On August 31, 2021, President Joseph R. Biden, Jr. announced that the war in Afghanistan was over.Footnote ¹ Before departing, U.S. forces evacuated roughly 120,000 people, including U.S. citizens, diplomats, local U.S. embassy staff, and Afghan interpreters, in a massive airlift effort, and Biden declared the mission an “extraordinary success.”Footnote ² However, questions arose about numerous aspects of the withdrawal, especially the speed of the Taliban takeover and an erroneous airstrike on August 29 that killed ten civilians, including seven children.Footnote ³ Congress and the executive branch launched investigations to understand these outcomes. The Biden administration is also working to resettle evacuated Afghans, while continuing to assist U.S. nationals and others in danger in Afghanistan with efforts to leave the country and attempting to deliver humanitarian aid, both of which require navigating relations with the Taliban.

Congress has held numerous hearings to question executive branch officials about the rapid Taliban takeover of Afghanistan, and executive branch officials have admitted their surprise at the speed of the Afghan government's collapse. Secretary of Defense Lloyd J. Austin III told the Senate Armed Forces Committee that “[t]he fact that the Afghan army . . . simply melted away—in many cases without firing a shot” surprised Pentagon officials,Footnote ⁴ and he admitted that the U.S. military “did not fully comprehend” the impact on Afghan forces of corruption, poor leadership, and the Trump administration's 2020 Doha agreement for withdrawal of U.S. troops.Footnote ⁵ In remarks before the same committee, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Mark A. Milley agreed with Secretary Austin that “the speed, scale and scope of the collapse was a surprise.”Footnote ⁶ Secretary of State Antony Blinken blamed faulty intelligence, telling the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, “Even the most pessimistic assessments did not predict that government forces in Kabul would collapse while U.S. forces remained.”Footnote ⁷ Director of National Intelligence Avril D. Haines reiterated this point, acknowledging that events “unfolded more quickly than we anticipated, including in the intelligence community.”Footnote ⁸

Congressional and executive investigations have also centered on an August 29 airstrike that killed a U.S. aid worker, Zemari Ahmadi, along with nine other civilians, including seven children.Footnote ⁹ The Pentagon initially claimed that what it called a “righteous strike” targeted an ISIS-K-related car that posed a threat to the Kabul airport,Footnote ¹⁰ where days before a suicide bomber killed at least 170 people.Footnote ¹¹ As the New York Times later noted, “Almost everything senior defense officials asserted in the hours, days and weeks after the drone strike turned out to be false.”Footnote ¹² Congressional leaders expressed concern with both the strike itself and Pentagon statements in the aftermath.Footnote ¹³ House Intelligence Committee Chairman Adam Schiff (D-CA) issued a press release noting his concern with the “accuracy and completeness” of those public statements.Footnote ¹⁴

Facing pushback from Congress and the press, which investigated on the ground in Kabul,Footnote ¹⁵ the Pentagon completed an initial investigation and acknowledged on September 17 that the strike was a “horrible mistake.”Footnote ¹⁶ In a statement confirming the civilian deaths, Austin apologized and promised that the U.S. military would “endeavor to learn from” the error.Footnote ¹⁷ Austin called for a review of the initial Defense Department investigation to determine whether it “considered all available context and information, the degree to which accountability measures need to be taken and at what level, and the degree to which strike authorities, procedures and processes need to be altered in the future.”Footnote ¹⁸

Air Force inspector general Lt. Gen. Sami Said conducted a separate investigation into the strike to determine if anyone should be held accountable and if policies and procedures should change.Footnote ¹⁹ In November, Said released the results of the investigation, which “found no violation of law” but did identify “execution errors,” including “confirmation bias and communication breakdowns.”Footnote ²⁰ Said acknowledged that surveillance video showed the presence of a child prior to the strike, but said the footage was “100 percent not obvious” and “[y]ou have to be like no kidding looking for it.”Footnote ²¹ In remarks to the New York Times, Said also noted that military officials erred in believing they had located an ISIS-K safe house from which attacks were to be launched—information that led to the strike.Footnote ²² Commentators have criticized the Defense Department for failing to provide more transparency about the investigation and resulting report, as well as accountability for the errors that led to the strike.Footnote ²³

U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for Policy Colin Kahl met with the U.S. charity that employed Ahmadi, and according to a Pentagon spokesman, “‘Dr. Kahl noted that the strike was a tragic mistake and that Mr. Zemari Ahmadi and others who were killed were innocent victims, who bore no blame and were not affiliated with ISIS-K or threats to U.S. forces.’”Footnote ²⁴ The Pentagon also promised the United States would make ex gratia condolence payments to the victims’ family,Footnote ²⁵ which has requested U.S. assistance in relocating outside of Afghanistan.Footnote ²⁶

