

Polysiphonia atlantica Kapraun & J.N.Norris

Polysiphonia brodiei (Dillwyn) Sprengel [‘brodiaei’]

Polysiphonia ceramiiformis P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan [‘ceramiaeformis’]

Polysiphonia denudata (Dillwyn) Greville ex Harvey

Polysiphonia devoniensis Maggs & Hommersand

Polysiphonia elongata (Hudson) Sprengel

Polysiphonia fibrata (Dillwyn) Harvey

Polysiphonia fibrillosa (Dillwyn) Sprengel

Polysiphonia foetidissima Cocks ex Bornet

Polysiphonia fucoides (Hudson) Greville

Polysiphonia furcellata (C.Agardh) Harvey

Polysiphonia nigra (Hudson) Batters

Polysiphonia opaca (C.Agardh) Moris & De Notaris

Polysiphonia simulans Harvey

Polysiphonia stricta (Dillwyn) Greville

Polysiphonia subtilissima Montagne

[Non-native; Table 3.]

Polysiphonia subulifera (C.Agardh) Harvey

VERTEBRATA S.F.Gray 1821

Vertebrata lanosa (Linnaeus) T.A.Christensen

[As Polysiphonia lanosa (Linnaeus) Tandy in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

Tribe Pterosiphonieae Falkenberg 1901

PTEROSIPHONIA Falkenberg 1897

Pterosiphonia ardreana Maggs & Hommersand

Pterosiphonia complanata (Clemente) Falkenberg

Pterosiphonia parasitica (Hudson) Falkenberg

Pterosiphonia pennata (C.Agardh) Sauvageau

Pterosiphonia pinnulata (Kützing) Maggs & Hommersand

Tribe Chondrieae F.Schmitz & Falkenberg 1897

CHONDRIA C.Agardh 1817, nom. cons.

Chondria capillaris (Hudson) M.J.Wynne

Chondria coerulescens (J.Agardh) Falkenberg

Chondria dasyphylla (Woodward) C.Agardh

Tribe Laurencieae F.Schmitz 1889

LAURENCIA J.V.Lamouroux 1813, nom. cons.

Laurencia obtusa (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux

Laurencia pyramidalis Bory de Saint-Vincent ex Kützing

OSMUNDEA Stackhouse 1809

Osmundea hybrida (A.P.de Candolle) K.W.Nam

Osmundea oederi (Gunnerus) G.Furnari

[Included as ‘Osmundea ramosissima (Oeder) Athanasiadis’ in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

Osmundea osmunda (S.G.Gmelin) K.W.Nam & Maggs

Osmundea pinnatifida (Hudson) Stackhouse

Osmundea truncata (Kützing) K.W.Nam & Maggs

CHLOROPHYTA Pascher 1914

Class Trebouxiophyceae Friedl 1995

Order Prasiolales J.H.Schaffner 1922

Family Prasiolaceae F.F.Blackman & Tansley 1902

PRASIOLA (C.Agardh) Meneghini 1838

Prasiola calophylla (Carmichael ex Greville) Kützing

Prasiola crispa (Lightfoot) Kützing

Prasiola furfuracea (Mertens ex Hornemann) Trevisan

Prasiola stipitata Suhr ex Jessen

ROSENVINGIELLA P.C.Silva 1957

Rosenvingiella polyrhiza (Rosenvinge) P.C.Silva

*Rosenvingiella radicans (Kützing) Rindi, McIvor & Guiry

[Not listed by Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003) but noted in text for R. polyrhiza map; later confirmed from Britain by Rindi et al. (Reference Rindi, McIvor and Guiry2004).]

STICHOCOCCUS Nägeli 1849

Stichococcus bacillaris Nägeli

[Included in the Klebsormidiales in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

Class Ulvophyceae Mattox & K.D.Stewart 1984

Order Cladophorales Haeckel 1894

Family Cladophoraceae Wille 1884, nom. cons.

AEGAGROPILA Kützing 1843

Aegagropila linnaei Kützing

[As Cladophora aegagropila (Linnaeus) Trevisan in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

CHAETOMORPHA Kützing 1845, nom. cons.

Chaetomorpha aerea (Dillwyn) Kützing

*Chaetomorpha ligustica (Kützing) Kützing

[Requires further investigation; see Guiry (Reference Guiry2012).]

Chaetomorpha linum (O.F.Müller) Kützing

[Chaetomorpha crassa (C.Agardh) Kützing included as a synonym in Leliaert & Boedeker (Reference Leliaert, Boedeker, Brodie, Maggs and John2007); see Guiry (Reference Guiry2012).]

Chaetomorpha litorea Harvey

Chaetomorpha melagonium (F.Weber & D.Mohr) Kützing

CLADOPHORA Kützing 1845, nom. cons.

Cladophora albida (Nees) Kützing

Cladophora battersii Hoek

Cladophora coelothrix Kützing

Cladophora dalmatica Kützing

Cladophora flexuosa (O.F.Müller) Kützing

*Cladophora fracta (O.F.Müller ex Vahl) Kützing

[Freshwater species penetrating into brackish waters; see Leliaert & Boedeker (Reference Leliaert, Boedeker, Brodie, Maggs and John2007).]

Cladophora globulina (Kützing) Kützing

*Cladophora glomerata (Linnaeus) Kützing

[Freshwater species penetrating into brackish waters; see Leliaert & Boedeker (Reference Leliaert, Boedeker, Brodie, Maggs and John2007).]

Cladophora hutchinsiae (Dillwyn) Kützing

Cladophora laetevirens (Dillwyn) Kützing

Cladophora lehmanniana (Lindenberg) Kützing

Cladophora liniformis Kützing

Cladophora pellucida (Hudson) Kützing

Cladophora prolifera (Roth) Kützing

Cladophora pygmaea Reinke

Cladophora retroflexa (Bonnemaison ex P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan) Hamel

*Cladophora rhodolithicola Leliaert

[Recently described species; see Leliaert et al. (Reference Leliaert, Boedeker, Peña, Bunker, Verbruggen and de Clerck2009).]

Cladophora rupestris (Linnaeus) Kützing

Cladophora sericea (Hudson) Kützing

Cladophora vagabunda (Linnaeus) Hoek

RHIZOCLONIUM F.T. Kützing 1843

Rhizoclonium riparium (Roth) Harvey

WITTROCKIELLA Wille 1909

Wittrockiella amphibia (Collins) C.Boedeker & G.I.Hansen

[As Wittrockiella paradoxa Wille in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

Class Bryopsidophyceae Bessey 1907

Order Bryopsidales J.H.Schaffner 1922

Family Chaetosiphonaceae F.F.Blackman & Tansley 1902

BLASTOPHYSA Reinke 1889

[Taxonomic placement uncertain.]

