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Validation of an Internal Infection Control Chatbot

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 June 2026

Molly Steele
Affiliation:
University of Chicago Medicine
Vera Chu
Affiliation:
University of Chicago Medicine
Palak Patel
Affiliation:
University of Chicago
Patricia Zuccaro
Affiliation:
The University of Chicago Medical Center
David Zhang
Affiliation:
University of Chicago Medical Center

Abstract

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Background: Effective infection prevention and control is integral to the delivery of safe patient care, and with ever increasing demands on their attention, systems to help navigate policy-based guidance can support infection preventionists (IPs) and their healthcare colleagues. Here we present the validation process and results for an internal infection control chatbot. Methods: Eleven frequently asked questions were selected to evaluate the performance of ChatUCM, an AI-powered chatbot. Each question was posed five times and response quality was scored by intent recognition, relevance, accuracy, completeness, and consistency. A category pass threshold was set at 75%. IP feedback was incorporated in a ChatUCM update and response quality was scored again. Reference document edits and real-time prompt modifications were made based on post-update scores. A final round of scoring was performed using similar validation metrics. Two IPs scored a subset of five out of the eleven frequently asked questions to assess interrater reliability. Six nursing managers were invited to ask ChatUCM any questions and score its responses by intent recognition, their ability to trust response accuracy, whether their question was fully answered, the achievement of intended goals, and ease of use. 29 questions were submitted. An IP reviewer also scored these ChatUCM responses as optimal, suboptimal/ no harm, and suboptimal/ possible harm. Results: The impact of the update on scores was variable. ChatUCM performed well on the same 7 out of 11 questions before and after validation round 1 (Fig. 1). After the final round of retraining, ChatUCM passed all categories with high interrater reliability for our frequently asked questions (Fig. 2). Response quality was less predictable outside of these eleven questions (Fig 3, Fig 4). To ensure its safe use, multiple safety checks were created, including disclaimer language, citation links, education, and a query report to facilitate audits. We encountered multiple surprises while validating ChatUCM. The first update resulted in significant improvements, such as the ability to digest data in table and flow diagram formats. It also saw category scores decrease for six questions, three of which had overall scores drop. ChatUCM struggled with accuracy for questions that required accounting for multiple clinical factors (ex: shingles guidance). Conclusions: These findings suggest that ChatUCM could substantially reduce IP workload by accurately answering questions contained in internal SOPs and policies. Additional development will be needed to improve reliability before the tool can function independently without human oversight, particularly when multiple clinical factors must be taken into account.

A table comparing IP validation rounds across different metrics.

A table summarizing IP validation round results with various metrics and overall score.

A table summarizing nurse manager validation round feedback on various aspects of responses.

A table categorizing queries into optimal, suboptimal/no harm, and suboptimal/possible harm.

Information

Type
Technology
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BY
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America