1 Introduction
1.1 Motivation
Fix an integer
$r\ge 2$
, an r-graph
$\mathcal {H}$
is a collection of r-subsets of some finite set V. We identify a hypergraph
$\mathcal {H}$
with its edge set and use
$V(\mathcal {H})$
to denote its vertex set. The size of
$V(\mathcal {H})$
is denoted by
$v(\mathcal {H})$
.
Given two r-graphs F and
$\mathcal {H}$
we use
$\nu (F, \mathcal {H})$
to denote the maximum of
$k\in \mathbb {N}$
such that there exist k vertex-disjoint copies of F in
$\mathcal {H}$
. We call
$\nu (F, \mathcal {H})$
the F-matching number of
$\mathcal {H}$
. If
$F = K_{r}^{r}$
(i.e., an edge), then we use
$\nu (\mathcal {H})$
to represent
$\nu (F, \mathcal {H})$
for simplicity. The number
$\nu (\mathcal {H})$
is also known as the matching number of
$\mathcal {H}$
.
The study of the following problem encompasses several central topics in Extremal Combinatorics. Given an r-graph F and integers
$n, t\in \mathbb {N}$
:
For
$r=2$
and
$F = K_{2}$
, the celebrated Erdős–Gallai theorem [Reference Erdős and Gallai15] states that for all integers
$n, \ell \in \mathbb {N}$
with
$t+1 \le n/2$
and for every n-vertex graph G,
Here, we use the symbol
$\Rightarrow $
to indicate that the constraint on the left side forces the conclusion on the right side.
Extending the Erdős–Gallai theorem to r-graphs for
$r\ge 3$
is a major open problem, and the following conjecture of Erdős is still open in general (see, e.g., [Reference Frankl21–Reference Frankl23, Reference Huang, Loh and Sudakov38] for some recent progress on this topic).
Conjecture 1.1 (Erdős [Reference Erdős14])
Suppose that
$n, t, r \in \mathbb {N}$
satisfy
$r\ge 3$
and
$t+1 \le n/r$
. Then for every n-vertex r-graph
$\mathcal {H}$
,
For general r-graphs F, determining the minimum number of edges in an n-vertex r-graph
$\mathcal {H}$
that guarantees
$\nu (F,\mathcal {H}) \ge 1$
is closely related to the Turán problem. For our purpose in this work, let us introduce the following notions.
Fix an r-graph F, we say another r-graph
$\mathcal {H}$
is F-free if
$\nu (F,\mathcal {H}) = 0$
. In other words,
$\mathcal {H}$
does not contains F as a subgraph. The Turán number
$\mathrm {ex}(n,F)$
of F is the maximum number of edges in an F-free r-graph on n vertices. The Turán density of F is defined as
$\pi (F) := \lim _{n\to \infty }\mathrm {ex}(n,F)/\binom {n}{r}$
, the existence of the limit follows from a simple averaging argument of Katona, Nemetz, and Simonovits [Reference Katona, Nemetz and Simonovits41] (see Proposition 3.2).
An r-graph F is called nondegenerate if
$\pi (F)> 0$
. We use
$\mathrm {EX}(n,F)$
to denote the collection of all n-vertex F-free r-graphs with exactly
$\mathrm {ex}(n,F)$
edges, and call members in
$\mathrm {EX}(n,F)$
the extremal constructions of F. The study of
$\mathrm {ex}(n,F)$
and
$\mathrm {EX}(n,F)$
is a central topic in Extremal Combinatorics.
Much is known when
$r=2$
, and one of the earliest results in this regard is Mantel’s theorem [Reference Mantel57], which states that
$\mathrm {ex}(n,K_3) = \lfloor n^2/4 \rfloor $
. For every integer
$\ell \ge 2$
let
$T(n,\ell )$
denote the balanced complete
$\ell $
-partite graph on n vertices. Here, balanced means that the sizes of any two parts differ by at most one. We call
$T(n,\ell )$
the Turán graph, and use
$t(n,\ell )$
to denote the number of edges in
$T(n,\ell )$
. The seminal Turán theorem states that
$\mathrm {EX}(n, K_{\ell +1}) = \{T(n,\ell )\}$
for all integers
$n \ge \ell \ge 2$
. Later, Turán’s theorem was extended to general graphs F in the celebrated Erdős–Stone–Simonovits theorem [Reference Erdős and Simonovits16, Reference Erdős and Stone18], which says that
$\pi (F) = \left (\chi (F)-2\right )/\left (\chi (F)-1\right )$
. Here
$\chi (F)$
is the chromatic number of F.
For
$r\ge 3$
, determining
$\mathrm {ex}(n, F)$
or even
$\pi (F)$
for an r-graph F is known to be notoriously hard in general. The problem of determining
$\pi (K_{\ell }^{r})$
raised by Turán [Reference Turán78], where
$K_{\ell }^{r}$
is the complete r-graph on
$\ell $
vertices, is still wide open for all
$\ell>r\ge 3$
. Erdős offered $
$500$
for the determination of any
$\pi (K_{\ell }^{r})$
with
$\ell> r \ge 3$
and
$\$ 1000$
for all
$\pi (K_{\ell }^{r})$
with
$\ell> r \ge 3$
. We refer the reader to an excellent survey [Reference Keevash42] by Keevash for related results before 2011.
Another related central topic in Extremal Combinatorics is the Factor Problem. We say an r-graph
$\mathcal {H}$
has an F-factor if it contains a collection of vertex-disjoint copies of F that covers all vertices in
$V(\mathcal {H})$
. In other words,
$\nu (F, \mathcal {H}) = \frac {v(\mathcal {H})}{v(F)}$
(in particular,
$v(F) \mid v(\mathcal {H})$
).
For an r-graph
$\mathcal {H}$
and a vertex
$v\in V(\mathcal {H})$
the degree
$d_{\mathcal {H}}(v)$
of v in
$\mathcal {H}$
is the number of edges in
$\mathcal {H}$
containing v. We use
$\delta (\mathcal {H})$
,
$\Delta (\mathcal {H})$
, and
$d(\mathcal {H})$
to denote the minimum degree, the maximum degree, and the average degree of
$\mathcal {H}$
, respectively. We will omit the subscript
$\mathcal {H}$
if it is clear from the context.
A classical theorem of Corrádi and Hajnal [Reference Corradi and Hajnal10] implies the following result for
$K_3$
.
Theorem 1.2 (Corrádi–Hajnal [Reference Corradi and Hajnal10])
Suppose that
$n, t \in \mathbb {N}$
are integers with
$t\le n/3$
. Then for every n-vertex graph G,
In particular, if
$3 \mid n$
, then every n-vertex graph G with
$\delta (G) \ge 2n/3$
contains a
$K_3$
-factor.
Later, Theorem 1.2 was extended to all complete graphs in the classical Hajnal–Szemerédi theorem [Reference Hajnal and Szemerédi32], which implies that for all integers
$n\ge \ell \ge 2$
,
$t \le \lfloor n/(\ell +1) \rfloor $
, and for every n-vertex graph G,
For further related results, we refer the reader to a survey [Reference Kühn and Osthus48] by Kühn and Osthus.
In this work, we are interested in density constraints that force an r-graph to have large F-matching number, where F is a nondegenerate r-graph. Since our results are closely related to the Turán problem of F, we abuse the use of notation by letting
$\mathrm {ex}\left (n, (t+1)F\right )$
denote the maximum number of edges in an n-vertex r-graph
$\mathcal {H}$
with
$\nu (F, \mathcal {H}) < t+1$
.