Blastophysa rhizopus Reinke

Family Bryopsidaceae Bory de Saint-Vincent 1829

BRYOPSIS J.V.Lamouroux 1809

Bryopsis hypnoides J.V.Lamouroux

Bryopsis plumosa (Hudson) C.Agardh

Family Codiaceae Kützing 1843

CODIUM Stackhouse 1797

Codium adhaerens C.Agardh

Codium bursa (Olivi) C.Agardh

Codium fragile subsp. atlanticum (Cotton) P.C.Silva

[Previously considered to be non-native, but recently shown to be native.]

Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot subsp. fragile (Maggs & Kelly, Reference Maggs, Kelly, Brodie, Maggs and John2007)

[Non-native; Table 3.]

Codium tomentosum Stackhouse

Codium vermilara (Olivi) Delle Chiaje

Family Derbesiaceae Hauck 1884

DERBESIA Solier 1846

Derbesia marina (Lyngbye) Solier

Derbesia tenuissima (Moris & De Notaris) P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan

Family Ostreobiaceae P.C.Silva ex Maggs & J.Brodie 2007

OSTREOBIUM Bornet & Flahault 1889

Ostreobium quekettii Bornet & Flahault

CHARACIUM A.Braun 1849

Characium marinum Kjellman

CHLOROCHYTRIUM Cohn 1872

Chlorochytrium cohnii E.P.Wright

[Listed with the Chlorococcales in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

Chlorochytrium dermatocolax Reinke

[Listed with the Chlorococcales in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

CHLOROCOCCUM Meneghini 1842

Chlorococcum submarinum Ålvik

SYKIDION E.P.Wright 1881

Sykidion dyeri E.P.Wright

Order Ulotrichales Borzì 1895

Family Chlorocystidaceae Kornmann & Sahling 1983

HALOCHLOROCOCCUM P.J.L.Dangeard 1965, nom. inval.

Halochlorococcum moorei (N.L.Gardner) Kornmann & Sahling, nom. inval.

[Included in the Chlorocistidales in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

Family Ulotrichaceae Kützing 1843

ACROSIPHONIA J.Agardh 1846

Acrosiphonia arcta (Dillwyn) Gain

[Included in the Acrosiphoniales in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003); see Brodie & Bunker (Reference Brodie, Bunker, Brodie, Maggs and John2007).]

SPONGOMORPHA Kützing 1843

Spongomorpha aeruginosa (Linnaeus) Hoek

[Included in the Acrosiphoniales in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003); see Brodie & Bunker (Reference Brodie, Bunker, Brodie, Maggs and John2007).]

ULOTHRIX Kützing 1833

Ulothrix flacca (Dillwyn) Thuret

Ulothrix implexa (Kützing) Kützing

Ulothrix speciosa (Carmichael) Kützing

Ulothrix subflaccida Wille

UROSPORA J.E.Areschoug 1866, nom. cons.

Urospora penicilliformis (Roth) J.E.Areschoug

Urospora wormskioldii (Mertens ex Hornemann) Rosenvinge

Order Scotinosphaerales Škaloud, Kalina, Nemjová, De Clerck & Leliaert 2013

Family Scotinophaeaceae Škaloud, Kalina, Nemjová, De Clerck & Leliaert 2013

SCOTINOSPHAERA Klebs 1881

Scotinosphaera paradoxa Klebs

[Included in the Chlorococcales as Chlorochytrium facciolaae (Borzi) Bristol in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

Order Ulvales F.F.Blackman & Tansley 1902

Family Bolbocoleaceae [‘Bolbocoleonaceae’] O'Kelly & Rinkel 2007

BOLBOCOLEON N.Pringsheim 1863

Bolbocoleon piliferum N.Pringsheim

[Included in the Chaetophorales in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003); see O'Kelly et al. (2007).]

Family Capsosiphonaceae V.J.Chapman 1952

CAPSOSIPHON Gobi 1879

Capsosiphon fulvescens (C.Agardh) Setchell & N.L.Gardner

Family Gayraliaceae K.L.Vinogradova 1969

GAYRALIA K.L.Vinogradova 1969

Gayralia oxysperma (Kützing) K.L.Vinogradova ex Scagel et al.

[As Monostroma oxyspermum (Kützing) Doty in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

PROTOMONOSTROMA K.L.Vinogradova 1969

Protomonostroma undulatum (Wittrock) K.L. Vinogradova

Family Gomontiaceae De Toni 1889

EUGOMONTIA Kornmann 1960

Eugomontia sacculata Kornmann

[Included in the Ulotrichales in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003); see John (Reference John, Brodie, Maggs and John2007).]

GOMONTIA Bornet & Flahault 1888

Gomontia polyrhiza (Lagerheim) Bornet & Flahault

[Included the Chlorococcales in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003); see John (Reference John, Brodie, Maggs and John2007).]

MONOSTROMA Thuret 1854

Monostroma grevillei (Thuret) Wittrock

Family Kornmanniaceae Golden & K.M.Cole 1986

BLIDINGIA Kylin 1947

Blidingia marginata (J.Agardh) P.J.L.Dangeard ex Bliding

Blidingia minima (Nägeli ex Kützing) Kylin

PSEUDENDOCLONIUM Wille 1901

*Pseudendoclonium dynamenae R.Nielsen

[Now confirmed for Britain; see Nielsen (2007).]

Pseudendoclonium fucicola (Rosenvinge) R.Nielsen

[Included in the Chaetophorales in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003); see Maggs (Reference Maggs, Brodie, Maggs and John2007).]

Pseudendoclonium submarinum Wille

[Included in the Chaetophorales in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003); see Maggs (Reference Maggs, Brodie, Maggs and John2007).]

TELLAMIA Batters 1895

Tellamia contorta Batters

[Included in the Chaetophorales in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003); see Maggs (Reference Maggs, Brodie, Maggs and John2007).]

Family Phaeophilaceae Chappell, O'Kelly, L.W.Wilcox & G.L.Floyd 1990

PHAEOPHILA Hauck 1876

Phaeophila dendroides (P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan) Batters

[Included in the Phaeophilales in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003); see Maggs (Reference Maggs, Brodie, Maggs and John2007).]

Family Ulvaceae J.V.Lamouroux ex Dumortier 1822

OCHLOCHAETE Thwaites 1849

Ochlochaete hystrix Thwaites

PERCURSARIA Bory de Saint-Vincent 1823

Percursaria percursa (C.Agardh) Rosenvinge

RUTHNIELSENIA O'Kelly, Wysor & Bellows 2004

*Ruthnielsenia tenuis (Kylin) O'Kelly, Wysor & Bellows

[Not listed by Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003); see also Nielsen (Reference Nielsen, Brodie, Maggs and John2007).]

ULVA Linnaeus 1753, nom. et typ. cons.

*Ulva californica Wille

[Not listed in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003); reported from Scotland by Hayden & Waaland (Reference Hayden and Waaland2004); potentially non-native; Table 3.]

Ulva clathrata (Roth) C.Agardh

[Included as a synonym of Enteromorpha muscoides (Clemente) Cremades in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003); see Maggs et al. (Reference Maggs, Blomster, Mineur, Kelly, Brodie, Maggs and John2007).]

