The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, which the World Health Organization defined as a worldwide pandemic in January 2020, entered our lives much faster and with variable parameters than its previous counterparts. 1 Scientists agree that the most effective way to get rid of COVID-19 is to develop a vaccine against the virus. Reference Kaur and Gupta2 The acceptability of the vaccine by humans is of great importance to create an effective immunization in public. Reference Reiter, Pennell and Katz3 However, anti-vaccine movements and hesitancy, which are already present in the pre-pandemic period, can strain public health about vaccines developed against the new coronavirus. Reference Nas, Atabay and Şakiroğlu4 It is seen that these reservations and insecurities also continue toward vaccines developed against the new coronavirus. Reference Palamenghi, Barello and Boccia5 It is clear that vaccination of the public is needed in order to control the increasing number of cases and to ease the burden on the health system. It is vital to know the underlying reasons for community hesitancy and to implement appropriate interventions. Many factors such as the level of knowledge about vaccines, speculative news about vaccines, and the sense of trust in the government of the people will determine their comfort level about vaccination. Reference Catalan-Matamoros and Elías6
In addition, it is stated that the decision to be vaccinated may vary with some demographic characteristics such as age, education, gender, and health conditions such as the presence of chronic diseases and COVID-19 fear. Reference Lazarus, Ratzan and Palayew7 The fact that the majority, who are indecisive about vaccination, are affected by the anti-vaccine discourses, which are frequently shared on social media, is considered to be the biggest obstacle in front of social immunization. Reference Brüssow8 If too many people hesitate to vaccinate, a prolonged and weary pandemic process can pose a threat to public health.
This study aims to determine the knowledge level of people about vaccines developed against the coronavirus and their preferences for vaccination and to discuss the underlying reasons for not having a vaccine or being indecisive.
Methods
Approval was obtained from the Duzce University Faculty of Medicine Ethics Committee for the study (Approval No: 2020/259). A survey was created using Google Forms to obtain the study data quickly and securely. In the distribution of the created survey, WhatsApp network with a high utilization rate and demographic diversity in Turkey was selected. Participants were recruited using a snowball sampling technique that they were asked to communicate to the WhatsApp contacts. To estimate the required sample size, an a priori power analysis was conducted. Based on the total population of adults in Turkey (N ≈ 80 million), with 99% confidence levels, and a conservative 3% margin of error, a total of 1359 participants were needed for the study. In the questionnaire, the participants were asked about their demographic information, as well as their preferences for influenza and pneumococcal vaccines before and after the pandemic. Also, it was requested to fill the fear of COVID-19 scale to determine the fear of getting COVID-19 disease, which may affect the decision to be vaccinated. To determine the missing and incomprehensible aspects of the prepared questionnaire, a pilot application was made to 20 people before the study was started. After the questionnaire was finalized, it was sent to the people.
Statistical Analysis
Numerical data were summarized with mean ± standard deviation, and categorical data were summarized with frequency and percentage. Pearson’s χ2 test or Fisher–Freeman–Halton test was used to analyze categorical data according to the expected count rule. Normality assumption for numerical data was analyzed with the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. The Mann–Whitney U test or Kruskal–Wallis test was used to compare groups where appropriate. A post-hoc analysis was performed using the Tamhane test.
Results
Data collection was terminated after sufficient data were returned. In total, 1508 participants with a mean age of 38.97 ± 14.50 (min = 18, max = 82) were included in the study; 41.4% (n = 625) of the participants were female and 58.6% (n = 883) were male; 30.3% (n = 457) of the participants were primary school graduates, 37.1% (n = 560) were high school graduates, and 32.6% (n = 491) were university graduates; 13.8% (n = 208) of the participants were housewives, 13.9% (n = 209) were workers, 9.5% (n = 144) were retired, 15.8% (n = 238) were students, 15.3% (n = 231) were civil servants, 12.7% (n = 192) were self-employed, 7.2% (n = 109) were unemployed, and 11.7% (n = 177) were health workers; 32.4% (n = 488) of the participants stated that they smoke; 14.2% (n = 214) of the participants stated that they have a chronic disease, and 7.9% (n = 119) of the participants stated that they have more than 1 chronic disease.
According to the study results, 24.7% (n = 373) of the participants stated that they wanted to be vaccinated, 34.5% (n = 521) did not want to be vaccinated, and 40.7% (n = 614) stated that they were undecided about vaccination; 20.4% (n = 307) of the participants knew only the country where the vaccines were produced, 35.6% (n = 537) had little knowledge about the action mechanisms of vaccines, 24.4% (n = 368) had detailed information about the action mechanisms of vaccines, and 19.6% (n = 296) of them stated that they had no information about vaccines; 58.0% (n = 874) of the participants stated that their choice of vaccination was affected by the production mechanisms of the vaccines; 53.7 (n = 810) of participants stated that they take fictional news about vaccines seriously and avoided vaccination by this negative speculative news about vaccines (Table 1); 39.11% (n = 444) of the participants stated that they were afraid of vaccines’ side effects, and 19.55% (n = 222) thought that the vaccines produced were used for malicious purposes and hesitated to vaccinate. While 17.35% (n = 197) of the participants stated that they would not be vaccinated because they had COVID-19, 9.69% (n = 110) stated that they would not be vaccinated because they thought they were not at risk; 9.07% (n = 103) of the participants stated that they thought vaccines were ineffective and so vaccination would not be beneficial; 7.57% (n = 86) of the participants stated that they thought the vaccines were rushed too much and not yet reassuring.
