Current state and gaps in penicillin allergy management in long-term care settings

Approximately 10% of the United States (US) population has a penicillin allergy label (PAL), yet studies show that up to 90% of these individuals are not truly allergic and can safely receive penicillin.^{Reference Shenoy, Macy, Rowe and Blumenthal1–Reference DesBiens, Scalia and Ravikumar5} This mislabeling contributes to negative health outcomes, including higher use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, increased healthcare costs, and greater risks of adverse effects such as Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) and antimicrobial resistance.^{Reference Krah, Jones, Lake and Hersh6–Reference Mattingly, Fulton and Lumish10}

Efforts to remove inaccurate PALs—known as delabeling—have expanded over the past decade.^{Reference Khan, Banerji and Blumenthal4,Reference Macy and Adkinson11,Reference Samarakoon, Accarino, Wurcel, Jaggers, Judd and Blumenthal12} Historically performed by allergists in clinics, structured delabeling programs have been increasingly implemented across diverse clinical settings, including ambulatory clinics, emergency departments, general medicine wards, intensive care units, surgical wards, and inpatient rehabilitation facilities.^{Reference Samarakoon, Accarino, Wurcel, Jaggers, Judd and Blumenthal12–Reference Galipean and Jacob18} These programs often utilize comprehensive allergy history assessments, risk stratification tools like PEN-FAST, and direct oral drug challenges.^{Reference Shenoy, Macy, Rowe and Blumenthal1,Reference Khan, Banerji and Blumenthal4,Reference Samarakoon, Accarino, Wurcel, Jaggers, Judd and Blumenthal12,Reference Trubiano, Vogrin and Chua19} For patients with low-risk allergy histories, delabeling may be performed based on history alone or through oral amoxicillin challenges, whereas those with high-risk histories may require penicillin skin testing followed by oral amoxicillin challenges, or referral to an allergist for further evaluation.^{Reference Shenoy, Macy, Rowe and Blumenthal1,Reference Khan, Banerji and Blumenthal4,Reference Samarakoon, Accarino, Wurcel, Jaggers, Judd and Blumenthal12,Reference Stone, Trubiano, Coleman, Rukasin and Phillips20} Programs led by non-allergist healthcare providers, including pharmacists and infectious disease specialists, have demonstrated success across settings.^{Reference Samarakoon, Accarino, Wurcel, Jaggers, Judd and Blumenthal12,Reference Turner, Wrenn and Sarubbi21–Reference Arasaratnam, Guastadisegni, Kouma, Maxwell, Yang and Storey23}

Despite these advancements, structured penicillin allergy evaluation and delabeling programs remain limited in long-term care (LTC) settings.^{Reference Samarakoon, Accarino, Wurcel, Jaggers, Judd and Blumenthal12} Consequently, LTC residents with PALs continue to face barriers to optimal antibiotic therapy, placing them at a potentially increased risk for negative health outcomes. Studies report that nearly one in four LTC residents carries a PAL, and these residents are less likely to receive beta-lactam antibiotics, potentially leading to increased use of broad-spectrum antibiotics or antibiotics at higher risk for CDI such as fluoroquinolones.^{Reference Foong, Fowle and Doron24–Reference Foong, Doron and Wurcel26}

A recent call to action highlights the need to include underrepresented research participants to develop and evaluate the impact of interventions on health outcomes in heterogeneous populations.^{Reference Wang, Corbie and Allore27} These principles extend to other populations marginalized beyond sex, race, and ethnicity, including older adults in LTC settings, who are frequently overlooked in research. LTC residents, already at greater risk for infections and adverse outcomes from broader-spectrum antibiotic use, face setting-specific barriers that can exacerbate existing health inequities.^{Reference Daneman, Bronskill and Gruneir28,29}

Unique challenges in long-term care settings

Implementing penicillin allergy delabeling programs in LTC settings presents distinct challenges rooted in both structural and operational constraints. (Table 1) Staffing shortages, high turnover, burnout, and limited resources, exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic, create significant barriers to initiatives such as comprehensive penicillin allergy assessment and delabeling protocols.^{44–Reference Sloane, Yearby, Konetzka, Li, Espinoza and Zimmerman46}

Table 1.

Challenges and potential solutions for implementing penicillin allergy delabeling in long-term care settings

LTC, long-term care.

Another critical gap lies in the limited research on penicillin allergy delabeling in LTC settings. While recent studies have examined the prevalence of PALs and barriers to delabeling, evidence on the implementation of such programs in LTC remains scarce.^{Reference Foong, Fowle and Doron24–Reference Foong, Doron and Wurcel26,Reference Gillespie, Sitter and McConeghy30} Although one small study demonstrated the feasibility of a penicillin allergy delabeling program in a post-acute rehabilitation facility, its cost-effectiveness, sustainability, and impact were not evaluated.^{Reference Galipean and Jacob18} This research gap hinders the development and implementation of tailored, evidence-based delabeling strategies to optimize antibiotic prescribing practices in LTC populations.