Ulva compressa Linnaeus

[As Enteromorpha compressa (Linnaeus) Nees in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

Ulva flexuosa Wulfen

[As Enteromorpha flexuosa (Wulfen) J.Agardh in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

Ulva intestinalis Linnaeus

[As Enteromorpha intestinalis (Linnaeus) Nees in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

*Ulva intestinaloides (Koeman & Hoek) Hayden, Blomster, Maggs, P.C.Silva, M.J.Stanhope & J.R.Waaland

[Previously confused with other species of the genus; see Maggs et al. (Reference Maggs, Blomster, Mineur, Kelly, Brodie, Maggs and John2007).]

Ulva lactuca LinnaeusFootnote ⁱⁱⁱ

[This name has been erroneously applied to other species of the genus.]

Ulva linza Linnaeus

[As Enteromorpha linza (Linnaeus) J.Agardh in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

Ulva prolifera O.F.Müller

[As Enteromorpha prolifera (O.F.Müller) J.Agardh in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

*Ulva pseudocurvata Koeman & Hoek

[Previous confusion based on a misidentification of original material; see Maggs et al. (Reference Maggs, Blomster, Mineur, Kelly, Brodie, Maggs and John2007).]

Ulva ralfsii (Harvey) Le Jolis

[As Enteromorpha ralfsii Harvey in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2006).]

Ulva rigida C.Agardh

[This name has been erroneously applied to other species of the genus.]

Ulva torta (Mertens) Trevisan

[As a synonym of Enteromorpha prolifera (O.F.Müller) J.Agardh in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2006).]

ULVARIA Ruprecht 1850

Ulvaria obscura (Kützing) Gayral ex Bliding

[As Monostroma obscurum (Kützing) J.Agardh in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

Ulvaria splendens (Ruprecht) K.L.Vinogradova

[As Ulvaria fusca Postels & Ruprecht in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

UMBRAULVA E.H.Bae & I.K.Lee 2002

Umbraulva dangeardii M.J.Wynne & G.Furnari

[As Umbraulva olivascens (P.J.L.Dangeard) E.H.Bae & I.K.Lee, nom. inval., in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003). Non-native; Table 3.]

Family Ulvellaceae Schmidle 1899

EPICLADIA Reinke 1889

Epicladia flustrae Reinke

Epicladia perforans (Huber) R.Nielsen

*Epicladia phillipsii R.Nielsen.

[See Nielsen (Reference Nielsen, Brodie, Maggs and John2007).]

PSEUDOPRINGSHEIMIA Wille 1909

Pseudopringsheimia confluens (Rosenvinge) Wille.

[Listed in the Chaetophorales in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003); see Nielsen (Reference Nielsen, Brodie, Maggs and John2007).]

SYNCORYNE R.Nielsen & P.M.Pedersen 1977

*Syncoryne reinkei R.Nielsen & P.M.Pedersen

[Previously confused with Ulvella scutata (Reinke) R.Nielsen; see Nielsen (Reference Nielsen, Brodie, Maggs and John2007).]

ULVELLA P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan 1859

[See Nielsen et al. (Reference Nielsen, Petersen, Seberg, Daugbjerg, O'Kelly and Wysor2013).]

Ulvella heteroclada (J.A.Correa & R.Nielsen) R.Nielsen, C.J.O'Kelly & B.Wysor

[As Acrochaete heteroclada J.A.Correa & R.Nielsen in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

*Ulvella inflata (Ercegovic) R.Nielsen, C.J.O'Kelly & B.Wysor

[Not included in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003); recorded from Britain; see Nielsen et al. (Reference Nielsen, Rinkel, Brodie, Brodie, Maggs and John2007).]

Ulvella lens P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan

Ulvella leptochaete (Huber) R.Nielsen, O'Kelly & B.Wysor

[As Entocladia leptochaete (Huber) Burrows in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

Ulvella operculata (J.A.Correa & R.Nielsen) R.Nielsen, O'Kelly & B.Wysor

[As Acrochaete operculata J.A.Correa & R.Nielsen in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).] Ulvella repens (Pringsheim) R.Nielsen, O'Kelly & B.Wysor

[As Acrochaete repens Pringsheim in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

Ulvella scutata (Reinke) R.Nielsen, O'Kelly & B.Wysor

[As Pringsheimiella scutata (Reinke) Marchewianka in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

*Ulvella setchellii P.J.L.Dangeard

[Confirmed in Britain by Nielsen (Reference Nielsen, Brodie, Maggs and John2007).]

Ulvella viridis (Reinke) R.Nielsen, O'Kelly & B.Wysor

[As Acrochaete viridis (Reinke) R.Nielsen in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

Ulvella wittrockii (Wille) R.Nielsen, O'Kelly & B.Wysor

[As Acrochaete wittrockii (Wille) R.Nielsen in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

Order Sphaeropleales Luerssen 1877

Family Microsporaceae Bohlin 1901

MICROSPORA Thuret

Microspora ficulinae P.J.L.Dangeard

[Listed with the Microsporales in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

PHAEOPHYCEAE Kjellman 1891

Order Sphacelariales Migula 1908

Family Cladostephaceae Oltmanns 1922

CLADOSTEPHUS C.Agardh 1817

[The genus Cladostephus was apparently formed from κλάδος (clados, a branch) and στεπηος (stephos, a wreath or crown) (Newton, Reference Newton1931); as stephos is neuter (Stearn, Reference Stearn1973), the genus should be treated as neuter since C. Agardh originally treated some of the species as neuter.]

Cladostephus spongiosum (Hudson) C.Agardh

Cladostephus spongiosum f. verticillatum (Lightfoot) Prud'homme

[Now considered to be a distinct species provisionally called C. hirsutum (Linnaeus) C.-F.Boudouresque & M.Perret-Boudouresque (Heesch, pers. comm.).]

BATTERSIA Reinke ex Batters 1890

Battersia mirabilis Reinke ex Batters

[As Sphacelaria mirabilis (Reinke ex Batters) Prud'homme van Reine in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

Battersia plumigera (Holmes ex Hauck) Draisma, Prud'homme & H. Kawai

[As Sphacelaria plumigera Holmes in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

Battersia racemosa (Greville) Draisma, Prud'homme & H.Kawai

[As Sphacelaria racemosa Greville in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

CHAETOPTERIS Kützing 1843

Chaetopteris plumosa (Lyngbye) Kützing

[As Sphacelaria plumosa Lyngbye in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

SPHACELARIA Lyngbye 1819

Sphacelaria cirrosa (Roth) C.Agardh

Sphacelaria fusca (Hudson) S.F.Gray

Sphacelaria plumula Zanardini

Sphacelaria rigidula Kützing

Sphacelaria tribuloides Meneghini

SPHACELORBUS Draisma, Prud'homme van Reine & H.Kawai 2010

Sphacelorbus nanus (Nägeli ex Kützing) Draisma, Prud'homme & H.Kawai

[As Sphacelaria nana Nägeli ex Kützing in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

