Occurrence

Brandãoite was collected from a tabular- to lens-shaped pegmatite in the Pomarolli farm region, Divino das Laranjeiras County, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. This pegmatite body is known as the ‘João Firmino mine’, with coordinates 18°40′25”S, 41°29′27.5’’W (or UTM 237250E, 7933450N, zone 24), and is located ca. 2 km to the northwest of the well-known Córrego Frio pegmatite, from which brazilianite, scorzalite and souzalite were first described. Together with dozens of other bodies, both pegmatites are included in the Galiléia-Mendes Pimentel pegmatite field (Chaves and Scholz, Reference Chaves and Scholz2008). The João Firmino pegmatite is hosted in quartz-biotite schist belonging to the São Tomé Formation, Rio Doce Group, of Neoproterozic age. Pegmatogenesis in this region is attributed to residual material from S-type granitic intrusions associated with the Araçuaí orogeny between 630 and 490 Ma (Pedrosa-Soares et al., Reference Pedrosa-Soares, Campos, Noce, Silva, Novo, Roncato, Medeiros, Castañeda, Queiroga, Dantas, Dussin and Alkmim2011). The João Firmino pegmatite is a highly fractionated member of a series of LCT pegmatites that intruded into tectonised micaschist country rock.

Associated minerals

Besides quartz, microcline, albite, beryl, green tourmaline, spodumene and muscovite, the following phosphate-assemblage minerals have been described from the João Firmino pegmatite: montebrasite, autunite, brazilianite, childrenite–eosphorite, fluorapatite, phosphosiderite, frondelite, gormanite, heterosite–purpurite, hydroxylherderite, moraesite and roscherite–zanazziite (Chaves et al., Reference Chaves, Scholz, Atencio and Karfunkel2005, Reference Chaves and Scholz2008). Brandãoite was discovered in an albite pocket with other secondary phosphates, including beryllonite, atencioite and zanazziite.

Origin

Secondary pegmatite phosphates from the Divino das Laranjeiras-Mendes Pimentel field are the result of secondary alteration of primary triphylite and/or montebrasite. The João Firmino pegmatite, as well as other important mines on the Pomarolli farm (Córrego Frio, Telírio, Jove Lauriano, Pomarolli, etc.), are products of montebrasite alteration (Scholz et al., Reference Scholz, Chaves, Belotti, Cândido Filho, Menezes Filho, Lopes, Andrade, Henriques, Quinta-Ferreira, Barata and Pena dos Reis2012).

Physical properties

Brandãoite occurs as colourless acicular crystals <10 µm wide and <100 µm long that form compact radiating spherical aggregates up to 1.0–1.5 mm across. Individual fibres within the aggregates generally consist of complex interpenetrating crystals in parallel growth about the fibre axis (Fig. 1a). Rare single crystals are elongated along [100] and are terminated by (0kl) faces that are too small to index but are possibly {001}, {011} and {01$\bar{1}$} pinacoids, forming psuedo-hexagonal prisms (see the upper crystal in Fig. 1b, and Fig. 1c). The flattening orientation is perpendicular to {001} (Fig. 1a, lower crystal in Fig. 1b). Brandãoite is colourless and transparent in single crystals and white in aggregates, and has a white streak and a vitreous lustre. It does not fluoresce in ultraviolet light. Cleavage and parting were not observed, it is brittle and has a conchoidal fracture. Mohs hardness is 6, and the calculated density is 2.353 g/cm³ (from the empirical formula). To measure the optical properties, a crystal was mounted on a Bloss spindle stage and the extinction curves were measured using white light. The resulting measurements were processed using Excalibr II (Bartelmehs et al., Reference Bartelmehs, Bloss, Downs and Birch1992) and the 2V angle was derived. Brandãoite is biaxial (+). Excalibr II also provided the setting angles for measurement of refractive indices: α = 1.544, β = 1.552, γ = 1.568, all ± 0.002; 2V_obs = 69.7(10)°, 2V_calc = 71.2°. No pleochroism was observed. The optic orientation was measured by transferring the crystal and goniometer head from the spindle stage to a single-crystal diffractometer and orienting the crystallographic axes (Gunter and Twamley, Reference Gunter and Twamley2001); the orientation is given in Table 1. The Gladstone-Dale compatibility index is –0.019 (excellent, Mandarino, Reference Mandarino1981), using d _calc and the ideal chemical composition.