Given two r-graphs
$\mathcal {G}$
and
$\mathcal {H}$
whose vertex sets are disjoint, we define the join 
of
$\mathcal {G}$
and
$\mathcal {H}$
to be the r-graph obtained from
$\mathcal {G}\sqcup \mathcal {H}$
(the vertex-disjoint union of
$\mathcal {G}$
and
$\mathcal {H}$
) by adding all r-sets that have nonempty intersection with both
$V(\mathcal {G})$
and
$V(\mathcal {H})$
. For simplicity, we define the join of an r-graph
$\mathcal {H}$
and a family
$\mathcal {F}$
of r-graphs as 
.
Erdős [Reference Erdős13] considered the density problem for
$K_3$
and proved the following result.
Theorem 1.3 (Erdős [Reference Erdős13])
Suppose that
$n, t\in \mathbb {N}$
and
$t\le \sqrt {n/400}$
. Then
Later, Moon [Reference Moon58] extended it to all complete graphs.
Theorem 1.4 (Moon [Reference Moon58])
Suppose that integers
$n, t, \ell \in \mathbb {N}$
satisfy
$\ell \ge 2$
,
$t\le \frac {2n-3\ell ^2+2\ell }{\ell ^3+2\ell ^2+\ell +1}$
, and
$\ell \mid (n-t)$
. Then
It is worth mentioning that, in fact, for
$\ell = 2$
, Moon proved that the constraint
$\ell \mid (n-t)$
can be removed, and moreover, (1.1) holds for all
$t \le \frac {2n-8}{9}$
. For
$\ell \ge 3$
, Moon remarked in [Reference Moon58] that there are some difficulties to remove the constraint
$\ell \mid (n-t)$
. Nevertheless, the divisibility constraint is not required in our results. Meanwhile, Simonovits [Reference Simonovits76] also considered this problem and proved that if
$t\ge 1$
and
$\ell \ge 2$
are fixed integers, then (1.1) holds for all sufficiently large n.
It becomes much more complicated when extending Theorem 1.4 to larger t. Indeed, a full density version of the Corrádi–Hajnal theorem was obtained only very recently by Allen, Böttcher, Hladký, and Piguet [Reference Allen, Böttcher, Hladký and Piguet2] for large n. Their results show that, interestingly, there are four different extremal constructions for four different regimes of t, and the construction 
is extremal only for
$t \le \frac {2n-6}{9}$
. For the other three extremal constructions, we refer the reader to their paper for details. For larger complete graphs, it seems that there are even no conjectures for the extremal constructions in general (see remarks in the last section of [Reference Allen, Böttcher, Hladký and Piguet2]).
The objective of this work is to provide a general approach to determine
$\mathrm {ex}(n, (t+1)F)$
for nondegenerate hypergraphs (including graphs) F when n is sufficiently large and t is within the range of
$[0, c_F n]$
, where
$c_F>0$
is a small constant depending only on F. It is worth mentioning that general methods of this nature are rare for hypergraph Turán-type problems, with only a few notable recent instances, as exemplified by [Reference Brandt, Irwin and Jiang9, Reference Liu, Mubayi and Reiher51, Reference Norin and Yepremyan65]. Our main results are stated in the next section after the introduction of some necessary definitions. We hope our results could shed some light on a full generalization of the density version of the Corrádi–Hajnal and Hajnal–Szemerédi theorems.
1.2 Main results
Given an r-graph F and an integer
$n \in \mathbb {N}$
define
Observe that
$d(n,F)$
is the average degree of hypergraphs in
$\mathrm {EX}(n,F)$
, and
$\delta (n,F)$
is a lower bound for the minimum degree of hypergraphs in
$\mathrm {EX}(n,F)$
(see Fact 4.1).
The following two definitions are crucial for our main results. The first definition concerns the maximum degree of a near-extremal F-free r-graph.
Definition 1.1 (Boundedness)
Let
$f_1, f_2 \colon \mathbb {N} \to \mathbb {R}$
be two nonnegative functions. An r-graph F is
$\left (f_1, f_2\right )$
-bounded if every F-free r-graph
$\mathcal {H}$
on n vertices with average degree at least
$d(n, F) - f_1(n)$
satisfies
$\Delta (\mathcal {H}) \le d(n, F) + f_2(n)$
, i.e.,
Remark For our purposes, it suffices to take
$f_1(n) = \varepsilon n^{r-1}$
and
$f_2(n) = \delta n^{r-1}$
for some small constants
$\varepsilon , \delta>0$
.
Later we will prove that families with certain stability properties also have good boundedness (see Theorem 1.9).
The next definition concerns the smoothness of the Turán function
$\mathrm {ex}(n,F)$
.
Definition 1.2 (Smoothness)
Let
$g \colon \mathbb {N} \to \mathbb {R}$
be a nonnegative function. The Turán function
$\mathrm {ex}(n, F)$
of an r-graph F is g-smooth if
Remark Similarly, for our results, it suffices to take
$g(n) = \gamma n^{r-1}$
for some small constant
$\gamma> 0$
.
Assumptions on the smoothness of
$\mathrm {ex}(n, F)$
were used by several researchers before. See, for example, [Reference Allen, Keevash, Sudakov and Verstraëte3, Reference Jiang, Longbrake and Ma39] for degenerate graphs and see, for example, [Reference Keevash, Lenz and Mubayi43, Theorem 1.4] for nondegenerate hypergraphs.
Now we are ready to state our main result.
Theorem 1.5 Fix integers
$m \ge r \ge 2$
and a nondegenerate r-graph F on m vertices. Suppose that there exists a constant
$c>0$
such that for all sufficiently large
$n\in \mathbb {N} \colon $
-
(a) F is $\left (c\binom {n}{r-1}, \frac {1-\pi (F)}{4m}\binom {n}{r-1}\right )$
-bounded, and -
(b) $\mathrm {ex}(n, F)$
is
$\frac {1-\pi (F)}{8m}\binom {n}{r-1}$
-smooth.
Then there exists
$N_0$
such that for all integers
$n \ge N_0$
and
$t \le \min \left \{\frac {c}{4erm}n, \frac {1-\pi (F)}{64rm^2}n\right \}$
, we have
and, in particular,
Remarks
-
• Assumption (a) cannot be removed, as demonstrated by the following example $\colon $
let
$F = 2K_3$
and let
$t \ge 2$
, then $$ \begin{align*} \mathrm{ex}(n,(t+1)F) = \mathrm{ex}(n,(2t+2)K_3) & \ge \binom{n}{2}-\binom{n-2t-1}{2}+ \left\lfloor \frac{(n-2t-1)^2}{4} \right\rfloor \\ &> \binom{n}{2}-\binom{n-t}{2} + \left\lfloor \frac{(n-1)^2}{4} \right\rfloor + n-1 \\ & = \binom{n}{2}-\binom{n-t}{2} + \mathrm{ex}(n-t, F). \end{align*} $$A less obvious example is the triangle-blowup of cycles, which can be deduced similarly from the results in recent work [Reference Liu, Song and Yuan54, Theorem 1.9].
-
• Assumption (b) can probably be omitted, as it was conjecturedFootnote 1 that every F is $o(n^{r-1})$
-smooth and this is true for
$r=2$
by a classic result of Simonovits (see [Reference Simonovits76, p. 317]).
Fix an r-graph F on m vertices. We say a collection
$\left \{\mathcal {H}_1, \ldots , \mathcal {H}_{t+1}\right \}$
of r-graphs on the same vertex set V has a rainbow F-matching if there exists a collection
$\left \{S_i \colon i \in [t+1]\right \}$
of pairwise disjoint m-subsets of V such that
$F \subset \mathcal {H}_{i}[S_i]$
for all
${i\in [t+1]}$
.
