Case

Our patient was born at term gestation via caesarean section to a 28-year-old nulliparous mother; the pregnancy was complicated by type 2 diabetes requiring metformin and insulin therapy. A prenatal ultrasound showed right lateral cerebral ventriculomegaly but was otherwise normal. The delivery and immediate postnatal course were unremarkable. Given the history of maternal diabetes, a transthoracic echocardiogram was obtained after birth, which demonstrated a right aortic arch with isolated origin of the left innominate artery from the left pulmonary artery via a small left-sided ductus arteriosus. There was bidirectional flow in the left ductus arteriosus (Fig 1, second panel).

Figure 1.

The first panel shows the patient’s initial chest CTA showing a right aortic arch with isolated left innominate from the aortic arch. The left innominate is connected to the pulmonary artery by a left patent ductus arteriosus. The second panel shows ( a ) the initial Edward’s hypothetical double aortic with ( b ) regression of the left truncus arteriosus sac or ventral aortic root proximal to the left common carotid artery and the dorsal aorta distal to the left subclavian artery leading to ( c ) a right aortic arch with isolated left innominate. CTA=CT angiography.

CT angiography of the chest, head, and neck confirmed this diagnosis. The base of the left innominate artery was approximately 7 mm away from the transverse aortic arch (Fig 1), a distance that increased to 23 mm at 14 months of age. There was adequate perfusion of the patient’s left arm, with blood pressure measurements consistently 20–30 mmHg lower than in the right arm. Given a concern for cerebral perfusion, a brain MRI was performed at 7 days of life, showing mild dilation of the lateral ventricles and thinning of the corpus callosum, consistent with mild global volume loss without evidence of stroke (Fig 2a). Although surgical intervention was considered in this patient, it was determined at that time that the distance between the isolated innominate artery and the aortic arch complicated reimplantation with potential need for a conduit and future upsizing with somatic growth over time. Close outpatient follow-up with neurodevelopmental surveillance was arranged.

Figure 2.

( a ) Axial T2-weighted magnetic resonance image obtained at 7 days of life reveals mild dilation of the supratentorial ventricular system and diffusely thin corpus callosum. ( b ) Axial T2-weighted and ( c ) sagittal T1-weighted images obtained at 13 months of age show progression of the diffuse white matter volume loss and commensurate ventricular dilatation with diffuse thinning of the corpus callosum. ( d ) digital subtraction angiography (DSA), right vertebral artery injection, with collateral flow to the left vertebral, subclavian, and carotid arteries, also involving the cervical segment of the anterior spinal artery (cervical anterior spinal artery steal). Note the opacification of the left middle cerebral artery via the left posterior communicating artery. ( e ) DSA, selective injection of the right superior thyroid artery, collateral flow to the left carotid artery via the left superior thyroid artery (thyroid steal). ( f ) DSA, right T8 injection, documenting a prominent anterior spinal artery supplying the left subclavian artery via an enlarged left C7 radiculomedullary artery. ASA=anterior spinal artery; DSA=digital subtraction angiography; LCCA=left common carotid artery; LICA=left internal carotid artery; LMCA=left middle cerebral artery; LSA=left subclavian artery; LVA=left vertebral artery; RST=right superior thyroid artery; RVA=right vertebral artery.

The patient met appropriate developmental milestones with no focal neurologic deficits. Interestingly, the arm circumference was approximately 1 cm greater on the right, with a persistent 20–30 mmHg difference in systolic blood pressure measurements. As part of her neurologic surveillance, a contrast-enhanced head ultrasound was performed at 4 months of age, showing homogenous and symmetric perfusion. At 13 months of age, her parents reported intermittent dragging of her left foot, though her neurologic examination was normal at that time. Brain MRI at that time demonstrated global cerebral white matter atrophy, thinning of the corpus callosum, and commensurate ex-vacuo ventricular dilation, a progression from the initial scan (Fig 2b and c). MR perfusion studies showed a mildly prolonged time to peak in the left middle cerebral artery territory but symmetric cerebral blood flow, volume, and mean transit time. Cerebral angiography showed multiple collateral channels supplying the left innominate artery, with evidence of a subclavian steal phenomenon (i.e., retrograde flow from the left vertebral artery opacifying both the left subclavian and internal carotid arteries) (Fig 2d). Spinal angiography was also performed due to concerns for transient gait deficit and abnormal spinal vessels on non-invasive studies. It revealed a thyroid steal phenomenon with collateral flow to the left internal carotid artery via the left superior thyroid artery (Fig 2e). It also showed a dilated thoracolumbar anterior spinal artery, best opacified from a right T8 injection and supplying the left subclavian artery via a prominent left C7 radiculomedullary artery, consistent with an angiographic spinal steal phenomenon (Fig 2f). Genetic and metabolic testing investigating alternative causes of cerebral white matter atrophy were negative. Of note, plasma lactate level drawn at 15 months of age was elevated at 3.4, consistent with hypoperfusion.