Family Sphacelodermaceae Draisma, Prud'homme van Reine & H.Kawai 2010

SPHACELODERMA Kuckuck 1894

Sphaceloderma caespitulum (Lyngbye) Draisma, Prud' homme & H.Kawai

[As Sphacelaria caespitula Lyngbye in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

Family Stypocaulaceae Oltmanns 1922

HALOPTERIS Kützing 1843

Halopteris filicina (Grateloup) Kützing

Halopteris scoparia (Linnaeus) Sauvageau

[As Stypocaulon scoparium (Linnaeus) Kützing in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

PROTOHALOPTERIS Draisma, Prud'homme & H.Kawai 2010

Protohalopteris radicans (Dillwyn) Draisma, Prud'homme & H.Kawai

[As Sphacelaria radicans (Dillwyn) C.Agardh in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

Order Dictyotales Bory de Saint-Vincent 1828

Family Dictyotaceae J.V.Lamouroux ex Dumortier 1822

Tribe Dictyoteae Greville 1833

DICTYOTA J.V.Lamouroux 1809 nom. cons.

Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux

Dictyota spiralis Montagne

Tribe Zonarieae O.C.Schmidt 1938

DICTYOPTERIS J.V.Lamouroux 1809 nom. cons.

Dictyopteris polypodioides (A.P.De Candolle) J.V.Lamouroux

PADINA Adanson 1763 nom. cons.

Padina pavonica (Linnaeus) Thivy

TAONIA J.Agardh 1848

Taonia atomaria (Woodward) J.Agardh

Order Ectocarpales Bessey 1907

Family Acinetosporaceae G.Hamel ex Feldmann 1937

ACINETOSPORA Bornet 1892

Acinetospora crinita (Carmichael) Sauvageau

FELDMANNIA G.Hamel 1939

Feldmannia irregularis (Kützing) G.Hamel

Feldmannia lebelii (J.E.Areschoug ex P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan) G.Hamel

Feldmannia mitchelliae (Harvey) H.-S.Kim

[As Hincksia mitchelliae (Harvery) P.C.Silva in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

Feldmannia padinae (Buffham) G.Hamel

Feldmannia paradoxa (Montagne) G.Hamel

[Including Feldmannia simplex (P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan) G.Hamel.]

HERPONEMA J.Agardh 1882

Herponema solitarium (Sauvageau) G.Hamel

Herponema valiantei (Bornet ex Sauvageau) G.Hamel

Herponema velutinum (Greville) J.Agardh

HINCKSIA J.E.Gray 1864

Hincksia fenestrata (Berkeley ex Harvey) P.C.Silva

Hincksia granulosa (Smith) P.C.Silva

Hincksia hincksiae (Harvey) P.C.Silva

Hincksia ovata (Kjellman) P.C.Silva

Hincksia sandriana (Zanardini) P.C.Silva

Hincksia secunda (Kützing) P.C.Silva

KUETZINGIELLA Kornmann 1956

Kuetzingiella battersii (Bornet ex Sauvageau) Kornmann

Kuetzingiella holmesii (Batters) Kornmann

POGOTRICHUM Reinke 1892

Pogotrichum filiforme Reinke

PYLAIELLA Bory de Saint-Vincent 1823, nom. cons. [also as ‘PILAYELLA’]

Pylaiella littoralis (Linnaeus) Kjellman

Family Petrospongiaceae Racault, Fletcher, De Reviers, G.Y.Cho, S.M.Boo, Parente & F.Rousseau 2009

PETROSPONGIUM Nägeli ex Kützing 1858

Petrospongium berkeleyi (Greville) Nägeli ex Kützing

[Included with the Chordariaceae in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

Family Chordariaceae Greville 1830

ACROTHRIX Kylin 1907

Acrothrix gracilis Kylin

ASPEROCOCCUS J.V.Lamouroux 1813

Asperococcus bullosus J.V.Lamouroux

Asperococcus ensiformis (Delle Chiaje) M.J.Wynne

[Asperococcus compressus A.W.Griffiths ex W.J.Hooker, included in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003) is now regarded as a synonym of this entity.]

Asperococcus fistulosus (Hudson) W.J.Hooker

Asperococcus scaber Kuckuck

BOTRYTELLA Bory de Saint-Vincent 1822

Botrytella micromora Bory de Saint-Vincent

CHILIONEMA Sauvageau 1898

Chilionema hispanicum (Sauvageau) R.L.Fletcher

Chilionema ocellatum (Kützing) Sauvageau

CHORDARIA C.Agardh 1817 nom. cons.

Chordaria flagelliformis (O.F.Müller) C.Agardh

CLADOSIPHON Kützing 1843

Cladosiphon contortus (Thuret) Kylin

Cladosiphon zosterae (J.Agardh) Kylin

CORYNOPHLAEA Kützing 1843

Corynophlaea crispa (Harvey) Kuckuck

*Corynophlaea umbellata (C.Agardh) Kützing

[Non native; see Table 3.]

CYLINDROCARPUS P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan

Cylindrocarpus microscopicus P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan

DICTYOSIPHON Greville 1830

Dictyosiphon chordaria J.E.Areschoug

[As Dictyosiphon chordarius in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

Dictyosiphon foeniculaceus (Hudson) Greville

ELACHISTA Duby 1830 nom. cons.

Elachista flaccida (Dillwyn) Fries

Elachista fucicola (Velley) J.E.Areschoug

Elachista scutulata (Smith) Areschoug

Elachista stellaris J.E.Areschoug

ENDODICTYON Gran 1897

Endodictyon infestans Gran

[As Streblonema infestans (H.Gran) Batters in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

EUDESME J.Agardh 1882

Eudesme virescens (Carmichael ex Berkeley) J.Agardh

GIRAUDYA Derbès & Solier 1851 [‘GIRAUDIA’]

Giraudya sphacelarioides Derbès & Solier

HALOTHRIX Reinke 1888

Halothrix lumbricalis (Kützing) Reinke

HECATONEMA Sauvageau 1898

Hecatonema terminale (Kützing) Kylin

[As reported, this entity probably represents an aggregate of genotypes; see Fletcher (Reference Fletcher1987).]

ISTHMOPLEA Kjellman 1877

Isthmoplea sphaerophora (Carmichael) Goby

LAMINARIOCOLAX Kylin 1947

Laminariocolax aecidioides (Rosenvinge) A.F.Peters

Laminariocolax tomentosoides (Farlow) Kylin

LEATHESIA S.F.Gray 1821

Leathesia marina (Lyngbye) Decaisne

[As Leathesia difformis (Linnaeus) J.E.Areschoug in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

LEBLONDIELLA G.Hamel 1939

Leblondiella densa (Batters) G.Hamel

LEPTONEMATELLA P.C.Silva 1959 nom. cons.