Recently, there has been considerable interest in extending some classical results to a rainbow version. See, for example, [Reference Aharoni and Howard1, Reference Gao, Lu, Ma and Yu31, Reference Huang, Loh and Sudakov38, Reference Kiselev and Kupavskii47, Reference Lu, Wang and Yu55, Reference Lu, Wang and Yu56] for some recent progress on the rainbow version of the Erdős Matching conjecture. Here, we include the following rainbow version of Theorem 1.5.
Theorem 1.6 The following holds under the assumption of Theorem 1.5. If a collection
$\left \{\mathcal {H}_1, \ldots , \mathcal {H}_{t+1}\right \}$
of n-vertex r-graphs on the same vertex set satisfies
then
$\left \{\mathcal {H}_1, \ldots , \mathcal {H}_{t+1}\right \}$
contains a rainbow F-matching.
Observe that (1.3) follows immediately by letting
$\mathcal {H}_1 = \cdots = \mathcal {H}_{t+1}$
in Theorem 1.6. In fact, we will prove Theorem 1.6 first (which yields (1.3)), and then we prove (1.2) by adding some further argument.
1.3 Boundedness and smoothness
In this subsection, we present some simple sufficient conditions for an r-graph to have good boundedness and smoothness. Before stating our results, let us introduce some necessary definitions.
For most nondegenerate Turán problems where the exact value of the Turán number is known, the extremal constructions have simple structures. We use the following notions to encode the structural information of a hypergraph.
Let an r-multiset mean an unordered collection of r elements with repetitions allowed. Let E be a collection of r-multisets on
$[k]$
. Let
$V_1,\dots ,V_k$
be disjoint sets and let
$V:=V_1\cup \dots \cup V_k$
. The profile of an r-set
$X\subseteq V$
(with respect to
$V_1,\dots ,V_k$
) is the r-multiset on
$[k]$
that contains
$i\in [k]$
with multiplicity
$|X\cap V_i|$
. For an r-multiset
$Y\subseteq [k]$
, let
$Y(\!(V_1,\dots ,V_k)\!)$
consist of all r-subsets of V whose profile is Y. The r-graph
$Y(\!(V_1,\dots ,V_k)\!)$
is called the blowup of Y (with respect to
$V_1,\dots ,V_k$
) and the r-graph
is called the blowup of E (with respect to
$V_1,\dots ,V_k$
).
An (r-uniform) pattern is a pair
$P=(k,E)$
where k is a positive integer and E is a collection of r-multisets on
$[k]$
. It is clear that pattern is a generalization of r-graphs, since an r-graph is a pattern in which E consists of only simple r-sets. If it is clear from the context, we will use E to represent the pattern P for simplicity (like what we did for hypergraphs). Moreover, if E consists of a single element, we will use this element to represent E.
We say an r-graph
$\mathcal {G}$
is a P-construction on a set V if there exists a partition
$V = V_1 \cup \cdots \cup V_{k}$
such that
$\mathcal {G} = E(\!(V_1,\dots ,V_k)\!)$
. An r-graph
$\mathcal {H}$
is a P-subconstruction if it is a subgraph of some P-construction. For example, the Turán graph
$T(n,\ell )$
is a
$K_{\ell }$
-construction on
$[n]$
, and an
$\ell $
-partite graph is a
$K_{\ell }$
-subconstruction.
Let
$\Lambda (P, n)$
denote the maximum number of edges in a P-construction with n vertices and define the Lagrangian of P as the limit
Using a simple averaging argument, one can show that
${\Lambda (P, n)}/{\binom {n}{r}}$
is nonincreasing, and hence, the limit exists (see [Reference Pikhurko69, Lemma 10]). We say a pattern
$P = (k,E)$
is minimum if
$\lambda (P-i) < \lambda (P)$
for all
$i\in [k]$
, where
$P-i$
denotes the new pattern obtained from P by removing i from
$[k]$
and removing all r-multisets containing i from E. Note that the Lagrangian of a pattern is a generalization of the well-known hypergraph Lagrangian (see, e.g., [Reference Baber and Talbot5, Reference Frankl and Rödl26]) that has been successfully applied to Turán-type problems, with the basic idea going back to Motzkin and Straus [Reference Motzkin and Straus59].
Remark The notion of pattern was introduced by Pikhurko in [Reference Pikhurko69] to study the general properties of nondegenerate hypergraph Turán problems, and it was also used very recently in [Reference Liu and Pikhurko52, Reference Liu and Pikhurko53]. Note that the definition of pattern in [Reference Pikhurko69] is more general by allowing recursive parts. Our results about patterns in this work can be easily extended to this more general setting.
Let F be an r-graph and P be a pattern. We say
$(F,P)$
is a Turán pair if every P-construction is F-free and every maximum F-free construction is a P-construction. For example, it follows from the Turán theorem that
$\left (K_{\ell +1}, K_{\ell }\right )$
is a Turán pair for all
$\ell \ge 2$
. It is easy to observe that for a Turán pair
$(F,P)$
, we have
For hypergraphs in Turán pairs, we have the following result concerning the smoothness of their Turán functions.
Theorem 1.7 Suppose that F is an r-graph and P is a minimal pattern such that
$(F,P)$
is a Turán pair. Then
$\mathrm {ex}(n, F)$
is
$4\binom {n-1}{r-2}$
-smooth.
The boundedness of F is closely related to the stability of F. So we introduce some definitions related to stability. Suppose that
$(F,P)$
is a Turán pair.
-
• We say F is edge-stable with respect to P if for every $\delta>0$
there exist constants
$N_0$
and
$\zeta>0$
such that for every F-free r-graph
$\mathcal {H}$
on
$n \ge N_0$
vertices with at least
$\left (\pi (F)-\zeta \right )\binom {n}{r}$
edges, there exists a subgraph
$\mathcal {H}^{\prime }\subset \mathcal {H}$
with at least
$\left (\pi (F)-\delta \right )\binom {n}{r}$
edges such that
$\mathcal {H}^{\prime }$
is a P-subconstruction. -
• We say F is vertex-extendable with respect to P if there exist constants $N_0$
and
$\zeta>0$
such that for every F-free r-graph
$\mathcal {H}$
on
$n \ge N_0$
vertices satisfing
$\delta (\mathcal {H}) \ge \left (\pi (F)-\zeta \right )\binom {n-1}{r-1}$
the following holds: if
$\mathcal {H}-v$
is a P-subconstruction for some vertex
$v\in V(\mathcal {H})$
, then
$\mathcal {H}$
is also a P-subconstruction. -
• We say F is weakly vertex-extendable with respect to P if for every $\delta>0$
there exist constants
$N_0$
and
$\zeta>0$
such that for every F-free r-graph
$\mathcal {H}$
on
$n \ge N_0$
vertices satisfying
$\delta (\mathcal {H}) \ge \left (\pi (F)-\zeta \right )\binom {n-1}{r-1}$
the following holds: if
$\mathcal {H}-v$
is a P-subconstruction for some vertex
$v\in V(\mathcal {H})$
, then
$d_{\mathcal {H}}(v) \le \left (\pi (F)+\delta \right )\binom {n-1}{r-1}$
.
For simplicity, if P is clear from the context, we will simply say that F is edge-stable, vertex-extendable, and weakly vertex-extendable, respectively.
