II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

Polycrystalline samples of compounds with nominal composition corresponding to Gd_5−x Nd _x Si₄ (x = 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) were prepared by arc-melting the elements in high purity argon atmosphere on a water-cooled copper hearth. The purity of the starting elements was 99.9 wt.% for Gd and Nd and 99.99 + wt.% for Si. The samples were annealed at 1050 °C for 10 days.

For XRD measurements, each annealed sample was manually ground in an agate mortar. The obtained powder was not sieved purposely. A 0.3-mm-diameter capillary was filled, as usual, with the powder of GdNd₄Si₄ compound. The powder was also fixed outside borosilicate glass capillaries with outer diameters of 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 mm, using a fine layer of a commercial Vaseline. The capillaries have wall thickness of 0.01 mm and were supplied by Capillary Tube Supplies Ltd. We name four experimental settings: setting I – powder inside 0.3-mm-diameter capillary; setting II – powder outside 0.3-mm-diameter capillary; setting III – powder outside 0.5-mm-diameter capillary; setting IV – powder outside 0.7-mm-diameter capillary. The powder excess is removed using a vibrating device developed in-house. The powders of the other compounds of the series were fixed only outside the 0.7-mm-diameter capillaries. The capillaries are mounted in ferromagnetic stainless steel holders. The capillary holder is fit together with the magnetic tip attached to the 3-circle diffractometer. This magnetic tip is able to rotate, providing the desirable spinning (~300 r.p.m.) of capillaries during the measurements. The X-ray beam size at the sample position is ~2.0 mm (horizontal) and ~0.7 mm (vertical). During the measurements, the capillaries rely on the horizontal plane, along the direction perpendicular to the beam, at 760 mm from the detectors.

The XRD patterns were obtained at room temperature using the MYTHEN 24K system, from Dectris^®. These kind of position-sensitive detectors have been used for a few years in other synchrotron facilities (see, for instance, Bergamaschi et al., Reference Bergamaschi, Cervellino, Dinapoli, Gozzo, Henrich, Johnson, Kraft, Mozzanica, Schmitt and Shi2010; Thompson et al., Reference Thompson, Parker, Marchal, Potter, Birt, Yuan, Fearn, Lennie, Streeta and Tang2011). Since there is a gap between each detector, a whole diffraction pattern is, in fact, a merging of two diffraction patterns obtained in two different positions 0.5° apart from each other. The step size is fixed at 0.004°. The NIST SRM640d standard Si powder was used to determine the X-ray wavelength with precision. The wavelength used was 1.0328(1) Å. Additional information of the beamline: ULE (ultra-low expansion) Rh-coated glass mirror, which is used to focus/collimate the white beam vertically, as well as filter the high-energy photons; double-crystal Si (111) monochromator; energy resolution ΔE/E = 3 × 10⁻⁴ at 8 keV (1.55 Å).

The magnetic transition temperatures were obtained from the magnetization measured as a function of the temperature using the commercial MPMS (Magnetic Property Measurement System) magnetometer, from Quantum Design^®. The magnetic measurements were performed on the annealed pieces of the studied compounds. The values of the transition temperatures were determined from the derivative minimum in the magnetization vs. temperature curves.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The XRD patterns were analyzed using TOPAS software (Bruker: TOPAS Software, 2015). Structural analysis using the Rietveld refinement method (Rietveld, Reference Rietveld1969) achieved satisfactory values, refining zero error, and 6 terms of Chebychev background polynomial as general independent parameters; for each crystal structure: one scale factor, lattice parameters (3 for orthorhombic and 2 for tetragonal), TCHZ peak type (the first 4 terms of peak shape), and atomic displacement parameters (depending on atomic sites). The annealed samples are not single-phase. Only for Gd₄NdSi₄ compound, the reflections of the secondary phase were not considered in the refinement because of their very low intensities. Good fits were achieved from Rietveld refinement analysis for all settings (see Figure 1(b), for fit of setting II). For setting II, we have obtained R _wp = 9.19%, gof = 3.221; for setting I, we have obtained R _wp = 8.74%, gof = 2.465. The intensity mismatch found in a few peaks may be due to some poor grain statistics (reduced number of powder particles and significant size distribution) and to differences in site occupancies. Since these contributions are convoluted (for 0 < x < 5) and we consider they are small, we chose not to refine them.

