Core analysis and dating

Site S18 is located at lat. 69°01′30′S, long. 40°08′06′E, elevation 618 m. The resultof core analysis at this site is shown in Figure 2(a). We found ice layers and lenses in the core, which show evidence of snow melting and refreezing in summer. As the figure shows, density of mixed snow and ice layers is much higher. Ice layers in the core do not always coincide with summer high peaksin δ¹⁸O profile.

Figure 3 shows two sketches of stratigraphy from pit studies at site S16 (554 m a.s.l.) near S18, made in January 1981 and one year later. The pits were adjacent to each other, on a site with characteristics of a percolation zone in an accumulation area (Paterson, Reference Paterson1981). There are some disagreements between ice layers and maximum peaks of δ¹⁸O seasonal variations, indicating danger in assuming that almost every ice layer represents a summer surface in a percolation zone.

Fig. 1.

Observation sites on Mizuho Plateau, East Antarctica.

Fig. 2.

Vertical profiles of oxygen isotope composition (δ¹⁸O), depth hoar level (DH) and firn density in 30 m cores at sites (a) S18 and (b) W200. Black circles in left-hand column of (a) indicate ice layers, ice lenses or ice glands.

One characteristic in this core shown in Figure 2(a) is that snow layers mixed with many ice layers have large values of hoar level at depth (Watanabe, Reference Watanabe1978a). This is because growth of hoar at depth in snow is related to the temperature gradient and the cut-off of vertical movements of vapour in the snow. Using features of the δ¹⁸O profile, depth hoar level, density and stratigraphy, summer layers could be identified and annual layers determined, thus yielding an annual dating of the core. In the right side of δ¹⁸O column in Figure 2(a), the chronology of the core is shown from 1942 to 1980.

Site W200 is located at lat. 69°35′26′S, long. 48°50′10′E, elevation 2165 m. Figure 2(b) shows the result of the core analysis at W200. We can see no melting phenomena such as ice layersor ice lenses in the visual stratigraphy. Snow density was 400 kg m⁻³ at the upper part ofthe core, gradually increasing with depth. But its rate of increase was lower and the amplitude of density variation was smaller compared with the S18 core.

The δ¹⁸O profile shows typical seasonal variations. Judging by the features of δ¹⁸O profile, depth hoar level, density and stratigraphy, we can easily determine annual layers, and decide a yearly dating of the core. The chronology from 1920 to 1980 of the core is shown in the right side of δ¹⁸O column in Figure 2(b).

Relationships between annual net accumulation, firn density and depth hoar level

Yearly variations of annual net accumulation at S18 were obtained for 39 years from 1942 to 1980 (Fig. 4(a)). The small upper curve in this figure indicates deviation from the mean annual net accumulation by thestake method in the coastal region from S16 toward Mizuho Station (Satow, Reference Satow1985). This region (550–1800 m a.s.l.) is an area of higher accumulation. The difference resulted from averaging each deviation of annual mean surface net accumulation at about 80 sites from 1968 to 1980. The coefficient of correlation between the two graphs in Figure 4(a) (1968–80) is 0.43. The mean annual net accumulation at S18 for 39 years (1942–80) was 465 kg m⁻² and its standard deviation was 163 kg m⁻². Since the surface snow density is about 400 kg m⁻³, annual snow accumulation depth is 1.2 m and shows a good correspondence with the result of stake measurements of snow.

There is little correlation between oxygen isotopie composition (δ¹⁸O), depth hoar level (DH) and snow density (Δρ: the deviation from regression density-curve) of 368 samples in a 30 m-long core at S18.

The mean δ¹⁸O value of 368 samples in the core was —21.9‰ and its standard deviation was 2.6‰. The mean minimum peak value (δmin) of B¹⁸0 profile in an annual snow layer was -24.9‰, for 39 years, the mean of its maximum peak value (Smin) was -19.5‰, and the mean of its annual oxygen amplitude (Δδ = δmax - δmin) was 5.4‰.

As stated above, annual layers were determined and the year-to-year variation of snow accumulations at site W200 was also obtained for 61 years from 1920 to 1980 (Fig. 4(b)). The upper right-hand graph in this figure, like that in Figure 4(a) indicates results from stakes; the coefficient of correlation between the two graphs was 0.4 for 13 years (1968–80). The mean annual net accumulation at W200 was308 kg m⁻², standard deviation 97 kg m⁻².

We examined the relationships between δ¹⁸O, depth hoar level (DH) and density (Δρ: deviation density) of 445 samples in the 30 m core. The coefficient of correlation between DH and Δρ was -0.43, and other mutual relations were much lower.

Fig. 3.

Stratigraphy by pit study and oxygen isotopie profile at site S16, near S18. (A): 7 January 1981. (B) 25 January 1982. Black areas show ice layers, ice lenses or ice glands: “DH” indicates a depth hoar layer.

As to the δ¹⁸O profile at W200, the mean value of 445 samples in the 30 m long core was -34.2‰, standard deviation 2.6‰). The mean minimum peak value (δmin) of δ¹⁸O profile in an annual firn layer was -37.0‰ for 61 1 years (1920–80), mean of maximum peak value (δmax) -31.6‰, mean annual oxygen amplitude (Δδ = δmax - δmin) was 5.4‰.

Next we investigated the relationships between the year-to-year variations of the annual net accumulations (N.A.) and δ¹⁸O for 61 years (1920–80) at W200 (Fig. 5). Variations of N.A., δmax and Δδ can be seen to show a similar tendency. We obtained the coefficient (R) of correlation as follows: R(N.A.-δmax) = 0.34, R(N.A.-Δδ) = 0.34, R(δmin-Δδ) = -0.51 and R(δmax-δmin) = 0.03. The mean of autumn net accumulation was 161 kg m⁻², that of spring net accumulation 147 kg m⁻².