The first stability theorem which states that
$K_{\ell +1}$
is edge-stable with respect to
$K_{\ell }$
was proved independently by Erdős and Simonovits [Reference Simonovits76], and it was used first by Simonovits [Reference Simonovits76] to determine the exact Turán number
$\mathrm {ex}(n,F)$
of an edge-critical graph F for large n. Later, Simonovits’ method (also known as the Stability Method) was used by many researchers to determine the Turán numbers of a large collection of hypergraphs (see Section 2 for more details).
The definition of vertex-extendability was introduced by Mubayi, Reiher, and the third author in [Reference Liu, Mubayi and Reiher51] for a unified framework for proving the stability of a large class of hypergraphs.
The definition of weak vertex-extendability seems to be new, and it is clear from (1.4) and the following lemma that for a Turán pair
$(F,P)$
the vertex-extendability implies the weak vertex-extendability. There are several examples showing that the inverse is not true in general (see, e.g., Section 2.6). It seems interesting to explore the relations between the weak vertex-extendability and other types of stability (see [Reference Liu, Mubayi and Reiher51] for more details).
Lemma 1.8 [Reference Liu and Pikhurko52, Lemma 21]
Suppose that P is a minimal pattern. Then for every
$\delta>0$
there exist
$N_0$
and
$\varepsilon>0$
such that every P-subconstruction
$\mathcal {H}$
on
$n \ge N_0$
vertices with
$\delta (\mathcal {H}) \ge \left (\lambda (P)-\varepsilon \right )\binom {n-1}{r-1}$
satisfies
$\Delta (\mathcal {H}) \le \left (\lambda (P)+ \delta \right )\binom {n-1}{r-1}$
.
Let us add another remark about the weak vertex-extendability that might be useful for readers who are familiar with the stability method. In a standard stability argument in determining the exact value of
$\mathrm {ex}(n,F)$
, one usually defines a set
$\mathcal {B}$
of bad edges and a set
$\mathcal {M}$
of missing edges, and then tries to prove that
$|\mathcal {M}|> |\mathcal {B}|$
. One key step in this argument is to prove that the maximum degree of
$\mathcal {B}$
is small (more specifically,
$\Delta (B) = o(n^{r-1})$
), which, informally speaking, usually implies the weak vertex-extendability of F.
For a Turán pair
$(F,P)$
with the weak vertex-extendability, we have the following result concerning the boundedness of F.
Theorem 1.9 Suppose that F is an r-graph and P is a minimal pattern such that F is edge-stable and weakly vertex-extendable (or vertex-extendable) with respect to P. Then there exists a constant
$c>0$
such that F is
$\left (c \binom {n-1}{r-1}, \frac {1-\pi (F)}{8m} \binom {n-1}{r-1}\right )$
-bounded for large n.
Remark It seems possible to extend Theorems 1.7 and 1.9 to nonminimal patterns, but we do not aware of any r-graph F whose extremal construction is a P-construction for some nonminimal pattern P. However, there does exist a finite family
$\mathcal {F}$
of r-graphs whose extremal construction is a P-construction for some nonminimal pattern P (see [Reference Hou, Li, Liu, Mubayi and Zhang37] for more details).
In many cases, (weak) vertex-extendability of F follows from a stronger type of stability that was studied by many researchers before. Suppose that
$(F,P)$
is a Turán pair. We say F is degree-stable with respect to P if there exists
$\zeta>0$
such that for large n every n-vertex F-free r-graph
$\mathcal {H}$
with
$\delta (\mathcal {H}) \ge \left (\pi (F) - \zeta \right ) \binom {n-1}{r-1}$
is a P-subconstruction. It is easy to observe from the definition that if F is degree-stable with respect to P, then F is edge-stable and vertex-extendable with respect to P. Therefore, we have the following corollary of Theorems 1.7 and 1.9.
Corollary 1.10 Suppose that F is an r-graph and P is a minimal pattern such that F is degree-stable with respect to P. Then there exists a constant
$c>0$
such that
-
(a) $\mathrm {ex}(n,F)$
is
$4\binom {n-1}{r-2}$
-smooth, and -
(b) F is $\left (c \binom {n-1}{r-1}, \frac {1-\pi (F)}{8m} \binom {n-1}{r-1}\right )$
-bounded.
In the next section, we show some applications of Theorems 1.5, 1.7, and 1.9, and Corollary 1.10. We omit the applications of Theorem 1.6 since they are quite straightforward to obtain once we present the corresponding applications of Theorem 1.5. The proofs for Theorems 1.5 and 1.6 are included in Section 3. The proofs for Theorems 1.7 and 1.9 are included in Section 4.
2 Applications
Combining some known stability results with Theorems 1.5, 1.7, and 1.9 (or Corollary 1.10) we can immediately obtain results in this section. To demonstrate a way to apply Theorems 1.5, 1.7, and 1.9 in general, we include the short proof for the weak vertex-extendability of
$\mathbb {F}_{3,2}$
as defined in Section 2.7 (even though it can be deduced from results in [Reference Füredi, Pikhurko and Simonovits28]).
2.1 Edge-critical graphs
Recall that for a graph F its chromatic number is denoted by
$\chi (F)$
. We say a graph F is edge-critical if there exists an edge
$e\in F$
such that
$\chi (F-e) < \chi (F)$
. Using the stability method, Simonovits proved in [Reference Simonovits76] that if a graph F is edge-critical and
$\chi (F) \ge 3$
, then
$\mathrm {EX}(n,F) = \{T(n, \chi (F)-1)\}$
for all sufficiently large n.
Extending the classical Andrásfai–Erdős–Sós theorem [Reference Andrásfai, Erdős and Sós4], Erdős and Simonovits [Reference Erdős and Simonovits17] proved that every edge-critical graph with chromatic number at least
$3$
is degree-stable. Therefore, combined with Theorem 1.5 and Corollary 1.10, we obtain the following result.
Theorem 2.1 Suppose that F is an edge-critical graph with
$\chi (F) \ge 3$
. Then there exist constants
$N_0$
and
$c_F>0$
such that for all integers
$n\ge N_0$
and
$t \in [0, c_F n]$
we have
Remarks
-
• For Theorem 2.1 and all other theorems in this section, we did not try to optimize the constant $c_F$
, but it seems possible to obtain a reasonable boundFootnote
2
for
$c_F$
by a more careful analysis of the proof for Theorem 1.9 (and the proof for the (weak) vertex-extendability of F in some cases). -
• The case when F is an odd cycle was also considered in a recent paper [Reference Fang, Zhai and Lin19, Theorem 1.1].
-
• It might be true that Theorem 2.1 holds for a broader class of graphs, and it would be interesting to characterize the class of graphs for which Theorem 2.1 holds.
2.2 The Fano plane
The Fano plane
$\mathbb {F}$
is a
$3$
-graph with vertex set
$\{1,2,3,4,5,6,7\}$
and edge set
Let
$[n] = V_1 \cup V_2$
be a partition with
$|V_1| = \lfloor n/2 \rfloor $
and
$|V_2| = \lceil n/2 \rceil $
. Let
$B_3(n)$
denote the
$3$
-graph on
$[n]$
whose edge set consists of all triples that have a nonempty intersection with both
$V_1$
and
$V_2$
(see Figure 1). Note that
$|B_3(n)| \sim \frac {3}{4}\binom {n}{3}$
.
The Fano plane and the complete bipartite
$3$
-graph
$B_3(n)$
.
Figure 1: Long description
The diagram consists of two panels.
