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Parasitology publishes original papers on most aspects of pure and applied parasitology including biochemistry, molecular biology, immunology, genetics, physiology, epidemiology, ecology, chemotherapy and the control of parasitic infections, the application of new techniques, advances in the understanding of host–parasite relationships, theoretical studies and major systematic revisions. There is no minimum or maximum length for a paper but all manuscripts, including short ones, must be prepared in the standard format for this journal and any manuscript that is excessively long will be returned for shortening.
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- © 2004 Cambridge University Press
Parasitology publishes original papers on most aspects of pure and applied parasitology including biochemistry, molecular biology, immunology, genetics, physiology, epidemiology, ecology, chemotherapy and the control of parasitic infections, the application of new techniques, advances in the understanding of host–parasite relationships, theoretical studies and major systematic revisions. There is no minimum or maximum length for a paper but all manuscripts, including short ones, must be prepared in the standard format for this journal and any manuscript that is excessively long will be returned for shortening.
Parasitology now accepts electronic submission of manuscripts, allowing authors to benefit from faster review and earlier, online publication. Authors should submit their manuscripts online to http://parasitology.manuscriptcentral.com. Authors who are unable to submit online should contact either of the Editors for assistance.
Manuscripts may be designated for either of the editors but, in order to facilitate processing, those that are protozoological and/or immunological should be sent to Professor R. S. Phillips, University of Glasgow, S.Phillips@bio.gla.ac.uk and all others to Professor C. Arme, Keele University, c.arme@biol.keele.ac.uk.
Authors are requested to follow these Instructions to Authors and should refer to a recent number of Parasitology for the correct style. It is editorial policy to give preference to manuscripts that have been prepared in the correct form for this journal and any that have not will have to be referred back to the authors, even if otherwise acceptable. This well inevitably lead to a delay in processing.
The preferred word processing packages are Word or WordPerfect in either PC or Macintosh format and the preferred graphics package is Freehand 5 but files from many others can be accepted. Please indicate clearly the file format (e.g. TIFF, EPS, DCS, Freehand etc.), computer operating system and graphics software used for originating the artwork files. The typefaces used in electronic artwork supplied should be restricted to the Monotype, Adobe and Bitstream font libraries. Illustrations should be supplied as EPS files and never as PostScript files, or as the native format files from the graphics package used. Low-resolution versions of illustrations should be submitted online. Authors should also be able to supply high-resolution electronic and hard copies if requested.
Submission of a manuscript implies that it has been approved in its final form by all the named authors, that it reports on unpublished work and that it has not been published or submitted for publication, in whole or in part, elsewhere. It is the responsibility of the named author to ensure that these conditions are fulfilled. Authors of articles published in the journal assign copyright to Cambridge University Press (with certain rights reserved) and you will receive a copyright assignment form for signature on acceptance of your paper.
The manuscript should be organized as follows:
TITLE PAGE
The title page should contain (i) a concise but informative full title, (ii) the initials and name(s) of the authors, (iii) the full postal address (es) of the institution (s) where the work was carried out, (iv) a short informative running title and (v) the name and address, telephone, fax and e-mail numbers of the corresponding author. Footnotes containing other addresses may be included. Nothing else should appear on the title page.
SUMMARY
This should not be more than about 150–200 words and its purpose should be to summarize the main aims, results and conclusions in such a way that they could be understood by any interested reader and not only experts in the subject and could be used by an abstracting journal. References to published or unpublished work and unnecessary abbreviations should be avoided. Appended to the SUMMARY should be 3–10 relevant key words suitable for indexing. Nothing else should appear on the SUMMARY page.
INTRODUCTION
This should be as short as possible, normally not more than 2–3 paragraphs, and should simply serve to introduce the reader to the purpose and significance of the work described. The INTRODUCTION should not be a mini-review nor should it be so bald as to be uninformative. When making general statements, reference should be made to recent reviews and specific references should be cited only if they are particularly relevant.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sufficient information for the reader to be able to repeat the work must be given but techniques described in detail in other publications need not be repeated, provided that an adequate reference is cited. Major modifications to methods should be clearly described. The numbers of experiments, replicates etc. and any statistical tests used should be stated.