The erroneous August 29 strike has put additional focus on the U.S. use of drone strikes, and some lawmakers are pressing the Biden administration to revise U.S. policies. In a joint statement on September 27, Senators Richard Durbin (D-IL) and Patrick Leahy (D-VT) urged President Biden to “take immediate steps to end war-based lethal force policies outside of armed conflict; prevent lethal strikes from causing civilian casualties; and, where such casualties do tragically occur, ensure appropriate transparency, accountability, and redress.”Footnote ²⁷ Upon taking office, the Biden administration launched a review of use of force policies, including drone strikes, and reportedly paused such strikes outside conventional battlefields without presidential approval.Footnote ²⁸ Press reports suggest that although the review is not yet complete, the administration is considering a return to the Obama-era policy of “centralized interagency vetting of proposed strikes,” while maintaining the Trump-era approach of giving greater flexibility to commanders with respect to countries, such as Somalia and Afghanistan, where strikes are more routine.Footnote ²⁹ President Biden has indicated that the United States intends to continue “over-the-horizon” strikes as part of its continued counterterrorism operations in Afghanistan.Footnote ³⁰

As investigations into the withdrawal from Afghanistan continue, U.S. officials face the ongoing challenge of resettling evacuated Afghans. The United States began evacuations in late July 2021, transporting some of the 18,000 Afghans who had applied for special immigrant visas (SIVs) to U.S. military bases.Footnote ³¹ By the end of August, the United States had evacuated more than 123,000 people,Footnote ³² but even with this effort, some U.S. citizens and a number of Afghans who aided U.S. forces were left behind and at risk.Footnote ³³

Evacuees face an arduous path to resettlement in the United States. Many left on military and charter flights to transit hubs in third countries, including Qatar, Germany, and Italy.Footnote ³⁴ In these countries, evacuees have been housed on U.S. military bases, where they undergo “biometric and biographic security screenings” in addition to COVID-19 and other health screenings.Footnote ³⁵ Press reports indicate that several dozen have been red-flagged for “apparent records of violent crime or links to Islamist militants,” and were transferred to a NATO base in Kosovo to await further decisions.Footnote ³⁶ Afghans who receive security and health clearances can travel to the United States.Footnote ³⁷ Private airlines have donated hundreds of millions of frequent flier miles to provide evacuees with free tickets to the United States.Footnote ³⁸ Most evacuees have landed at Dulles International Airport in Virginia, with some then going to live with family and many others transported to domestic military bases.Footnote ³⁹ Although private companies like Airbnb committed to provide temporary housing for 20,000 evacuees,Footnote ⁴⁰ tens of thousands have waited at U.S. bases for weeks or months as resettlement agencies struggle to place them in more permanent housing.Footnote ⁴¹ The White House has estimated that a total of 95,000 Afghans will relocate to the United States.Footnote ⁴²

To obtain safe passage out of Afghanistan for those who wish to leave and to facilitate the reopening of the Kabul airport, the United States has maintained “regular contact” with the Taliban.Footnote ⁴³ The State Department hopes to resume regular evacuation flights before the end of 2021,Footnote ⁴⁴ but in the meantime, evacuees have mainly departed on charter flights, while a small subset have escaped via overland routes.Footnote ⁴⁵ According to the State Department, “Since August 31, the United States has directly assisted 479 American Citizens and 450 lawful permanent residents [in addition to their immediate family members] to depart Afghanistan and relocate to the United States.”Footnote ⁴⁶ The United States is also working to evacuate family members of U.S. service members, namely Afghans who assisted U.S. forces, relocated to the United States, obtained legal permanent resident status, and then joined the U.S. military.Footnote ⁴⁷

Some lawmakers are pushing to expand the SIV program to assist vulnerable Afghans left behind. The SIV program is currently open to Afghans who were employed by or worked on behalf of the U.S. government and who “have experienced . . . an ongoing serious threat as a consequence of their employment.”Footnote ⁴⁸ An estimated 76,000 Afghans moved to the United States on these visas prior to the Taliban takeover,Footnote ⁴⁹ and approximately 7,000 SIV applicants were evacuated during the August airlift.Footnote ⁵⁰ Still, a State Department official told the media that “a majority” of SIV applicants were left behind.Footnote ⁵¹ Congressional offices saw a “steady stream of requests” for help leaving Afghanistan after the evacuation deadline passed,Footnote ⁵² and in an effort to address these requests, Representatives Jason Crow (D-CO) and Peter Meijer (R-MI) introduced legislation to increase the cap on SIVs by 10,000 and expand eligibility for the program.Footnote ⁵³ Compounding the issue, however, is a backlog of SIV requests and the strain the mass evacuation has placed on the program.Footnote ⁵⁴