Left panel: A Fano plane represented as a triangle with an inscribed circle and internal lines. There are seven numbered vertices. Vertices 1, 3, and 5 form the outer triangle. Vertex 1 is at the top, 3 is at the bottom right, and 5 is at the bottom left. Vertices 2, 4, and 6 are midpoints of the triangle sides. Vertex 2 is on the right side, 4 is on the bottom side, and 6 is on the left side. Vertex 7 is at the center. Lines connect 1-7-4, 3-7-6, and 5-7-2. An inscribed circle passes through vertices 2, 4, and 6.
Right panel: A bipartite 3-graph. Two vertical ovals represent sets V sub 1 on the left and V sub 2 on the right. Each oval contains three vertices. Two shaded, curved triangular regions represent hyperedges. The top hyperedge connects one vertex in V sub 1 to two vertices in V sub 2. The bottom hyperedge connects two vertices in V sub 1 to one vertex in V sub 2.
It was conjectured by Sós [Reference Sós77] and famously proved by De Caen and Füredi [Reference De Caen and Füredi11] that
$\pi (\mathbb {F}) = 3/4$
. Later, using a stability argument, Keevash and Sudakov [Reference Keevash and Sudakov46], and independently, Füredi and Simonovits [Reference Füredi and Simonovits30] proved that
$\mathrm {EX}(n, \mathbb {F}) = \{B_3(n)\}$
for all sufficienly large n. Recently, Bellmann and Reiher [Reference Bellmann and Reiher6] proved that
$\mathrm {ex}(n, \mathbb {F}) = |B_3(n)| = \frac {n-2}{2}\lfloor \frac {n^2}{4}\rfloor $
for all
$n \ge 7$
, and moreover, they proved that
$B_3(n)$
is the unique extremal construction for all
$n \ge 8$
.
It follows from the result of Keevash and Sudakov [Reference Keevash and Sudakov46], and independently, Füredi and Simonovits [Reference Füredi and Simonovits30] that
$\mathbb {F}$
is degree-stable. Therefore, we obtain the following result.
Theorem 2.2 There exist constants
$N_0$
and
$c_{\mathbb {F}}>0$
such that for all integers
$n\ge N_0$
and
$t \in [0, c_{\mathbb {F}} n]$
we have
2.3 Generalized triangles
The (r-uniform) generalized triangle 
is the r-graph with vertex set
$[2r-1]$
and edge set
Note that 
is simply a triangle.
Fix
$n \ge r \ge 2$
and
$\ell \ge r$
. Let
$[n] = V_1 \cup \cdots \cup V_{\ell }$
be a partition such that
$|V_i| \in \left \{\lfloor \frac {n}{\ell }\rfloor , \lceil \frac {n}{\ell } \rceil \right \}$
for all
$i\in [\ell ]$
. The generalized Turán r-graph
$T_{r}(n,\ell )$
is the r-graph on
$[n]$
whose edge set consists of all r-sets that contain at most one vertex from each
$V_i$
. Note that
$T_2(n,\ell )$
is the Turán graph
$T(n, \ell )$
. Let
$t_{r}(n,\ell )$
denote the number of edges in
$T_{r}(n,\ell )$
.
The generealized triangle 
and the Turán
$3$
-graph
$T_{3}(n,3)$
.
Katona conjectured and Bollobás [Reference Bollobás8] proved that 
for all
$n\in \mathbb {N}$
, where
$K_{4}^{3-}$
is the unique
$3$
-graph with
$4$
vertices and
$3$
edges (see Figure 2). Later, Frankl and Füredi [Reference Frankl and Füredi24] sharpened the result of Bollobás by showing that 
for all
$n\ge 3000$
. In [Reference Keevash and Mubayi44], Keevash and Mubayi proved the edge-stability of 
and improved the lower bound of n from
$3000$
to
$33$
. A short proof for the edge-stability with a linear dependency between the error parameters can be found in [Reference Liu49].
The vertex-extendability of 
can be easily obtained from the proof of Lemma 4.4 in [Reference Liu, Mubayi and Reiher51] (also see the Concluding Remarks in [Reference Liu, Mubayi and Reiher51]). Therefore, we obtain the following result.
Theorem 2.3 There exist constants
$N_0$
and 
such that for all integers
$n \ge N_0$
and 
we have
For
$r = 4$
, improving a result of Sidorenko in [Reference Sidorenko74], Pikhurko proved in [Reference Pikhurko67] that 
for all sufficiently large n.
Similarly, the vertex-extendability of 
can be obtained from the proof of Lemma 4.4 in [Reference Liu, Mubayi and Reiher51] (also see the Concluding Remarks in [Reference Liu, Mubayi and Reiher51]). Therefore, we obtain the following result.
Theorem 2.4 There exist constants
$N_0$
and 
such that for all integers
$n \ge N_0$
and 
we have
The situation becomes complicated when
$r\ge 5$
. Let 
denote the unique
$5$
-graph with
$11$
vertices such that every
$4$
-set of vertices is contained in exactly one edge. Let 
denote the unique
$6$
-graph with
$12$
vertices such that every
$5$
-set of vertices is contained in exactly one edge. Let 
and 
denote the maximum 
-construction and 
-construction on n vertices, respectively. Some calculations show that 
and 
.
In [Reference Frankl and Füredi25], Frankl and Füredi proved that 
for
$r =5,6$
. Much later, using a sophisticated stability argument, Norin and Yepremyan [Reference Norin and Yepremyan65] proved that 
and 
are edge-stable with respect to 
and 
respectively, and moreover, 
for
$r =5,6$
and large n.
It was observed by Pikhurko [Reference Pikhurko67] that both 
and 
fail to be degree-stable (or vertex-extendable). However, from [Reference Norin and Yepremyan65, 7.2, 7.4, and, Lemmas] one can easily observe that 
and 
are weakly vertex-extendable. Therefore, we obtain the following theorem.
Theorem 2.5 For
$r\in \{5,6\}$
there exist constants
$N_0$
and 
such that for all integers
$n \ge N_0$
and 
we have
It seems that there are even no conjectures for the extremal constructions of 
when
$r\ge 7$
. We refer the reader to [Reference Frankl and Füredi25] for some lower and upper bounds for 
in general.
2.4 The expansion of complete graphs
Fix integers
$\ell \ge r \ge 2$
. The expansion
$H_{\ell +1}^{r}$
of the complete graph
$K_{\ell +1}$
is the r-graph obtained from
$K_{\ell +1}$
by adding a set of
$r-2$
new vertices into each edge of
$K_{\ell +1}$
, and moreover, these new
$(r-2)$
-sets are pairwise disjoint (see Figure 3). It is clear from the definition that
$H_{\ell +1}^{r}$
has
$\ell +1+(r-2)\binom {\ell +1}{2}$
vertices and
$\binom {\ell +1}{2}$
edges.
The r-graph
$H_{\ell +1}^{r}$
was introduced by Mubayi [Reference Mubayi60] as a way to generalize Turán’s theorem to hypergraphs. These hypergraphs provide the first explicitly defined examples which yield an infinite family of numbers realizable as Turán densities for hypergraphs. In [Reference Mubayi60], Mubayi determined the Turán density of
$H_{\ell +1}^{r}$
for all integers
$\ell \ge r \ge 3$
, and proved that
$H_{\ell +1}^{r}$
is edge-stable. In [Reference Pikhurko68], Pikhurko refined Mubayi’s result and proved that
$\mathrm {EX}(n, H_{\ell +1}^{r}) = \{T_r(n,\ell )\}$
for all integers
$\ell \ge r \ge 3$
when n is sufficiently large.