The full binomial name should be given for all organisms except those such as mice, rats and rabbits commonly used in laboratories and domesticated animals such as cows, dogs and cats. Generic names should be given in full when first mentioned and subsequently if any confusion is likely to arise. If reference is made to an uncommon taxon the authority for the taxon and date should be stated.
Abbreviations such as An. (for Anopheles) should be avoided unless absolutely essential, for example when referring to two or more generic names beginning with the same letter. Authors should follow International Rules for Nomenclature and, if new names are introduced, the International Code for Zoological Nomenclature. All strains and sources of hosts and parasites should be stated.
Abbreviations should be used sparingly and unambiguously. When using abbreviations, authors should bear in mind the fact that the reader may be a general parasitologist and not necessarily an expert on the subject matter of the paper. The following abbreviations are commonly used and need not be spelled out: ADP, AMP, ATP, bp, kDa, cpm, d.f., DNA, ED50, Fig., g, h (hour), i.m., i.p., mAb, M(sub r), min, NAD, NADH, no., pH, p.i. (post-infection), %, RNA, sec, sp., spp., s.c., s.d., s.e., WHO. SI units should be used wherever appropriate and other standard statistical, chemical, biochemical and molecular abbreviations may also be used. In case of any doubt, authors are advised to spell out the term in full, followed by the abbreviation in parentheses, when it is first used. Numbers should be cited in numerical form. Large numbers should be set out without commas, i.e. 10000 not 10,000. Very large numbers should be avoided, e.g. 250 million or 2·5×108 and not 250000000.
RESULTS
These should be confined to a factual account of the actual results obtained. The text should not duplicate information given in the Tables or Figures. Where necessary results should be analysed using an appropriate statistical test. Discussion and reference to other work should be left to the DISCUSSION.
(i) Tables
Each table, headed by a self-explanatory title, must be double spaced on a separate page and numbered consecutively. Rules, particularly vertical ones, should be avoided. The position of each table should be indicated in the margin of the text.
(ii) Figures
These may be line drawings or photographs and all should be referred to consecutively in the text as Fig. 1 etc. Each figure must be on a separate page and clearly identified with the author's name, short title of the manuscript and figure number. The position of each should be indicated in the margin of the text. Component parts of figures should be labelled A, B, C etc. Captions for figures, which should be self-explanatory, must be typed, double spaced, on a separate page and must not contain details of results.
(iii) Line drawings
should not be larger than twice the final size and in no circumstances should exceed 170×250 mm. The axes of graphs should be carefully chosen so as to occupy the space available to the best advantage. When reduced, the drawing should fit into either one (80 mm) or two (166 mm) columns, preferably the former. Lines should be bold enough to stand reduction to about 0·25–0·35 mm. Line drawings should be as simple as possible and many computer-generated figures, for example 3-dimensional graphs, with fine lines, gradations of stippling and unusual symbols, cannot be reproduced satisfactorily when reduced. Unsatisfactory line drawings will have to be redrawn at the author's expense. Preferred symbols are open and filled circles, boxes and triangles, and these should be used consistently. Lettering should be kept to a minimum and should be self-explanatory and unambiguous and of sufficiently high quality and size to be clearly visible after reduction to final size. The following are examples of acceptable appearance of labelling after reduction: A B C d e f, 10, 20, 30 (2 mm for numbers and upper case and 1 mm for lower case).
(iv) Photographs
should be the same size as they will appear in the journal and should be selected to fit neatly into one column (80 mm) or two columns (166 mm). Photographs should be labelled and numbered as for line drawings. For microscopical preparations, scale bars with appropriate units (e.g. 50 micrometers) must be provided; statements of magnification are not acceptable.
(v) Colour figures
may be accepted provided that they are of a very high quality but they are expensive to reproduce and the cost, currently £650 for first page of colour and £250 for each subsequent page per article, must be met by the author(s) and a binding agreement to meet the costs will be required before the manuscript can be accepted for publication. For colour figures, the instructions for the preparation of photographs should be followed.