Vaccine preferences and knowledge of the participants about the COVID-19 vaccines
According to the comparison of flu and pneumococcal vaccines this year and last year: While 189 participants got the flu vaccine last year, 599 participants stated that they had the flu vaccine this year. While 148 participants stated that they had the pneumococcal vaccine last year, 322 participants stated that they had the pneumococcal vaccine this year.
There was no significant difference between the vaccination preferences of the participants according to their age, gender, education status, profession, and smoking status (P = 0.053, P = 0.06, P = 0.73, P = 0.154, P = 782, respectively). Participants who have 1 or more chronic diseases want significantly more vaccination than those who have no disease (P < 0.012, Table 2).
Factors affecting participants’ vaccination preferences
While a significant difference was detected between the COVID-19 fear scale and age groups, it was observed that there was no significant difference between gender, education level, and occupational groups (P < 0.001, P = 0.462, P = 0.112, P = 0.456, respectively). When anxiety scores were evaluated according to vaccine preferences, there was a significant difference between the groups (Kruskal–Wallis; P = 0.019). According to the comparison results of vaccination preference and fear of COVID-19, participants who were undecided about vaccination had higher COVID-19 fear scale scores than participants who did not want to be vaccinated; however, no statistical difference was found (post-hoc Tamhane; P = 0.052).
Discussion
Study results show that only one-fourth of the participants wanted to be vaccinated against coronavirus. These results are insufficient for protection from COVID-19 disease. However, almost half of the participants stated that they were undecided about vaccination. This group, who is not against vaccination, can decide to vaccinate with adequate and correct information and so is open to be guided. Emphasizing the issue of vaccine hesitancy with similar results, Grech et al. stated that their hesitation against COVID-19 vaccines was due to insufficient information. Reference Grech, Gauci and Agius9
Participants stated that the most common reason for not wanting to be vaccinated was fear of vaccine side effects. An important emphasis of the study results is that the participants’ vaccination decisions are related to fictional news circulating in the communication tools about vaccines. Studies also draw attention to the danger that social media platforms can foster vaccination opposition. Reference Puri, Coomes and Haghbayan10 Social and personal benefits of vaccines should be explained to people who are unsure and anxious about vaccination by using the influence of communication networks positively. Reference Wilson and Wiysonge11
Another thought-provoking result of the study is that some participants stated they did not want to be vaccinated because they thought they were not at risk due to the lack of any chronic disease. Studies show that there are different risk perceptions in the society regarding COVID-19. Reference Lawal and Nwegbu12 Even if people have different risk perceptions, it must be explained that they should be getting vaccinated because they have responsibilities toward public health.
Approximately 1 in 10 of the participants stated that they did not want to be vaccinated because vaccine production was too rushed. Vaccines produced by conventional methods that have been used for many years can be offered as an option to people with this anxiety.
According to the results of the study, the fear of COVID-19 was found to be higher in the participants who were undecided about the vaccine than the participants who did not want to be vaccinated. Fear and anxiety are often considered negative phenomena, but anxiety that is at a controllable level can push people to protect behavior. Reference Jones and Salathé13 It may be thought that the undecided population fears both the disease and the vaccine. Individuals in this dilemma can be told that complications of the disease are worse than vaccine side effects.
With appropriate counseling, individuals who are hesitant about vaccination can be protected from both anxiety and disease. According to the results of the study, the rate of flu vaccination between last year and this year has increased approximately 3 times, and the rate of pneumococcal vaccination has increased approximately 2 times. This significant increase in vaccination rates suggests a promising break in vaccine hesitancy. These results actually suggest that the public is not against the vaccine and is open to protection behavior with explanatory clear vaccine knowledge. One of the most striking results of the study results is that the majority of the participants avoided being vaccinated by being affected with negative speculative news about vaccines.
Considering the high number of participants who are hesitant or indecisive about vaccination, it is seen that political and social dynamics are more important in people’s decisions than survival motives or scientific results. Fortunately, we are going through a rare period when all the people of the world have only 1 goal at the same time. Reference Forni and Mantovani14 In order to transform this common purpose into a public health gain, it is necessary to develop a discourse considering all the dynamics of the public while conducting preventive health services.
The COVID-19 pandemic has paralyzed many processes of life, from education to the economy, from the health system to social areas. Control of the COVID-19 virus is essential for us to return to our old “normals” and breathe a little more easily. According to our current knowledge, it seems that the closest known solution to control the virus is vaccination. We should take advantage of the opportunities we have without wasting time.
Strengths and Limitations
The present study was designed to represent the society in our country and focused on the reasons for people’s hesitance about vaccination. In the study, a power analysis was made to represent the society and the required number of participants was reached. This context is the strength of the study. Although power analysis has been made to reflect the general opinion of the society, non-face-to-face survey data may not provide the desired feedback exactly. Participants may be affected by many factors such as not fully understanding what they read while answering questions, not being able to focus due to environmental factors, and being directed by the people around them. In addition, qualitative studies that reveal psychosocial causes are also needed to evaluate the deep causes of people’s hesitancy for COVID-19 vaccines. These should be considered the limitations of the study.
Conclusion
The study results show that, with the current information we have, individuals are hesitant and unwilling to get the COVID-19 vaccine. The underlying reasons for not wanting to get the COVID-19 vaccine or being hesitant about vaccination are fear of vaccine side effects, taking seriously the fictional scenarios about vaccines, refusing to vaccinate because they are not at risk—thoughts that can be changed with appropriate guidance. It is our responsibility to normalize public health and provide a safe environment for everyone. We may not have a second chance to stop the spread of COVID-19. In this case, it is necessary to concentrate all our facilities on this issue in order to increase the reliability and application of the vaccines we have.