The vertex-extendability of
$H_{\ell +1}^{r}$
can be easily obtained by a small modification of the proof of Lemma 4.8 in [Reference Liu, Mubayi and Reiher51] (also see the Concluding Remarks in [Reference Liu, Mubayi and Reiher51]). Therefore, we obtain the following result.
Theorem 2.6 Fix integers
$\ell \ge r \ge 2$
. There exist constants
$N_0$
and
$c = c(\ell , r)>0$
such that for all integers
$n \ge N_0$
and
$t\in [0, c n]$
we have
Remarks The definition of expansion can be extended to all graphs as follows. Fix a graph F, let the r-graph
$H_{F}^{r}$
be obtained from F by adding a set of
$r-2$
new vertices into each edge of F, and moreover, these new
$(r-2)$
-sets are pairwise disjoint. Similar to Theorem 2.1, one could obtain a corresponding result for the expansion of all edge-critical graphs. We omit its statement and proof here.
2.5 The expansion of hypergraphs
Given an r-graph F with
$\ell +1$
vertices, the expansion
$H^{F}_{\ell +1}$
of F is the r-graph obtained from F by adding, for every pair
$\{u,v\}\subset V(F)$
that is not contained in any edge of F, an
$(r-2)$
-set of new vertices, and moreover, these
$(r-2)$
-sets are pairwise disjoint. It is easy to see that the expansion of the empty r-graph on
$\ell +1$
vertices (here empty means that the edge set is empty) is the same as the expansion of the complete graph
$K_{\ell +1}$
defined in the previous subsection. However, in general, these two definitions are different.
The expansion
$H_{4}^3$
of
$K_4$
and the Turán
$3$
-graph
$T_{3}(n,3)$
.
Our first result in this subsection is about the expansion of the expanded trees. Given a tree T on k vertices, define the
$(r-2)$
-expansion
$\mathrm {Exp}(T)$
of T as
where A is a set of
$r-2$
new vertices that is disjoint from
$V(T)$
.
Given a tree T on k vertices, we say T is an Erdős–Sós tree if it satisfies the famous Erdős–Sós conjecture on trees. In other words, T is contained in every graph with average degree more than
$k-2$
. In [Reference Sidorenko75], Sidorenko proved that for large k, if T is an Erdős–Sós tree on k vertices, then
$\mathrm {ex}(n,H^{\mathrm {Exp}(T)}_{k+r-2}) \le t_{r}(n, k+r-3) + o(n^{r})$
. Much later, Norin and Yepremyan [Reference Norin and Yepremyan66], and independently, Brandt, Irwin, and Jiang [Reference Brandt, Irwin and Jiang9], improved Sidorenko’s result by showing that, under the same setting,
$H^{\mathrm {Exp}(T)}_{k+r-2}$
is edge-stable with respect to
$K_{k+r-3}^{r}$
and
$\mathrm {EX}(n,H^{\mathrm {Exp}(T)}_{k+r-2}) = \{T_r(n,k+r-3)\}$
for large n. In fact, it follows easily from [Reference Norin and Yepremyan66, 3.5, 4.1, and, Lemmas] that
$H^{\mathrm {Exp}(T)}_{k+r-2}$
is weakly vertex-extendable with respect to
$K_{k+r-3}^{r}$
. Hence, we obtain the following result.
Theorem 2.7 For every integer
$r\ge 3$
there exists
$M_{r}$
such that if T is an Erdős–Sós tree on
$k\ge M_r$
vertices, then there exist
$N_0$
and
$c_T>0$
such that for all integers
$n \ge N_0$
and
$t \le c_T n$
, we have
Next, we consider the expansion of a different class of hypergraphs. Let
$B(r, \ell +1)$
be the r-graph with vertex set
$[\ell +1]$
and edge set
Recall that the Lagrangian of an r-graph
$\mathcal {H}$
(by viewing
$\mathcal {H}$
as a pattern) is denoted by
$\lambda (\mathcal {H})$
. For integers
$\ell \ge r \ge 2$
let the family
$\mathcal {F}_{\ell +1}^r$
be the collection of r-graphs F with the following properties:
-
(a) $\sup \left \{\lambda (\mathcal {H}) \colon \mathcal {H} \text {is} F\text {-free and not a} K_{\ell }^r\text {-subconstruction}\right \} < \frac {\ell \cdots (\ell -r+1)}{\ell ^r}$
, and -
(b) either F has an isolated vertex or $F\subset B(r, \ell +1)$
.
For every
$F\in \mathcal {F}_{\ell +1}^r$
the vertex-extendabilityFootnote
3
of the expansion
$H_{\ell +1}^{F}$
can be easily obtained by a small modification of the proof of Lemma 4.8 in [Reference Liu, Mubayi and Reiher51] (also see the Concluding Remarks in [Reference Liu, Mubayi and Reiher51]). Hence, we obtain the following result.
Theorem 2.8 Suppose that
$\ell \ge r\ge 2$
are integers and
$F\in \mathcal {F}_{\ell +1}^r$
. Then there exist constants
$N_0$
and
$c_F> 0$
such that for all integers
$n \ge N_0$
and
$t\in [0, c_F n]$
, we have
Remarks
-
• In [Reference Mubayi and Pikhurko63], Mubayi and Pikhurko considered the Turán problem for the r-graph $\mathrm {Fan}^r$
(the generalized Fan), which is the expansion of the r-graph on
$r+1$
vertices with only one edge. It is easy to see that
$\mathrm {Fan}^r$
is a member in
$\mathcal {F}_{r+1}^{r}$
. -
• The Turán problem for the expansion of certain class of r-graphs (which is a proper subfamily of $\mathcal {F}_{\ell +1}^r$
) were studied previously in [Reference Brandt, Irwin and Jiang9] and [Reference Norin and Yepremyan66]. -
• Let $M_{k}^{r}$
denote the r-graph consisting of k vertex-disjoint edges (i.e., a matching of size k) and let
$L_{k}^{r}$
denote the r-graph consisting of k edges having one vertex, say v, in common, and every pair of edges interest only at v (i.e., a k-edge sunflower with the center v). By results in [Reference Hefetz and Keevash33, Reference Jiang, Peng and Wu40], if F is isomorphic to
$M_{k}^{3}$
(see [Reference Hefetz and Keevash33] for
$k=2$
and [Reference Jiang, Peng and Wu40] for
$k \ge 3$
),
$L_{k}^{3}$
(see [Reference Jiang, Peng and Wu40]), or
$L_{k}^4$
(see [Reference Jiang, Peng and Wu40]), where
$k \ge 2$
is an integer, then F is contained in
$\mathcal {F}_{\ell +1}^r$
.
Now we focus on the expansion of r-uniform matching of size two with
$r\ge 4$
. We say an r-graph is semibipartite if its vertex set can be partitioned into two parts
$V_1$
and
$V_2$
such that every edge contains exactly one vertex in
$V_1$
. Let
$S_r(n)$
denote the semibipartite r-graph on n vertices with the maximum number of edges. Simple calculations show that
$|S_r(n)| \sim \left (\frac {r-1}{r}\right )^{r-1}\binom {n}{r}$
.
Confirming a conjecture of Hefetz and Keevash [Reference Hefetz and Keevash33], Bene Watts, Norin, and Yepremyan [Reference Bene Watts, Norin and Yepremyan7] showed that for
$r\ge 4$
,
$\mathrm {EX}\left (n, H_{2r}^{M_{2}^{r}}\right ) = \{S_r(n)\}$
for all sufficiently large n.