Leptonematella fasciculata (Reinke) P.C.Silva

LITOSIPHON Harvey 1849

Litosiphon laminariae (Lyngbye) Harvey

MESOGLOIA C.Agardh 1817

Mesogloia lanosa P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan

Mesogloia leveillei (J.Agardh) Meneghini

[As Liebmannia leveillei J.Agardh in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003); see Cormaci et al. Reference Cormaci, Furnari and Alongi2014.]

Mesogloia vermiculata (Smith) S.F.Gray

MICROCORYNE Strömfelt 1888

Microcoryne ocellata Strömfelt

MICROSPONGIUM Reinke 1888

Microspongium gelatinosum Reinke

[Probably a life-history phase of Scytosiphon lomentaria (Fletcher in Hardy & Guiry, Reference Hardy and Guiry2006).]

Microspongium globosum Reinke 1841

Microspongium immersum (Levring) P.M.Pedersen

Microspongium stilophorae (P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan) Cormaci & G.Furnari

[As Streblonema tenuissimum Hauck in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

MIKROSYPHAR Kuckuck 1897

Mikrosyphar polysiphoniae Kuckuck

Mikrosyphar porphyrae Kuckuck

MYRIACTULA Kuntze 1898

Myriactula areschougii (P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan) G.Hamel

Myriactula chordae (J.E.Areschoug) Levring

Myriactula clandestina (P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan) Feldmann

Myriactula haydenii (Gatty) Levring

Myriactula rivulariae (Suhr) Feldmann

Myriactula stellulata (Harvey) Levring

MYRIOCLADIA J.Agardh

Myriocladia lovenii J.Agardh

Myriocladia tomentosa P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan

MYRIONEMA Greville 1827

Myrionema corunnae Sauvageau

Myrionema foecundum (Strömfelt) Sauvageau

[As Phycocelis foecunda Strömfelt in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003); see Cormaci et al., Reference Cormaci, Furnari and Alongi2014).]

Myrionema liechtensternii Hauck

Myrionema magnusii (Sauvageau) Loiseaux

Myrionema orbiculare J.Agardh

Myrionema papillosum Sauvageau

Myrionema strangulans Greville

MYRIOTRICHIA Harvey 1834

Myriotrichia claviformis Harvey

[As ‘clavaeformis’ in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

PROTECTOCARPUS Kornmann 1955

Protectocarpus speciosus (Børgesen) Kornmann

PUNCTARIA Greville 1827

Punctaria crispata (Kützing) Trevisan

Punctaria latifolia Greville

[Parente et al. (2010) consider that P. latifolia and P. tenuissima are conspecific, but further studies of P. latifolia from syntype localities in Britain and Ireland are required.]

Punctaria plantaginea (Roth) Greville

Punctaria tenuissima (C.Agardh) Greville

SAUVAGEAUGLOIA G.Hamel ex Kylin 1940

Sauvageaugloia divaricata (Clemente) Cremades

[Included as Sauvageaugloia griffithsiana (A.W.Griffiths ex Harvey) G.Hamel ex Kylin in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003) but now regarded as a synonym of this species.]

SPERMATOCHNUS Kützing 1843 typ. cons.

Spermatochnus paradoxus (Roth) Kützing

SPHAEROTRICHIA Kylin 1940

Sphaerotrichia divaricata (C.Agardh) Kylin

STICTYOSIPHON Kützing 1843

Stictyosiphon griffithsianus (Le Jolis) Holmes & Batters

Stictyosiphon soriferus (Reinke) Rosenvinge

Stictyosiphon tortilis (Gobi) Reinke

STILOPHORA J.Agardh 1841 nom. et typ. cons.

Stilophora tenella (Esper) P.C.Silva

STILOPSIS Kuckuck 1929

Stilopsis lejolisii (Thuret) Kuckuck & Nienburg ex G.Hamel

STREBLONEMA Derbès & Solier 1851

Streblonema breve (Sauvageau) De Toni

Streblonema fasciculatum Thuret

Streblonema helophorum (Rosenvinge) Batters

Streblonema intestinum (Reinsch) Batters

Streblonema parasiticum (Sauvageau) De Toni

Streblonema zanardinii (P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan) De Toni

STRIARIA Greville 1828

Striaria attenuata (Greville) Greville

ULONEMA Foslie 1894

Ulonema rhizophorum Foslie

Family Ectocarpaceae C.Agardh 1828

ECTOCARPUS Lyngbye 1819 nom. cons.

Ectocarpus fasciculatus Harvey

Ectocarpus siliculosus (Dillwyn) Lyngbye

PHAEOSTROMA Kuckuck 1893

Phaeostroma pustulosum Kuckuck

[Listed with the Chordariaceae in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

PILINIA Kützing 1843

Pilinia rimosa Kützing

[Listed as incertae sedis in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

SPONGONEMA Kützing 1849

Spongonema tomentosum (Hudson) Kützing

[Listed with the Chordariaceae in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

Family Scytosiphonaceae Farlow 1881

COLPOMENIA (Endlicher) Derbès & Solier 1851

Colpomenia peregrina Sauvageau

[Non-native; Table 3.]

COMPSONEMA Kuckuck 1899

Compsonema microspongium (Batters) Kuckuck

Compsonema minutum (C.Agardh) Kuckuck

Compsonema saxicola (Kuckuck) Kuckuck

PETALONIA Derbès & Solier 1850, nom. cons.

Petalonia fascia (O.F.Müller) Kuntze

Petalonia filiformis (Batters) Kuntze

Petalonia zosterifolia (Reinke) Kuntze

SCYTOSIPHON C.Agardh 1820

Scytosiphon dotyi M.J.Wynne

[The entity reported from Britain as Scytosiphon dotyi has a limited distribution in England and its identity remains uncertain. It was first described from California (Wynne, Reference Wynne1969), and British populations require further study.]

Scytosiphon lomentaria (Lyngbye) Link

SORAPION Kuckuck 1894

Sorapion kjellmanii (Wille) Rosenvinge

Sorapion simulans Kuckuck

STRAGULARIA Strömfelt 1886

[While species of Stragularia are crustose stages of members of the Scytosiphonaceae (Petalonia and Scytosiphon), the species reported from Britian are not identifiable with any particular entity.]

Stragularia clavata (Harvey) G.Hamel

Stragularia spongiocarpa (Batters) G.Hamel

SYMPHYOCARPUS Rosenvinge 1893

Symphyocarpus strangulans Rosenvinge

Order Discosporangiales O.C.Schmidt 1937

Family Choristocarpaceae Kjellman 1891

CHORISTOCARPUS Zanardini 1860

Choristocarpus tenellus Zanardini

[Listed as incertae sedis in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

Order Ralfsiales Nakamura ex P.-E.Lim & H.Kawai 2007

Family Ralfsiaceae Farlow 1881

PETRODERMA Kuckuck 1897

Petroderma maculiforme (Wollny) Kuckuck

PSEUDOLITHODERMA Svedelius 1910

Pseudolithoderma extensum (P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan) S.Lund

Pseudolithoderma roscoffense Loiseaux

RALFSIA M.J.Berkeley 1843

Ralfsia verrucosa (Areschoug) Areschoug

Order Cutleriales Bessey 1907

Family Cutleriaceae J.W.Griffith & Henfrey 1856

CUTLERIA Greville 1830

Cutleria multifida (Turner) Greville

ZANARDINIA Nardo ex Zanardini 1841

Zanardinia typus (Nardo) P.C.Silva

[The first report of this species from England was by Jephson et al. (Reference Jephson, Fletcher and Berryman1975). It has been suggested to be a possible non-native (Fletcher, Reference Fletcher1987), but its occurrence in restricted habitats in the shallow subtidal in Britain and Ireland indicates that it was more likely to have been overlooked.]