Apart from the SIV program, the United States in August expanded refugee status eligibility for Afghans who did not qualify for SIVs. The State Department announced a new “Priority 2” refugee status designation for individuals “at risk due to their U.S. affiliation but” ineligible for SIVs “because they did not have qualifying employment, or because they have not met the time-in-service requirement to become eligible.”Footnote ⁵⁵ The Priority 2 program is open to certain employees of the U.S. government, U.S. government-funded programs or projects, and U.S.-based media organizations or non-governmental organizations.Footnote ⁵⁶

Beyond contacts to facilitate departures, questions remain about whether the United States and the Taliban might work together to address threats from ISIS-K. The group has launched a number of deadly attacks in Afghanistan, including on mosques in Kabul and Kunduz in early October,Footnote ⁵⁷ and on a Kabul military hospital on November 2.Footnote ⁵⁸ In testimony before the Senate Armed Services Committee, Undersecretary Kahl said the intelligence community estimates that ISIS-K “could build the capacity to plan and conduct international operations within six months if unchecked.”Footnote ⁵⁹

Although there were early suggestions of possible coordination,Footnote ⁶⁰ the new Taliban government has publicly resisted working with the United States to address ISIS-K.Footnote ⁶¹ Following the first direct talks with the United States since the fall of Kabul, Taliban spokesperson Suhail Shaheen said that while the Taliban assured the United States that they will combat ISIS-K, the Taliban “are able to tackle [ISIS-K] independently.”Footnote ⁶² Aziz Ahmad Tawakol, a senior Taliban intelligence official, went on to say, “We already defeated the United States, so we believe we can defeat [ISIS-K] as well and in less time.”Footnote ⁶³

The Taliban is also seeking formal international recognition. The Taliban has requested Afghanistan's UN seat, but on December 6, the UN General Assembly, following a recommendation from the UN Credentials Committee, deferred action on the credentials of the Afghan representative.Footnote ⁶⁴ In “a rare instance of unity,” the United States, Russia, and China agree that recognition will not happen soon, but that it can be leveraged to obtain Taliban concessions on human rights and counterterrorism.Footnote ⁶⁵ The United States has taken the position that, as Blinken explained, while “[t]he Taliban seeks international legitimacy and support[,] . . . any legitimacy and any support will have to be earned.”Footnote ⁶⁶

The Taliban takeover and U.S. withdrawal have fueled concern about a humanitarian crisis in Afghanistan, but existing U.S. sanctions and financial restrictions on the Taliban complicate aid delivery. In August, the United States froze about $9.5 billion in assets from Afghanistan's Central Bank to prevent the Taliban from accessing the funds.Footnote ⁶⁷ The United States has also left in place longstanding sanctions on the Taliban and the Haqqani network, a designated foreign terrorist organization headed by the Taliban's acting interior minister, Sirajuddin Haqqani.Footnote ⁶⁸

Nonetheless, the United States and international community are attempting to facilitate humanitarian aid delivery to address the growing crisis. Blinken pledged in September that the United States would

On December 22, the UN Security Council unanimously adopted a resolution creating an exception to existing UN sanctions on Afghanistan for “humanitarian assistance and other activities that support basic human needs in Afghanistan,” as well as financial transactions needed to facilitate such aid.Footnote ⁷⁰

Through the end of October, the United States pledged a total of “nearly $474 million in 2021” for “humanitarian aid in Afghanistan and for Afghan refugees in the region,” all of which “will flow through independent humanitarian organizations.”Footnote ⁷¹ At a UN donor conference in September, governments and other donors pledged $1.2 billion in humanitarian funding.Footnote ⁷²

The humanitarian situation remains precarious. The United Nations estimates that since the start of 2021, over half a million Afghans have been internally displaced, and “a potential worst-case scenario envisages over 515,000 newly displaced refugees fleeing across the borders” through the end of 2021.Footnote ⁷³ These totals would add to the 2.6 million existing Afghan refugees across the world, 2.2 million of whom reside in Iran and Pakistan.Footnote ⁷⁴