The vertex-extendabilityFootnote
4
of
$H_{2r}^{M_{2}^{r}}$
can be easily obtained by a small modification of the proof of Lemma 4.12 in [Reference Liu, Mubayi and Reiher51] (also see the Concluding Remarks in [Reference Liu, Mubayi and Reiher51]). Hence we have the following result.
Theorem 2.9 For every integer
$r \ge 4$
, there exist constants
$N_0$
and
$c = c(r)> 0$
such that for all integers
$n \ge N_0$
and
$t\in [0, c n]$
, we have
Remark It is quite possible that Theorem 1.5 applies to the expansion of other hypergraphs, for example, the
$3$
-graph defined in [Reference Yan and Peng79] which provides the first example of a single hypergraph whose Turán density is an irrational number.
2.6 Expanded triangles
Let
$\mathcal {C}^{2r}_{3}$
denote the
$2r$
-graph with vertex set
$[3r]$
and edge set
Let
$[n]= V_1 \cup V_2$
be a partition such that
$|V_1| = \lfloor n/2 \rfloor +m$
. Let
$B_{2r}^{\mathrm {odd}}(n,m)$
denote the
$2r$
-graph on
$[n]$
whose edge set consists of all
$2r$
-sets that interest
$V_1$
in odd number of vertices (see Figure 4). Some calculations show that
$\max _{m}|B_{2r}^{\mathrm {odd}}(n,m)|\sim \frac {1}{2}\binom {n}{2r}$
. Let
$B_{2r}^{\mathrm {odd}} = (2,E)$
denote the pattern such that E consists of all
$2r$
-multisets that contain exactly odd number of
$1$
s. Note that
$B_{2r}^{\mathrm {odd}}(n,m)$
is a
$B_{2r}^{\mathrm {odd}}$
-construction.
The
$4$
-graph
$\mathcal {C}_{3}^{4}$
(expanded triangle) and the
$4$
-graph
$B_{4}^{\mathrm {odd}}(n)$
.
Figure 4: Long description
The diagram consists of two panels.
Left Panel: An expanded triangle hypergraph with six vertices labeled 1 through 6 arranged in a hexagonal pattern. Three shaded hyperedges connect pairs of vertices. The first hyperedge connects vertices 1, 2, 3, and 4. The second hyperedge connects vertices 3, 4, 5, and 6. The third hyperedge connects vertices 5, 6, 1, and 2. Each hyperedge is depicted as a shaded, curved quadrilateral shape that encompasses its respective four vertices.
Right Panel: A bipartite hypergraph structure with two large vertical ovals labeled V sub 1 on the left and V sub 2 on the right.
* Inside V sub 1, there are four vertices. Three are grouped at the top and one is at the bottom.
* Inside V sub 2, there are four vertices. One is at the top and three are grouped at the bottom.
* Two shaded hyperedges connect the sets. The upper hyperedge connects the three top vertices in V sub 1 to the single top vertex in V sub 2. The lower hyperedge connects the single bottom vertex in V sub 1 to the three bottom vertices in V sub 2.
The Turán problem for
$\mathcal {C}^{2r}_{3}$
was first considered by Frankl [Reference Frankl20], who proved that
$\pi (\mathcal {C}^{2r}_{3}) = 1/2$
. Later, Keevash and Sudakov [Reference Keevash and Sudakov45] proved that
$\mathcal {C}^{2r}_{3}$
is edge-stable with respect to
$B_{2r}^{\mathrm {odd}}$
, and moreover,
$\mathrm {EX}(n,\mathcal {C}^{2r}_{3}) \subset \left \{B_{2r}^{\mathrm {odd}}(n,m)\colon m\in [0,n/2]\right \}$
. Simple constructionsFootnote
5
show that
$\mathcal {C}^{2r}_{3}$
is not degree-stable (or vertex-extendable) with respect to
$B_{2r}^{\mathrm {odd}}$
. However, using [Reference Keevash and Sudakov45, 3.5, Claim], one can easily show that
$\mathcal {C}^{2r}_{3}$
is weakly vertex-extendable with respect to
$B_{2r}^{\mathrm {odd}}$
. Hence, we have the following theorem.
Theorem 2.10 For every integer
$r \ge 2$
there exist constants
$N_0$
and
$c> 0$
such that for all integers
$n \ge N_0$
and
$t\in [0, c n]$
, we have
![E X (n, (t + 1) C sub 3 super 2r) is a subset of K sub t super 2r join {B sub 2r super odd (n - t, m) : m in [0, square root of 2r(n - t)]}.](https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20261028074545857-0771:S0008414X25000197:S0008414X25000197_eqnu28.png?pub-status=live){kind=small}
Remarks
-
• Calculations in [Reference Keevash and Sudakov45] show that if $B_{2r}^{\mathrm {odd}}(n,m)$
is an optimal
$B_{2r}^{\mathrm {odd}}$
-construction, then
$m < \sqrt {2rn}$
. So it suffices to consider m in the range
$\left [0,\sqrt {2r(n-t)}\right ]$
for Theorem 2.10. -
• In general, one could consider the expanded $K_{\ell +1}$
for
$\ell \ge 3$
. It seems that the above theorem can be extended to these hypergraphs in some cases. We refer the reader to [Reference Sidorenko73] and [Reference Keevash and Sudakov45] for more details.
2.7 Hypergraph books
Let
$F_7$
(
$4$
-book with
$3$
-pages) denote the
$3$
-graph with vertex set
$\{1,2,3,4,5,6,7\}$
and edge set
Let
$B_{4}^{\mathrm {even}}(n)$
denote the maximum
$B_{4}^{\mathrm {even}}:=\left (2, \{1,1,2,2\}\right )$
-construction on n vertices (see Figure 5). Simply calculations show that
$|B_4(n)| \sim \frac {3}{8}\binom {n}{4}$
.
The
$4$
-graph
$F_7$
(
$4$
-book with
$3$
pages) and the
$4$
-graph
$B_{4}^{\mathrm {even}}(n)$
.
Figure 5: Long description
The diagram consists of two distinct hypergraph representations.
Left Panel: A hypergraph with seven numbered nodes. On the left side, nodes 1, 2, and 3 are arranged vertically. On the right side, nodes 4, 5, 6, and 7 are arranged in a vertical curve. Shaded triangular regions represent hyperedges. Node 1 is connected to nodes 4 and 5. Node 2 is connected to nodes 5 and 6. Node 3 is connected to nodes 6 and 7. Additionally, a large shaded region connects nodes 1, 3, 4, and 6, overlapping the smaller regions.
Right Panel: Two vertical ellipses labeled V sub 1 on the left and V sub 2 on the right. Each ellipse contains two nodes. A single shaded hyperedge with four concave sides spans across the space between the ellipses, connecting the two nodes in V sub 1 to the two nodes in V sub 2.
Füredi, Pikhurko, and Simonovits [Reference Füredi, Pikhurko and Simonovits29] proved that
$\mathrm {EX}(n, F_7) = \{B_4(n)\}$
for all sufficiently large n. Moreover, they proved that
$F_7$
is degree-stable. Hence, we obtain the following result.
Theorem 2.11 There exist constants
$N_0$
and
$c> 0$
such that for all integers
$n \ge N_0$
and
$t\in [0, c n]$
, we have
Let
$\mathbb {F}_{4,3}$
denote the
$4$
-graph with vertex set
$\{1,2,3,4,5,6,7\}$
and edge set
Let
$B_{4}^{\mathrm {odd}}(n,m)$
denote the
$B_4^{\mathrm {odd}}:=\left (2, \{\{1,2,2,2\}, \{1,1,1,2\}\}\right )$
-construction (see Figure 6) on n vertices with one part of size
$\lfloor n/2 \rfloor + m$
. Recall from the previous subsection that
$\max _{m}|B_{4}^{\mathrm {odd}}(n,m)| \sim \frac {1}{2}\binom {n}{4}$
.