Order Sporochnales Sauvageau 1926

Family Sporochnaceae Greville 1830

CARPOMITRA Kützing 1843 nom. cons.

Carpomitra costata (Stackhouse) Batters

SPOROCHNUS C.Agardh 1817

Sporochnus pedunculatus (Hudson) C.Agardh

Order Tilopteridales Bessey 1907

Family Halosiphonaceae T.Christensen 1962

HALOSIPHON Jaasund 1957

Halosiphon tomentosus (Lyngbye) Jaasund

[Listed under the Tilopteridaceae in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

Family Phyllariaceae Tilden 1935

SACCORHIZA Bachelot de la Pylaie 1829

Saccorhiza polyschides (Lightfoot) Batters

Family Tilopteridaceae Kjellman 1890

HAPLOSPORA Kjellman 1872

Haplospora globosa Kjellman

TILOPTERIS Kützing 1849

Tilopteris mertensii (Turner) Kützing

Order Desmarestiales Setchell & N.L.Gardner 1925

Family Arthrocladiaceae Chauvin 1842

ARTHROCLADIA Duby 1830

Arthrocladia villosa (Hudson) Duby

Family Desmarestiaceae (Thuret) Kjellman 1880

DESMARESTIA J.V.Lamouroux 1813 nom. cons.

Desmarestia aculeata (Linnaeus) J.V.Lamouroux

Desmarestia dudresnayi J.V.Lamouroux ex Leman [‘dresnayi’]

Desmarestia ligulata (Stackhouse) J.V.Lamouroux

Desmarestia viridis (O.F.Müller) J.V.Lamouroux

Order Laminariales Migula 1909

Family Alariaceae Setchell & N.L.Gardner 1925

ALARIA Greville

Alaria esculenta (Linnaeus) Greville

UNDARIA Suringar, 1873

Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar

[Non-native; Table 3.]

Family Chordariaceae Greville 1830

BUFFHAMIA Batters 1895

Buffhamia speciosa Batters

[Listed with the Ectocarpales in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003).]

CHORDA Stackhouse 1797

Chorda filum (Linnaeus) Stackhouse

STREPSITHALIA Bornet ex Sauvageau 1896

Strepsithalia buffhamiana (Batters) Batters

[No recent records; requires further study.]

Family Laminariaceae Bory de Saint-Vincent 1820

LAMINARIA J.V.Lamouroux 1813 nom. cons.

Laminaria digitata (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux

Laminaria hyperborea (Gunnerus) Foslie

Laminaria ochroleuca Bachelot de la Pylaie

SACCHARINA Stackhouse 1809

Saccharina latissima (Linnaeus) C.E.Lane, C.Mayes, Druehl & G.W.Saunders

Order Fucales Bory de Saint-Vincent 1827

Family Sargassaceae Kützing 1843

BIFURCARIA Stackhouse 1809

Bifurcaria bifurcata R.Ross

CYSTOSEIRA C.Agardh 1820 nom. cons.

Cystoseira baccata (S.G.Gmelin) P.C.Silva

Cystoseira foeniculacea (Linnaeus) Greville

Cystoseira humilis var. myriophylloides (Sauvageau) J.H.Price & D.M.John

Cystoseira nodicaulis (Withering) M.Roberts

Cystoseira tamariscifolia (Hudson) Papenfuss

HALIDRYS Lyngbye 1819 nom. cons.

Halidrys siliquosa (Linnaeus) Lyngbye

SARGASSUM C.Agardh 1820 nom. et type cons.

Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt

[Non-native; Table 3.]

Family Fucaceae Adanson 1763

ASCOPHYLLUM Stackhouse 1809 nom. cons.

Ascophyllum nodosum (Linnaeus) Le Jolis

Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackayi (Turner) Cotton

FUCUS Linnaeus 1753

Fucus ceranoides Linnaeus

Fucus cottonii M.J.Wynne & Magne

Fucus distichus Linnaeus

Fucus evanescens C.Agardh

[Non-native; Table 3.]

*Fucus guiryi Zardi, Nicastro, Serrão & G.A.Pearson

[New segregate species from Fucus spiralis; see Zardi et al. (Reference Zardi, Nicastro, Canovas, Costa, Serrão and Pearson2011).]

Fucus serratus Linnaeus

Fucus spiralis Linnaeus

Fucus vesiculosus Linnaeus

PELVETIA Descaisne & Thuret 1845

Pelvetia canaliculata (Linnaeus) Decaisne & Thuret

Family Himanthaliaceae (Kjellman) De Toni

HIMANTHALIA Lyngbye 1819 nom. cons.

Himanthalia elongata (Linnaeus) S.F.Gray

DISCUSSION

Revising the check-list of the seaweeds of Britain has given new insights into the flora which will be of value in future floristic studies and will inform marine biologists and conservation initiatives. A summary of the seaweed flora (Table 4) shows a total of 644 species (including infraspecific taxa) for Britain compared with 642 for Britain and Ireland in Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003). There have been 30 additions to the list since Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003): 14 reds, 14 greens and two browns. These include the discovery and description of five species new to science.

Table 4.

Summary of the seaweed flora of Britain based on the revised check-list. Numbers in parentheses represent the number of species recorded in Hardy & Guiry (2006).

A stringent review of the presence of non-native species has produced a list of 31 species, of which five are new to the British flora. One of the difficulties of determining which species are genuinely non-native is that some of them have been in the flora for a long time and are now perceived to be part of the indigenous flora. Phylogenetic analyses have enabled discovery of the origins of species from different parts of the world. For example, Pyropia leucosticta has proved to be of Pacific origin (Sutherland et al., Reference Sutherland, Lindstrom, Nelson, Brodie, Lynch, Hwang, Choi, Miyata, Kikuchi, Oliveira, Farr, Neefus, Mortensen, Milstein and Müller2011), but specimens well over a century old are in the BM herbarium. In another example, Provan et al. (Reference Provan, Murphy and Maggs2005) were able to track the history of Codium fragile subsp. fragile (as subsp. tomentosoides) using molecular techniques. The number of non-native species recorded here may well be an underestimate and it has been speculated that as much as 25% of the British flora may be non-native in origin (H. Kawai, pers. comm.). Whilst some species, such as Sargassum muticum, are clearly invasive, the majority of the non-natives do not appear to affect the indigenous flora and for those that are considered to be part of the flora such as P. leucosticta, it would be better to think of them as naturalized. Nevertheless, the arrival of new non-native species continues to increase (Brodie et al., Reference Brodie, Williamson, Smale, Kamenos, Mieszkowska, Santos, Cunliffe, Steinke, Yesson, Anderson, Asnaghi, Brownlee, Burdett, Burrows, Collins, Donohughe, Harvey, Foggo, Noisette, Nunes, Raggazola, Raven, Schmidt, Suggett, Teichberg and Hall-Spencer2014b and references therein).