DISCUSSION
The results should not be repeated in detail nor should new information be introduced. Speculation is encouraged but should not go beyond reasonable and testable hypotheses. As for the INTRODUCTIONS, the DISCUSSION should not attempt to be a mini-review and should not be too parochial.
REFERENCES
References, which must be double spaced, should begin on a separate page immediately following the DISCUSSION section and numbered consecutively with it. The accuracy and appropriateness of the references are solely the responsibility of the author and are not checked in the editorial office. References should be kept to an essential minimum particularly in the case of citations of the authors' own work. Only references to published work or work actually in press are permitted and under no circumstances should references to unpublished work, work in preparation or unrefereed abstracts be included (such data should be cited as personal communications or unpublished observations in the text). Formats for citing references differ from journal to journal but it is essential that the appropriate format for Parasitology should be adhered to precisely. Copy-editing references in an incorrect form is very time consuming and inevitably delays publication. For papers in Parasitology the Harvard system is used for the citation of references in the text, e.g. (Brown & Green, 1995) or Brown & Green (1995). The names of all authors up to three should be included when first cited in the text, e.g. Brown, Green & White (1995), but thereafter the form Brown et al. (1995) should be used and this form should also be used for four or more authors for the first and subsequent citations. Different papers published in the same year should be distinguished by a letter after the date, e.g. Brown et al. (1995a). Great care should be taken to avoid confusion of multi-author papers with the same senior author.
References should be ordered alphabetically and chronologically, e.g.
- BROWN, A. (1995).
- BROWN, A. & GREEN, B. (1991).
- BROWN, A., GREEN, B. & WHITE, C. (1994).
- BROWN, A., WHITE, C. & GREEN, B. (1992a).
- BROWN, A., WHITE, C. & GREEN, B. (1992b).
- BROWN, A., WHITE, C. & GREEN, B. (1995).
The format required by this journal is given below and, if in any doubt, authors should refer to a recent issue of Parasitology. Please note that the names of authors should be in upper case characters and that the journal should be given in full and not abbreviated. Part numbers of volumes are not required i.e. Parasitology 112 but not Parasitology 112 (1).
Journal references
BUNDY, D. A. P., CHAN, M. S. & SAVIOLA, L. (1995). Hookworm infection in pregnancy. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 89, 521–522.
Parasitology supplements
BUXTON, D. & INNES, E. A. A. (1995). A commercial vaccine for ovine toxoplasmosis. Parasitology 110 (Suppl.), S11–S16.
Books
SMYTH, J. D. (1994). Introduction to Animal Parasitology, 3rd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Chapters in books
GRENFELL, B. T., DIETZ, K. & ROBERTS, M. G. (1995). Modelling the immuno-epidemiology of macroparasites in naturally-fluctuating host populations. In Ecology of Infectious Diseases in Natural Populations (ed. Grenfell, B. T. & Dobson, A. P.), pp. 362–383. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Advances series
CONDER, G. A. & CAMPBELL, W. C. (1995). Chemotherapy of nematode infections of veterinary importance, with special reference to drug resistance. Advances in Parasitology 35, 1–84.
WHO publications
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (1995). Onchocerciasis and its Control. WHO Technical Report Series No. 852. WHO, Geneva.
TABLES
(See Section 5(i)). Each table should occupy a separate page and should be inserted following the REFERENCES section and numbered consecutively with it.
CAPTIONS TO FIGURES
(See Section 5(ii)). Figure captions should begin on a new page and should be inserted following the TABLES section and numbered consecutively with it.
Proofs
Page proofs will be sent to the named author by the Press. These will already have been read for printer's errors but it is the responsibility of the author to ensure that no errors remain. Only essential corrections should be made and authors will be charged for excessive alterations at the proof stage.
Offprints
Authors will receive 50 offprints free of charge and additional offprints can be ordered at the proof stage.
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