Figure 1.

(Color online) (a) X-ray diffraction patterns for the powder of GdNd₄Si₄ compound fixed outside (thin line) and inside (thick line) the 0.3-mm-diameter capillary. Acquisition time: 360 s. The inset shows a few reflections of the tetragonal phase. The asterisks mark reflections of the secondary phase. (b) Observed and calculated X-ray diffraction intensities for the powder fixed outside the 0.3-mm-diameter capillary.

In Figure 1(a), we show the XRD patterns for the powder of GdNd₄Si₄ compound fixed outside (setting II) and inside (setting I) the 0.3-mm-diameter capillary. Comparing the peak intensities, we observe that the signal/background ratio related to the maximum of the (2 2 1) reflection of the majority tetragonal phase (space group P4₁2₁2), for instance, is about 6.7 for the powder inside the 0.3-mm-diameter capillary and about 40.9 for the powder outside the same capillary, both measured with the same acquisition time of 360 s. In the inset of Figure 1(a), we can notice that the smallest peaks of the pattern of setting II are barely observed in the pattern of setting I. The differences between the patterns of setting I and setting II show the effects of the high X-ray absorption factor of this material at 12 keV (1.03 Å). For the compounds of the series (Gd, Nd)₅Si₄ measured inside a 0.3-mm-diameter capillary at 12 keV (1.03 Å), the absorption factor μR > 14.

When we analyze the e.s.d. values from the refinements using TOPAS software, we observe that the e.s.d. values from pattern of setting I are always larger than the corresponding values from pattern of setting II, in spite of smaller gof value. This difference is shown in Figure 2, where we present the parameters a and c obtained from Rietveld refinement for measurements in four different settings. It is easy to see that the e.s.d. values are larger for the refinement of the pattern of setting I in comparison with the other settings. Besides, considering the majority tetragonal phase (space group P4₁2₁2), the values of a and c parameters for setting I are different from those obtained for the other settings, and the values of a and c parameters for the settings II, III, and IV are much closer comparing with each other. Then, considering the settings with the powder outside different capillaries, we observe a great reproducibility of the results, which are not dependent on the diameter of the capillaries, at least in the range between 0.3 and 0.7 mm. It is known that the capillary diameter influences the linewidths. Indeed, taking the (2 3 1) reflection as an example, we observe that the linewidths are 0.041, 0.044, and 0.049° for settings II, III, and IV, respectively. The peaks present asymmetries that contribute to the refinement errors.

Figure 2.

(Color online) Parameters a and c of the tetragonal phase in GdNd₄Si₄ compound obtained from different experimental settings: setting I – powder inside 0.3-mm-diameter capillary; setting II – powder outside 0.3-mm-diameter capillary; setting III – powder outside 0.5-mm-diameter capillary; setting IV – powder outside 0.7-mm-diameter capillary.

The methodology of measuring XRD of the samples powder fixed outside the capillaries was applied to several representative compounds of the series Gd_{5− x} Nd _x Si₄ (x = 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5). Analyzing the diffraction patterns, only Gd₄NdSi₄ did not have the secondary phase identified. The other compounds had the majority phase and the secondary phase adjusted, and the secondary phase is always the (Gd, Nd)Si orthorhombic phase (space group Pnma). The majority phase is the (Gd, Nd)₅Si₄ orthorhombic phase (space group Pnma) for the compounds with x = 1 and 2. In the case of the compounds with x = 3, 4, and 5, the majority phase is the (Gd, Nd)₅Si₄ tetragonal phase (space group P4₁2₁2). For Nd₅Si₄ compound (x = 5), the lattice parameters of the tetragonal phase are a = 7.8637(1)  Å, c = 14.8703(2)  Å and V = 919.55(3) Å³. For the same compound and phase, Yang et al. (Reference Yang, Rao, Chu, Liu, Ouyang and Liang2002) reported the lattice parameters a = 7.8694(0) Å, c = 14.8077(1) Å and V = 917.00 Å³, while Roger et al. (Reference Roger, Babizhetskyy, Jardin, Halet and Guérin2006) reported the lattice parameters a = 7.8730(1) Å, c = 14.8389(2) Å and V = 919.78 Å³. The relative amount of the phases are listed in Table I. The respective errors are the e.s.d. values from the refinements using TOPAS. The lattice parameters of the compounds are listed in Table II.