Fig. 1.

Scanning electron microscopy images of brandãoite: (a) lath-like flattened prisms and (b) image of two crystals in the section used for electron microprobe analysis; and (c) morphology of an ideal crystal.

Table 1.

Optical orientation (°) of brandãoite.

Chemical composition

Two crystals of brandãoite (~50 µm long and 4 µm wide, Fig. 1b) were laid down on the surface of a plexiglass disk, anchored with a minute application of epoxy, and carbon coated. A focused electron-beam was used due to the narrow crystal width, and a low beam-current was used (5 nA) due to the beam-sensitive nature of the mineral. The crystals were analysed with a Cameca SX100 electron microprobe operated in wavelength-dispersive mode at 15 kV and 5 nA, and using a beam diameter of 1 µm. Brazilianite was used as the standard for P and Al. Three analyses were acquired along the crystal, and following each analysis, significant beam damage could be seen at each acquisition point (Fig. 1b). The upper surface of the crystal contains sloping sides, and the circumference of beam-damage demarcation extends onto the sloping sides. The low analytical total can be attributed to a combination of variable surface attitude and activation volumes that exceed the bounds of the crystal (note: the three analyses from the narrower adjacent crystal give analytical totals that are further reduced by ~10%, and are not included here). Despite the low analytical total (Table 2), the resultant Al:P stoichiometery is very close to its ideal 1:1 ratio from structure refinement. An energy-dispersive spectroscopy spectra showed that only P and Al are present. For the simplified formula [BeAl₂(PO₄)₂(OH)₂(H₂O)₄](H₂O)_, the ideal wt.% oxides are BeO 6.63, Al₂O₃ 27.04, P₂O₅ 37.65, H₂O 28.67, total 100.00. Hawthorne and Grice (Reference Hawthorne and Grice1990) proposed that crystal-structure solution and refinement, as an electron-counting technique, is a valid method of chemical analysis. The Be site in brandãoite gives a refined site-scattering value of 4.08(12) electrons and is tetrahedrally coordinated by O atoms from 1.600–1.679 Å with a <Be–O> distance of 1.632 Å, close to the grand <Be–O> distance of 1.633 Å given by Hawthorne and Huminicki (Reference Hawthorne, Huminicki and Grew2002) for minerals and 1.637 Å given for 161 BeO₄ tetrahedra in minerals and inorganic structures by Gagné and Hawthorne (Reference Gagné and Hawthorne2016). The well-ordered remaining part of the structure requires that the Be site carry a 2+ charge for electroneutrality; this condition (encompassing the refined site-scattering value, the observed mean bond length and the requirement of electroneutrality) can be met only via occupancy of the Be site by Be. Subsequent to the derivation of the Be content as described above, secondary-ion mass spectrometry (CAMECA 7f SIMS) was used to analyse Be using a 2 nA primary beam of O^– ions accelerated at 12.5 kV. The diameter of the crystals is ~4 µm on average, much too small for conventional analysis by SIMS. Here, we analysed small clusters of crystals and derived the Be content using P as an internal standard. The primary beam was focused to ~30 µm, and a mass-resolving power of 700 and a –50 V sample offset were used to minimise interferences. The Be value acquired is in accord with the 1 apfu Be content derived from structure refinement. Brandãoite, ideally [BeAl₂(PO₄)₂(OH)₂(H₂O)₄](H₂O), is one of the first Be–Al phosphate minerals to be described, the other being lefontite, ideally Fe₂Al₂Be(PO₄)₂(OH)₆ (Yang et al., Reference Yang, Downs, Evans, Morrison and Schumer2015).

Table 2.

Chemical composition (wt.%) for brandãoite.

