Previous Research on Glacier Existence in Picos De Europa

Since the middle of the 19th century, several authors, such as Reference Prado,Prado (1860) and, from his references to them, Reference Saint Saud, and Labrouche,Saint Saud and Labrouche (1893) and Reference Penck,Penck (1897) established the existence of glaciers in Picos de Europa. Indeed, these authors explicitly mentioned Jou Negro glacier. A few years later, Reference Obermaier,Obermaier (1914) published a rigorous study about glacier land forms and the Quaternary expanse of glaciers in Picos de Europa. From his research, he concluded that these authors had confused small snow patches with glaciers. He recognized the existence in summer of"... small snow patches in some well protected sites of heat action. It is not possible to give them glacier denomination because they are located in deep hollows in completely dead condition". Until now, this opinion has been held by various authors, who have done research on the Picos de Europa Massif. The Spanish glacier catalogue made by the Instituto Español de Glaciología, later revised, extended and published by Reference Martínez de Pisón, and Arenillas Раrrа,Martínez de Pisón and Arenillas Parra (1988), does not consider these accumulations as glaciers. Also, the Iberian Peninsula glacier catalogue, co-ordinated by Reference Serrat,Serrat (1980), expressed the same opinion. Moreover, it is worth noting that these catalogues do not include Pyrenean perennial snowpatches similar to the Picos de Europa snowpatches located in the Monte Perdido Massif.

Two explanations for this contradictory historical record can be offered. First, the glaciers reported in 1860 may have disappeared by the turn of the century. Secondly, the original report of the glaciers may have been erroneous. Prado’s description of “glaciar del Llambrión” is so ambiguous that it is quite possible that he had made an erroneous identification.

The Jou Negro Snowpatch and Its Borders

At the present time, the Jou Negro snowpatch morphology is concave throughout the summer, adjusting perfectly to the northern Torrcerredo slope and the bottom of the Jou Negro depression. There is a moraine ridge underlying the bottom of the Jou Negro perennial Snowpatch, which has a characteristic moraine-glacier morphology (Fig. 1). It has a well-defined edge and has a steep slope towards the inside of the snowpatch, particularly on the lateral margins. We agree with González Suárez and Alonso’s interpretation of the inherited glacier-morainic ridge. It is not being formed at the present time but was built completely during the Little Ice Age. At present, debris accumulation is not forming a protalus rampart at the base of the snowpatch, because wall debris does not terminate there; this debris lies in the snowpatch hollow whose central level is not as high as its borders.

Fig. 1

The Jou Negro hollow with a morainic ridge in the foreground. Note the debris mounds in the snowpatch. (Photograph taken on 5 September 1994.)

González Suárez and Alonso showed that the Jou Negro glacial ice revealed itself accidentally as a result of very considerable ablation in recent years. However, in the aerial photograph, taken in September 1969 by Diputación de Oviedo, it is possible to see dark-coloured ice similar to what they described but only in the central part of the snowpatch.

We have checked the existence of ice in a part of the surface between the northern walls of Torrecerredo and the well-defined moraine ridge. In July, this small surface between the walls and the morainic are, about 14300 m² in area and 2235 m in mean altitude, is fully covered by firn but, in August and September, before the first snowfalls, the snowpatch is fragmented by long steep-faced debris mounds about 6 m high. Meltwaters have created a channel between the largest debris mounds; both channel margins show up to a few metres thickness of ice beneath debris (Fig. 2). Also, there are different ice bodies beneath the debris mounds.

Fig. 2

Sketch from the Jou Negro hollow. 1. Marainic ridge from the Little Ice Age. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. Debris mounds with ice bodies. 8. Meltwater channel in the debris accumulation over ice. 9. Firn.

Discussion

The Jou Negro ice has no layers which reveal a sedimentary structure and no surface structures showing ice movement such as crevasses or rimayas resulting from flow and not generated by differences in the thermal expansion between rock and firn or ice joints. It is possible that some of this could be fossil ice, inherited from the Little Ice Age, but this is immobile ice; because of this, it is difficult to call it a glacier. Furthermore, the ice is still being formed at present. There are two possible reasons why this is so: either meltwaters refreeze after their infiltration when they come into contact with a seasonal ice front and fossil ice, or its origin is the transformation of the residual snow or firn when it remains trapped beneath debris derived from the walls. In any case, there are high-mountain periglacial processes leading to perennial and spatially sporadic ice formation which are connected with very special conditions of exposure, preservation and melting of snowpatches at this altitude.

Conclusion

There are no true glaciers in the Picos de Europa Massif but perennial snowpatches with firn where the presence of small fossil ice bodies is possible. In the Jou Negro depression, one of these snowpatches contains periglacial ice and, also, there could be ice inherited from the Little Ice Age. However, these are examples of dead, not moving, ice and they serve to establish the presence of sporadic permafrost in the Picos de Europa periglacial belt.