Our data do not include Ireland. Therefore numbers cannot be compared directly (see Guiry, Reference Guiry2012 for a comparison of Britain and Ireland), but the increase in numbers and the changes reported reflect both the work that has been undertaken since Hardy & Guiry (Reference Hardy and Guiry2003) and evidence of a changing flora, and provides the basis for future work.

The use of molecular techniques for identification, taxonomy and phylogenies has radically altered our understanding of diversity and species relationships and is responsible for many of the additions to the list. The results of the molecular work have enabled us to re-evaluate species in order to find characters which could be used for identification in the field and have led to the development of more accessible identification tools (e.g. Bunker et al., Reference Bunker, Brodie, Maggs and Bunker2010). Nevertheless, the molecular work is patchy and there are still many groups of species in the flora that require further taxonomic investment. This check-list is a foundation for such work.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful to Dr Michael J. Wynne and Dr F. Minéur for their helpful comments on the list of non-native species, and to Dr Wynne and Professor Giovanni Furnari for their scholarly and helpful reviews.

FINANCIAL SUPPORT

Funding was provided by John Speddan Lewis for a provisional Red Data list for UK seaweeds which enabled us to revise the species list for British seaweeds.

APPENDIX 1

Nomenclatural innovation

Pyropia drachii (Feldmann) J.Brodie comb. nov.

Basionym: Porphyra drachii Feldmann 1981 (‘1978/1979’), Vie et Milieu, série AB, 28–29(3), p. 426, figures 1–4.

The basis for the new combination for this species is Brodie et al. (Reference Brodie, Maggs and John2007b), in which Porphyra drachii was shown to group with species transferred to the genus Pyropia in Sutherland et al. (Reference Sutherland, Lindstrom, Nelson, Brodie, Lynch, Hwang, Choi, Miyata, Kikuchi, Oliveira, Farr, Neefus, Mortensen, Milstein and Müller2011). For further information regarding this species in Britain, including the designation of a neotype in the absence of the original material, see Brodie & Irvine (Reference Brodie and Irvine2003).

INDEX TO GENERA

Acinetospora, 15
Acrochaetium, 3
Acrosiphonia, 12
Acrosorium, 10
Acrothrix, 15
Aegagropila, 12
Aglaothamnion, 8
Ahnfeltia, 3
Ahnfeltiopsis, 7
Alaria, 18
Anotrichium, 9
Antithamnion, 9
Antithamnionella, 9
Apoglossocolax, 10
Apoglossum, 10
Arthrocladia, 18
Ascophyllum, 18
Asparagopsis, 5
Asperococcus, 16
Asterocolax, 10
Atractophora, 5
Bangia, 3
Battersia, 15
Bifurcaria, 18
Blastophysa, 12
Blidingia, 13
Boergeseniella, 11
Bolbocoleon, 13
Bonnemaisonia, 5
Boreolithon, 5
Bornetia, 9
Bostrychia, 10
Botrytella, 16
Brongniartella, 11
Bryopsis, 12
Buffhamia, 18
Calliblepharis, 6
Callithamnion, 8
Callocolax, 7
Callophyllis, 7
Calosiphonia, 6
Capsosiphon, 13
Carpomitra, 18
Catenella, 6
Caulacanthus, 6
Ceramium, 9
Chaetomorpha, 12
Chaetopteris, 15
Champia, 8
Characium, 12
Chilionema, 16
Chlorochytrium, 12
Chlorococcum, 12
Chondracanthus, 7
Chondria, 11
Chondrus, 7
Chorda, 18
Chordaria, 16
Choreocolax, 11
Choreonema, 5
Choristocarpus, 17
Chroodactylon, 2
Chrysymenia, 8
Chylocladia, 8
Cladophora, 12
Cladosiphon, 16
Cladostephus, 14
Coccotylus, 7
Codium, 12
Colacodictyon, 2
Colaconema, 4
Colpomenia, 17
Compsonema, 17
Compsothamnion, 9
Corallina, 6
Cordylecladia, 8
Corynophlaea, 16
Crouania, 8
Cruoria, 6
Cryptonemia, 5
Cryptopleura, 10
Cutleria, 18
Cylindrocarpus, 16
Cystoclonium, 6
Cystoseira, 18
Dasya, 10
Dasysiphonia, 10
Delesseria, 10
Derbesia, 12
Dermocorynus, 5
Desmarestia, 18
Dictyopteris, 15
Dictyosiphon, 16
Dictyota, 15
Dilsea, 7
Drachiella, 10
Dudresnaya, 7
Dumontia, 7
Ectocarpus, 17
Elachista, 16
Ellisolandia, 6
Endodictyon, 16
Epicladia, 14
Erythrocladia, 2
Erythrodermis, 7
Erythroglossum, 10
Erythropeltis, 2
Erythrotrichia, 2
Eudesme, 16
Eugomontia, 13
Euthora, 7
Exilicrusta, 5
Feldmannia, 15
Fucus, 19
Furcellaria, 7
Gastroclonium, 8
Gayliella, 9
Gayralia, 13
Gelidium, 4
Gigartina, 7
Giraudya, 16
Gloiosiphonia, 7
Gomontia, 13
Gonimophyllum, 10
Gracilaria, 4
Gracilariopsis, 4
Grania, 3
Grateloupia, 5
Griffithsia, 9
Gymnogongrus, 8
Gracilaria, 4
Haemescharia, 7
Halarachnion, 7
Halidrys, 18
Halochlorococcum, 12
Halopithys, 11
Halopteris, 15
Halosiphon, 18
Halothrix, 16
Halurus, 9
Halymenia, 5
Haplospora, 18
Haraldiophyllum, 10
Harveyella, 10
Hecatonema, 16
Helminthocladia, 4
Helminthora, 4
Herponema, 15
Heterosiphonia, 10
Hildenbrandia, 5
Himanthalia, 19
Hincksia, 15
Holmsella, 4
Hydrolithon, 6
Hypoglossum, 10
Isthmoplea, 16
Itonoa, 7
Jania, 6
Kallymenia, 7
Kuetzingiella, 15
Laminaria, 18
Laminariocolax, 16
Laurencia, 11
Leathesia, 16
Leblondiella, 16
Leptonematella, 16
Leptophytum, 5
Lithophyllum, 6
Lithothamnion, 5
Litosiphon, 16
Lomentaria, 8
Lophosiphonia, 11
Mastocarpus, 8
Meiodiscus, 4
Melobesia, 6
Membranoptera, 10
Meredithia, 7
Mesogloia, 16
Mesophyllum, 6
Microcladia, 9
Microcoryne, 16
Microspongium, 16
Microspora, 14
Mikrosyphar, 16
Monosporus, 9
Monostroma, 13
Myriactula, 16
Myriocladia, 16
Myriogramme, 10
Myrionema, 16
Myriotrichia, 17
Naccaria, 5
Neevea, 2
Nemalion, 4
Neosiphonia, 11
Nitophyllum, 10
Ochlochaete, 13
Odonthalia, 11
Osmundea, 11
Ostreobium, 12
Padina, 15
Palmaria, 3
Pantoneura, 10
Pelvetia, 19
Percursaria, 13
Petalonia, 17
Petroderma, 18
Petrospongium, 15
Peyssonnelia, 7
Phaeophila, 13
Phaeostroma, 17
Phycodrys, 10
Phyllophora, 8
Phymatolithon, 6
Pikea, 7
Pilinia, 17
Plagiospora, 7
Pleonosporium, 9
Plocamium, 8
Plumaria, 9
Pneophyllum, 6
Pogotrichum, 15
Polyides, 8
Polyneura, 10
Polyopes, 5
Polysiphonia, 11
Porphyra, 3
Porphyridium, 2
Porphyropsis, 3
Porphyrostromium, 3
Prasiola, 11
Protectocarpus, 17
Protohalopteris, 15
Protomonostroma, 13
Pseudendoclonium, 13
Pseudolithoderma, 18
Pseudopringsheimia, 14
Pterocladiella, 4
Pterosiphonia, 11
Pterothamnion, 9
Ptilota, 9
Ptilothamnion, 9
Punctaria, 17
Pylaiella, 15
Pyropia, 3
Radicilingua, 10
Ralfsia, 18
Rhizoclonium, 12
Rhodella, 2
Rhodochorton, 3
Rhodomela, 11
Rhodophyllis, 7
Rhodophysema, 3
Rhodothamniella, 4
Rhodymenia, 8
Rosenvingiella, 11
Rubrointrusa, 4
Ruthnielsenia, 13
Saccharina, 18
Saccorhiza, 18
Sahlingia, 3
Sarcodiotheca, 7
Sargassum, 18
Sauvageaugloia, 17
Scagelia, 9
Scagelothamnion, 9
Schizymenia, 8
Schmitzia, 6
Schmitziella, 7
Schottera, 8
Scinaia, 4
Scotinosphaera, 13
Scytosiphon, 17
Seirospora, 8
Solieria, 7
Sorapion, 17
Spermatochnus, 17
Spermothamnion, 9
Sphacelaria, 15
Sphaceloderma, 15
Sphacelorbus, 15
Sphaerococcus, 8
Sphaerotrichia, 17
Sphondylothamnion, 9
Spongomorpha, 12
Spongonema, 17
Sporochnus, 18
Spyridia, 10
Stenogramma, 8
Stichococcus, 11
Stictyosiphon, 17
Stilophora, 17
Stilopsis, 17
Stragularia, 17
Streblonema, 17
Strepsithalia, 18
Striaria, 17
Stylonema, 2
Sykidion, 12
Symphyocarpus, 17
Syncoryne, 14
Taonia, 15
Tellamia, 13
Tilopteris, 18
Titanoderma, 6
Tsengia, 5
Ulonema, 17
Ulothrix, 13
Ulva, 13
Ulvaria, 14
Ulvella, 14
Umbraulva, 14
Undaria, 18
Urospora, 13
Vertebrata, 11
Wildemania, 3
Wittrockiella, 12
Zanardinia, 18