Infrared spectroscopy

The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum was collected using a Bruker Hyperion 2000 IR microscope equipped with a liquid-nitrogen-cooled mercury-cadmium-telluride detector. The spectrum in the range 4000–650 cm^–1 was obtained by averaging 100 scans with a resolution of 4 cm^–1. The infrared spectrum of brandãoite is shown in Fig. 2. In the 4000–2600 cm^–1 region (Fig. 2), there are two sharp bands at 3610 and 3475 cm^–1 (with a shoulder at ~3420 cm^–1) attributable to stretching vibrations of OH groups, and a broad band centred at ~3114 cm^–1 which is due to H₂O stretches. The H₂O bending mode is observed at ~1640 cm^–1. In the low-frequency region, bands at 1066 cm^–1 (very strong) with a shoulder at 1148 cm^–1 are assigned to stretching vibrations of the PO₄ group, and the peaks at ~890, 800 and 721 cm^–1 may be assigned to M–OH stretches.

Fig. 2.

Infrared spectrum of brandãoite.

Powder X-ray diffraction

Brandãoite is available in an almost vanishingly small amount. Thus we collapsed the single-crystal X-ray intensity data to produce an experimental diffraction pattern that simulates that of a powder pattern (in much the same way as a Gandolfi camera). The pattern is reported in Table 3.

Table 3.

Simulated powder X-ray diffraction data (from single-crystal data) for brandãoite.

The strongest lines are given in bold.

Crystal structure: data collection, structure solution and refinement

A single crystal (3 µm x 4 µm x 80 µm) was attached to a tapered glass fibre and mounted on a Bruker D8 three-circle diffractometer equipped with a rotating anode generator (MoKα X-radiation), multilayer optics and an APEX-II detector. In excess of a Ewald sphere of data was collected to 50°2θ using 60 s per 0.2° frame with a crystal-to-detector distance of 5 cm. The combination of low mean-scattering-power and small crystal volume resulted in a low-intensity diffraction pattern, with only very weak reflections occupying the outer 40–50°2θ shell. A total of 13,240 reflections was integrated, empirical absorption corrections (SADABS, Sheldrick Reference Sheldrick2008) were applied and identical reflections were averaged, resulting in 3764 individual reflections within the Ewald sphere. The final unit-cell (Table 4) is based on least-squares refinement of 2115 reflections (I > 7σI). The intensity data were merged in the space group P $\bar{1}$ to give 1887 unique reflections (R _merge = 4.6%), and the crystal structure was solved using direct methods. The refinement model contains one Be site, two P sites, two Al sites and fifteen anion sites, and the refined site-scattering values (Hawthorne et al., Reference Hawthorne, Ungaretti and Oberti1995) and mean bond lengths collectively support complete chemical order over all cation sites. Two (OH) groups and five (H₂O) groups were identified using bond-valence arguments, and seven of the possible twelve H positions were located in reasonable positions in the difference-Fourier map, and inserted into the structure-refinement model. Of the 1887 unique reflections, 1319 were classed as observed [F _o > 4σF], and the structure refined to an R value of 7.0% for a fully anisotropic model for all non-H atoms. The displacement parameter at the OW5 site is approximately three times the magnitudes of the displacement parameters at the OW1–4 sites. Either (1) the occupancy of the OW5 site is <1.00, or (2) the (H₂O) group at the OW5 site has much larger displacements than the other (H₂O) groups as it is only held in the structure by hydrogen bonds to other anions in the structure. For simplicity, we have adopted possibility (1) while recognising that possibility (2) is equally likely given the result of the refinement. Atom positions and equivalent-isotropic-displacement parameters are given in Table 5, selected interatomic distances are given in Table 6, proposed H-bonding is given in Table 7, and bond-valences are given in Table 8. A crystallographic information file has been deposited with the Principal Editor of Mineralogical Magazine and is available as Supplementary material (see below).

Table 4.

Miscellaneous Information for brandãoite.

R ₁ = Σ(|F _o| – |F _c|) / Σ|F _o|

wR ₂ = [Σw (F _o² – F _c²)² / Σw (F _o²)² ]^½, w = 1 / [σ²(F _o²) + (0.13P)² + 0.00P] where P = (Max(F _o²,0) + 2F _c²) / 3

Table 5.