Table I.

Structural phase amounts and magnetic transition temperatures of compounds of the series (Gd, Nd)₅Si₄.

Table II.

Structural parameters of Gd_5−x Nd _x Si₄ compounds obtained from Rietveld refinements.

Even existing a change in the symmetry in the middle of the composition range of the series Gd_{5− x} Nd _x Si₄, the unit cell volume of the majority phase of each compound changes almost linearly as a function of neodymium content [Figure 3(a)]. A similar behavior is observed for the secondary phase. For this quasi-linearity, we assume that the majority phases (and the secondary phase, as a consequence) have the same Nd content of the nominal composition and it does not seem to depend on the secondary phase amounts. When we analyze the magnetic transition temperature (T _C), it is easy to see that there is a discontinuity in its variation as a function of Nd content (Figure 3), just between the compositions where the majority phase changes from tetragonal (x = 3) to orthorhombic (x = 4). It is worth noting that the rate dT _c/dx is almost the same for the tetragonal and orthorhombic phases: −19 and −20 K/10% at. Nd, respectively. The ratio of the majority orthorhombic phase was obtained including the data for Gd₅Si₄ compound from Pecharsky and Gschneidner (Reference Pecharsky and Gschneidner1997).

Figure 3.

(Color online) (a) Magnetic transition temperature (solid symbols) and unit cell volume (open symbols) of the majority phase of each compound as a function of Nd content. (b) The inverse of the average of the four smallest distances between two rare earth sites in the majority phases (open symbols) as a function of Nd content in comparison with the magnetic transition temperatures (solid symbols). The error bars are smaller than the symbols. Solid triangles and open circles are data from Pecharsky and Gschneidner (Reference Pecharsky and Gschneidner1997).

Considering the average of the four smallest interatomic distances (see Table III) between different rare earth sites of the majority phase of each compound, hereafter called 4R _i -R_j , we can also observe a discontinuity in its variation as a function of Nd content (x) in the same x range observed for the magnetic transitions. To a better comparison, in Figure 3(b), it is plotted the inverse of 4R _i -R_j as a function of x, as well as the magnetic transition temperatures. It is easy to see the similarities between (4R _i -R_j ) ⁻¹ vs. x and T _C vs. x. Nevertheless, considering only two smallest distances between different rare earth sites, (4R _i -R_j ) ⁻¹ vs. x behavior (not shown) is significantly different from the T _C vs. x profile. In fact, a linear behavior is observed in the majority tetragonal phase, considering the nearest and next-nearest rare earth neighbors, which have the same distances, approximately (see Table III). Nevertheless, the linear behavior is only observed in the majority orthorhombic phase, when considering at least the three smallest interatomic distances between different rare earth sites. This is an indication that the exchange interactions (directly related to the magnetic transitions) in the orthorhombic phase are not governed by the distances among only the nearest and next-nearest rare earth neighbors of other rare earth ions in compounds of the series Gd_{5− x} Nd _x Si₄. The influence of further neighbors seems to be also very important. A similar assumption was done, for instance, in relation to compounds of the series Nd₅Si_{4− y} Ge _y (Yang et al., Reference Yang, Rao, Liu, Ouyang, Liu, Feng, Chu and Liang2003). It is important to notice that the difference between the average distance of the third and fourth neighbors and the average distance of the first and second neighbors is smaller in the orthorhombic phase (~0.09 Å), by a factor of 2, comparing with the tetragonal phase (~0.18 Å).

Table III.

The four smallest interatomic distances between different rare earth sites of the majority phase of each compound. These values were obtained using the software Diamond (version 3.2k).