Footnotes

ⁱ The supposed basionym, Rivularia multifida F.Weber & D.Mohr, 1804, is an invalid pre-starting-point name; Chordaria multifida Lyngbye, 1819, is the earliest valid name applicable that is suitable as a basionym (Wynne, personal communication). The type locality remains the type locality of the former.

ⁱⁱ Düwel & Wegeberg (Reference Düwel and Wegeberg1996) showed that Leptophytum Adey is a heterotypic synonym of Phymatolithon Foslie. This was confirmed by Woelkerling et al. (Reference Woelkerling, Furnari and Cormaci2002). In order to use the name Leptophytum as distinct from Phymatolithon, Athanasiadis & Adey proposed to conserve the name Leptophytum laeve Strömfelt against Lithophyllum laeve Kützing with a conserved type (Proposal 1577, published in Taxon 52, 342–350, 2003). This proposal was rejected by the Nomenclatural Committee for Algae (Taxon 53, 1065–1067, 2004), and this recommendation of rejection was approved by the General Committee on Botanical Nomenclature and ratified by the International Botanical Congress in Vienna in 2005 (Taxon 55, 795–800, 2006). The use of the name Leptophytum as a distinct genus, is thus illegitimate, but no solution has been proposed to date.

ⁱⁱⁱ The type of Ulva lactuca Linnaeus (Linnaeus Reference Linnaeus1753) has been reported to be identical molecularly to the species currently known as Ulva fasciata Delile (see O'Kelly et al. Reference O'Kelly, Kurihara, Shipley and Sherwood2010, and included references), a species originally described from Alexandria in Egypt (Delile Reference Delile1813) that is not known in Britain. However, the species routinely determined as U. lactuca in the north-eastern Atlantic is clearly not the same as what is known as U. fasciata in the Mediterranean (Cormaci et al. Reference Cormaci, Furnari and Alongi2014). While O'Kelly et al. (Reference O'Kelly, Rinkel, Brodie, Maggs, Brodie, Maggs and John2010) have treated U. fasciata as a ‘junior synonym’ [heterotypic later synonym] of U. lactuca, this is only in terms of the molecular identity of the type of U. lactuca. The taxonomic issue may be best resolved by nomenclatural conservation of Ulva lactuca Linnaeus with a neotype consistent with its long-term morphotaxonomic identity in the north-eastern Atlantic.

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Table 1. Check-lists which include British seaweeds.

Table 2. Species excluded from British check-list since Hardy & Guiry (2003).

Table 3. Non-native species in Britain.

Table 4. Summary of the seaweed flora of Britain based on the revised check-list. Numbers in parentheses represent the number of species recorded in Hardy & Guiry (2006).

Article contents

A revised check-list of the seaweeds of Britain

Abstract

Keywords

Information

INTRODUCTION

MATERIALS AND METHODS

RESULTS

PLANTAE Haeckel 1866 RHODOPHYTA Wettstein 1901

CHLOROPHYTA Pascher 1914

PHAEOPHYCEAE Kjellman 1891

DISCUSSION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

FINANCIAL SUPPORT

APPENDIX 1

Footnotes

References

REFERENCES

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PLANTAE Haeckel 1866
RHODOPHYTA Wettstein 1901