Regulatory requirements also hinder penicillin allergy delabeling efforts.^{Reference Colón-Emeric, Plowman and Bailey47} LTC facilities face stringent oversight and burdensome documentation mandates, which can discourage additional interventions aimed at addressing inaccurate PALs. Concerns about regulatory scrutiny and liability further exacerbate hesitancy among healthcare providers when managing allergies in vulnerable LTC populations.^{Reference Gillespie, Sitter and McConeghy30}

The national shortage of allergists, combined with insufficient education and awareness among LTC healthcare providers further complicate these implementation efforts.^{Reference Gillespie, Sitter and McConeghy30,48} LTC residents, particularly in rural settings, often lack access to specialist care including allergists, leaving LTC clinicians without the resources or confidence to manage penicillin allergy delabeling safely.^{Reference Henning-Smith, Kozhimannil, Casey and Prasad49} Many LTC healthcare providers are unfamiliar with the evidence supporting penicillin allergy delabeling, and misconceptions about penicillin allergies and the perceived risks of using beta-lactam antibiotics in LTC residents with PALs can contribute to overly cautious antibiotic prescribing practices.^{Reference Gillespie, Sitter and McConeghy30}

Additional challenges arise from the complexity of resident care.⁵⁰ Cognitive impairment and dementia, prevalent among LTC residents, may interfere with accurate reporting of allergic reactions.^{Reference Gillespie, Sitter and McConeghy30,51}

Potential solutions and call to action

Proposed solutions can be categorized into short-term and long-term goals. Short-term goals focus on strategies that are easily integrated into individual LTC healthcare provider workflows or facility-level practices. These include enhancing education, training, and counseling for LTC healthcare providers, residents, and families about the benefits of penicillin allergy delabeling while dispelling misconceptions about PALs.^{Reference Gillespie, Sitter and McConeghy30,Reference Staicu, Jeffres, Jones, Stover, Wagner and Bland52} Free resources such as webinars, online courses, and educational videos can build provider confidence.^{36,37,Reference Staicu, Jeffres, Jones, Stover, Wagner and Bland52} Additionally, family education and shared decision-making, proven effective in pediatric settings, can improve caregivers’ understanding of the penicillin allergy evaluation and delabeling process, supporting informed decision-making for LTC residents with cognitive impairment or dementia.^{Reference Antoon, Grijalva and Carroll53} LTC healthcare providers can also utilize existing guidelines and resources on beta-lactam cross-reactivity risks to make more informed antibiotic choices.^{Reference Khan, Banerji and Blumenthal4,Reference Zagursky and Pichichero54}

Long-term goals require systems-level changes to address structural and operational barriers effectively. Developing streamlined, standardized protocols and tools is critical to promoting consistent and effective penicillin allergy delabeling in LTC settings.^{Reference Samarakoon, Accarino, Wurcel, Jaggers, Judd and Blumenthal12,Reference Stone, Trubiano, Coleman, Rukasin and Phillips20} Risk stratification tools, such as PEN-FAST, offer low-resource, evidence-based solutions for identifying residents with low-risk allergy history suitable for penicillin allergy delabeling.^{Reference Trubiano, Vogrin and Chua19} These tools can be integrated into routine care through protocols that define clear criteria for verifying PAL, outline step-by-step procedures for conducting direct oral challenges, and provide guidelines for documenting outcomes.^{Reference Gillespie, Sitter and McConeghy30,Reference Copaescu, Vogrin and James55} Additionally, expanding access to telemedicine for remote allergy consultations offers a cost-effective way to connect LTC facilities with allergists for supervision of allergy testing.^{Reference Allen, Gillespie, Vazquez-Ortiz, Murphy and Moylett56,Reference Wells, DeNiro and Ramsey57} For example, the use of telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated the feasibility of penicillin allergy delabeling in other settings.^{Reference Ghassemian, Sadi, Mak, Erdle, Wong and Jeimy35}

Addressing the two distinct LTC populations—short-stay and long-stay residents—adds complexity. Short-stay residents require continuity of delabeling into outpatient settings, while long-stay residents necessitate reliable documentation within electronic medical records. These factors underline the need for detailed, setting-specific approaches rather than generic solutions.

Targeted funding for research from agencies (eg, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services) is critical to advancing penicillin allergy delabeling in LTC settings. Research can support the development of tailored approaches and scalable models to improve implementation. Greater engagement in geriatric-focused research and practice is essential to bridge knowledge gaps. Publishing in geriatric journals, presenting at relevant conferences, and collaborating with organizations like the American Geriatrics Society can promote the adoption of evidence-based strategies. Geriatricians, with their close connections to LTC residents and families, are key advocates for integrating these practices. Advocacy for supportive policies is equally important. Policymakers should incorporate penicillin allergy delabeling into antibiotic stewardship programs, with reimbursement mechanisms to offset costs and ensure feasibility. National initiatives like the Penicillin Allergy Verification and Evaluation Act could provide scalable models for systematic implementation.³¹