Atom positions and displacement parameters (Å)² for brandãoite.

Note: H4 and H9–H12 were not located in the difference-Fourier map; * fixed during refinement.

Table 6.

Selected interatomic distances (Å) and angles (°) for brandãoite.

Table 7.

Proposed H bonding (Å and °) in brandãoite.

Table 8.

Bond-valence (vu)* table for brandãoite.

*Calculated using the parameters of Gagné and Hawthorne (Reference Gagné and Hawthorne2015).

Crystal structure: Description

In the crystal structure of brandãoite, there is a single Be site tetrahedrally coordinated by four anions with a <Be–Ф> distance (Ф unspecified anion) of 1.632 Å (Table 4) and a refined site-scattering equivalent to 4 electrons per site, consistent with full occupancy by Be²⁺. There are two P sites tetrahedrally coordinated by four anions with <P–O> distances of 1.535 and 1.536 Å, close to the value of 1.537 Å given by Huminicki and Hawthorne (Reference Huminicki, Hawthorne, Kohn, Rakovan and Hughes2002) for minerals, and close to the value of 1.537 Å given by Gagné and Hawthorne (Reference Gagné and Hawthorne2017a) for ordered minerals and inorganic compounds. The refined site-scattering values are equivalent to 15 electrons per site, consistent with full occupancy by P⁵⁺. There are two Al sites octahedrally coordinated by six anions with <Al–Ф> distances of 1.897 and 1.899 Å, close to the value of 1.903 Å given by Gagné and Hawthorne (Reference Gagné and Hawthorne2017b) for ordered minerals and inorganic compounds. The refined site-scattering values are equivalent to 13 electrons per site, consistent with full occupancy by Al³⁺. The anions O1–O8 each bond to one P atom and either one Be or one Al atom, and are therefore O^2– anions that additionally receive one or two weak hydrogen bonds (Tables 7, 8). The OH1 anion bonds to one Al atom and one Be atom, and the OH2 anion bonds to two Al atoms; these anions receive ~1.1 vu (valence units) from the bonded cations, and additionally have a H atom attached to form an (OH) group. The OW1–OW4 anions are bonded to either Be or Al atoms, and additionally have two attached H atoms, forming (H₂O) groups. The OW5 anion is not bonded to any cations, and is an interstitial (H₂O) group located within a structural channel.

The Be and P tetrahedra share corners to form a four-membered ring (Fig. 3) that is a common feature in many Be phosphate minerals. The Al1 and Al2 octahedra share a common OH2 vertex to form an [Al₂φ₁₁] dimer (φ = unspecified anion), and these dimers are cross-linked by P tetrahedra to form a complex slab of polyhedra, oriented parallel to (001) (Fig. 4). The P1 tetrahedra share all four of their vertices with neighbouring Al octahedra, whereas the P2 tetrahedra share two vertices with neighbouring Al octahedra and the other two vertices project outward from the upper and lower surfaces of the slab. Three (H₂O) groups [OW2, OW3 and OW4], attached to the Al dimers, project into void regions of the slab, and are involved in additional hydrogen bonding (not shown). The two vertices of the P2 tetrahedron that project outward from the slab [O6 and O8] are cross-linked by BeO₂(OH)(H₂O) tetrahedra (Figs 4, 5), and the interstitial (H₂O) groups located at OW5 occur in channels that extend along [100] (Fig. 5).

Fig. 3.

The four-membered ring of alternating [BeO₂{OH}{H₂O}] and (PO₄) tetrahedra in brandãoite. Key: purple = (PO₄) tetrahedra and yellow = [BeO₂{OH}{H₂O}] tetrahedra.

Fig. 4.

The slab of [Al₂φ₁₁] dimers and (PO₄) tetrahedra projected onto (h0l); purple = (PO₄) tetrahedra; green = [Al₂O₁₀(OH)] dimers.

Fig. 5.

The structure of brandãoite projected down [100], showing the slabs of Fig. 4 linked in the c direction by (BeO₂{OH}{H₂O}) tetrahedra, with OW5 (H₂O) groups (blue circles) in the interstices.