Fig. 4.

Year-to-year variations of annual net accumulation: (a) 1942–80 at site S18; (b) 1920–80 at site W200.

Fig. 5.

Year-to-year variations of annual net accumulation (N.A.), annual minimum (δmin) of δ¹⁸O, annual maximum (δmax) of δ¹⁸O and the annual δ¹⁸O amplitude (Δδ = δmax - δmin) in an annual firn layer of a 30 m core, site W200.

Discussions

For the purpose of getting dominant periodicities of variation of the annual net accumulation at W200, spectral analysis by the Maximum Entropy Method (MEM) was applied to a series of 61 year values in 1920–80. MEM has an advantage of high resolution for short series (e.g Reference Ulrich and BishopUlrich and Bishop, 1979; Hino, Reference Hino1977). Spectral distribution for the annual net accumulation (N.A.) is shown in the lower column of Figure 6, together with that for δmax variation (middle column) and Δδ variation (upper column). In annual net accumulation, the predominant peaks 1 and 2 show 4.7-year and 2.5-year periodicities respectively. Peak 1 in δmax spectral distribution shows a 4.7-year cycle. In Δδ distribution, peaks 1, 2 and 3 show respectively 7.4, 4.8 and 2.3-year periodicities. There is a common periodicity of 4.7-4.8 years. We have not yet verified the existence of other glacio-meteorological phenomena with similar periodicity, but Bryazgin (1986) stated that 5–6 and 19–22 year cycles appeared in annual precipitation at some stations in Antarctica. Peak 2 in N.A. corresponds to peak 3 in Δδ.

Fig. 6.

Power spectra of yearly variations of annual net accumulation (N.A.), annual minimum (δmin) of δ¹⁸O and annual δ¹⁸O amplitude (Δδ) in an annual layer of a 30 m core, site W200. The vertical axis shows relative power spectrum where the maximum power value is 1 in each column.

There are some investigations on δ¹⁸O temperature relationships (Reference Benoist, Jouzel, Lorius, Merlivat and PourchetBenoist and others, 1982;Lorius, Reference Lorius1983; Robin, Reference Robin, de, Robin and de1983; Reference Peel, Mulvaney and DavisonPeel and others, 1988), and a few papers (Reference Young, Pourchet, Kotlyakov, Koroley and DyugerovYoung and others, 1982; Morgan, Reference Morgan1985) dealing with temperature-accumulation relationships say that accumulation has a positive correlation with temperature in Antarctica. Thus we can outline a scenario as follows (see Fig. 7).

With the onset of summer, the area of open sea increases, the distance from open sea to the bore siteon the ice sheet is shorter, and δ¹⁸O values of snowfalls in summer become higher. Actually, the seasonal variations of new snow at Syowa Station near the coast, and of drifting snow at Mizuho Station on the plateau (about 260 km from the coast), is controlled not only by seasonal variationsof atmospheric temperature, but also by changes in distance from the coast to the open sea (Reference Kato, Watanabe and SatowKato and others, 1978). The δ¹⁸O maximum value in summer affects strongly the annual amplitude of δ¹⁸O variation (Δδ). On the other hand, some relationship is likely between distance from open sea m summer and change of meteorological circumstances, for example, activities of cyclones over the Southern Ocean. In fact, we have had much heavy snow and sampled δ¹⁸O rich snow at Syowa Station during the approach of cyclones (Reference Kato, Watanabe and SatowKato and others, 1978).

The reason why δ¹⁸O minimum value (δmin) has low correlation with the other factors may beexplained as follows. On the ice sheet, where the bore sites are located, the prevailing wind with east or south-east direction is blowing constantly throughout the year (Watanabe, Reference Watanabe1978b). Therefore δ¹⁸O poor snow from far inland is transported and deposited by the wind. So the δmin value becomes lower and more complicated than that of original snowfalls at the site.

Concluding Remarks

Cores from high accumulation regions on Mizuho Plateau, East Antarctica, with annual layers for 39 and 61 years, were distinguished by seasonal isotopie cycles, together with depth hoar level of firn, deviation of firn density and stratigraphie features. We show that, in percolation zones, not every ice layer or ice lens indicating melting corresponds to a summer surface. The annual net accumulation and its year-to-year variations obtained from core analysis show a good correspondence to those from the measurements by stake method.

It is remarkable that the scatter of δ¹⁸O values and the average of δ¹⁸O annualamplitudes (δmax-δmin) were exactly the same for both cores, while δ¹⁸O values differ by 12.3‰. For W200-core, there is a correlation between firn density and depth hoar level. A year-to-yearvariation of annual net snow accumulation (N.A.) at site W200 was obtained in 1920–80. This variationhas a little correlation between that of the δ¹⁸O maximum (δ_max) and that of the δ¹⁸O annual amplitude (Δδ) in an annual firn layer. Power spectral analyses with respectto the year-to-year variation of N.A., δmax and Δδ indicate a common periodicity of about 5 years.

Similar comparisons as mentioned above need to be made with other sites that have long records of seasonal δ¹⁸O variations and annual net accumulations in many different regions of Antarctica, yielding more information on climatic changes over the Antarctic ice sheet.

Fig. 7.

Relationships between annual net accumulation (N.A.), annual maximum (δmax) and annual δ¹⁸O amplitude (Δδ) of snowfalls on the ice sheet.