The
$4$
-graph
$\mathbb {F}_{4,3}$
and the
$4$
-graph
$B_{4}^{\mathrm {odd}}(n)$
.
Figure 6: Long description
The diagram consists of two panels.
Left panel: A hypergraph with seven numbered nodes. On the left side, nodes 1, 2, and 3 are arranged vertically. On the right side, nodes 4, 5, 6, and 7 are arranged in a slight curve. Shaded triangular regions represent hyperedges. A dark shaded hyperedge connects nodes 1, 2, and 3. Lighter shaded hyperedges connect various combinations of nodes across the two sides, such as nodes 1, 5, and 6, or nodes 3, 6, and 7. A curved shaded region on the far right connects nodes 4, 5, 6, and 7.
Right panel: A bipartite-style hypergraph with two large vertical ellipses labeled V sub 1 on the left and V sub 2 on the right. Inside V sub 1, there are two groups of nodes. Inside V sub 2, there are also two groups of nodes. Shaded hyperedges bridge the gap between the two ellipses. The top hyperedge connects three nodes in V sub 1 to one node in V sub 2. The bottom hyperedge connects one node in V sub 1 to three nodes in V sub 2.
Füredi, Mubayi, and Pikhurko [Reference Füredi, Mubayi and Pikhurko27] proved that
$\mathrm {EX}(n, \mathbb {F}_{4,3}) \subset \{B_{4}^{\mathrm {odd}}(n,m) \colon m \in [0,n/2]\}$
for large n, and moreover,
$\mathbb {F}_{4,3}$
is edge-stable with respect to
$B_4^{\mathrm {odd}}$
. They also showed that edge-stable cannot be replaced by degree-stable (or vertex-extendable). However, from [Reference Füredi, Mubayi and Pikhurko27, 3.1, Lemma] one can easily obtain that
$\mathbb {F}_{4,3}$
is weakly edge-stable with respect to
$B_4^{\mathrm {odd}}$
. Hence, we obtain the following theorem.
Theorem 2.12 There exist constants
$N_0$
and
$c> 0$
such that for all integers
$n \ge N_0$
and
$t\in [0, c n]$
, we have
![E X (n, (t + 1) F sub 4,3) is a subset of K sub t super 4 join {B sub 4 super odd (n - t, m) : m is in [0, square root of 4(n - t)]}.](https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20261028074545857-0771:S0008414X25000197:S0008414X25000197_eqnu32.png?pub-status=live){kind=small}
Let
$\mathbb {F}_{3,2}$
denote the
$3$
-graph with vertex set
$\{1,2,3,4,5\}$
and edge set
Recall that
$S_{3}(n)$
is the semibipartite
$3$
-graph on n vertices with the maximum number of edges, i.e., the maximum
$S_3:=\left (2, \{1,2,2\}\right )$
-construction on n vertices (see Figure 7).
The
$3$
-graph
$\mathbb {F}_{3,2}$
and the semibipartite
$3$
-graph
$S_3(n)$
.
Figure 7: Long description
The diagram consists of two panels.
Left panel: A 3-graph F sub 3, 2 with five numbered nodes. Nodes 1 and 2 are on the left. Nodes 3, 4, and 5 are on the right. Several gray shaded triangular regions connect sets of three nodes. A distinct red shaded region connects nodes 3, 4, and 5 on the right side.
Right panel: A semibipartite 3-graph S sub 3 (n). It features two large vertical ovals labeled V sub 1 on the left and V sub 2 on the right. A single node is located inside V sub 1. Two nodes are located inside V sub 2. A gray shaded triangular region connects the single node in V sub 1 to the two nodes in V sub 2, representing a hyperedge spanning the two sets.
Füredi, Pikhurko, and Simonovits [Reference Füredi, Pikhurko and Simonovits28] proved that
$\mathrm {EX}(n, \mathbb {F}_{3,2}) = \{S_3(n)\}$
for all sufficiently large n. A construction in their paper ([Reference Füredi, Pikhurko and Simonovits28, Construction 1.2]) shows that
$\mathbb {F}_{3,2}$
is not vertex-extendable with respect
$S_3$
. But we will present a short proof in Section 5 which shows that
$\mathbb {F}_{3,2}$
is weakly vertex-extendable with respect to
$S_3$
. Hence, we obtain the following result.
Theorem 2.13 There exist constants
$N_0$
and
$c> 0$
such that for all integers
$n \ge N_0$
and
$t\in [0, c n]$
, we have
3 Proofs of Theorems 1.5 and 1.6
In this section, we prove Theorems 1.5 and 1.6. In fact, we will prove the following more general (but also more technical) version.
Theorem 3.1 Let
$m \ge r \ge 2$
be integers and F be a nondegenerate r-graph on m vertices. Let
$f \colon \mathbb {N}\to \mathbb {R}$
be a nondecreasing function. Suppose that for all sufficiently large
$n\in \mathbb {N} \colon $
-
(a) $\mathrm {ex}(n, F)$
is
$\frac {1-\pi (F)}{8m}\binom {n}{r-1}$
-smooth, and -
(b) F is $\left (f(n), \frac {1-\pi (F)}{4m} \binom {n}{r-1}\right )$
-bounded.
Then there exists
$N_0$
such that the following statements hold for all integers
$n, t \in \mathbb {N}$
with
-
(i) If a collection $\{\mathcal {H}_1, \ldots , \mathcal {H}_{t+1}\}$
of n-vertex r-graphs on the same vertex set satisfies $$ \begin{align*} |\mathcal{H}_i|> \binom{n}{r} - \binom{n-t}{r} + \mathrm{ex}(n-t, F) \quad\text{for all } i\in [t+1], \end{align*} $$then $\{\mathcal {H}_1, \ldots , \mathcal {H}_{t+1}\}$
contains a rainbow F-matching.
-
(ii) We have
.
.3.1 Preparations
First, recall the following result due to Katona, Nemetz, and Simonovits [Reference Katona, Nemetz and Simonovits41]
Proposition 3.2 (Katona–Nemetz–Simonovits [Reference Katona, Nemetz and Simonovits41])
Fix an r-graph F. The ratio
$\frac {\mathrm {ex}(n,F)}{\binom {n}{r}}$
is nonincreasing in n. In particular,
$\mathrm {ex}(n,F) \ge \pi (F)\binom {n}{r}$
for all
$n\in \mathbb {N}$
, and
Next, we prove two simple inequalities concerning binomials.
Lemma 3.3 Suppose that
$m \le n/r -1$
. Then
Proof For every
$i\in [2,r]$
we have
where the last inequality follows from the assumption that
$m \le n/r -1$
. Therefore,
proving Lemma 3.3.
Lemma 3.4 Suppose that integers
$n,b,r \ge 1$
satisfy
$b \le \frac {n-r}{r+1}$
. Then
Proof For every
$i \in [b]$
it follows from
$b \le \frac {n-r}{r+1}$
that
$\frac {n-i}{n-i-r} = 1+ \frac {r}{n-i-r} \le 1+ \frac {r}{n-b-r} \le 1+ \frac {1}{b}$
. Therefore,
proving Lemma 3.4.
The following lemma says that
$d(n,F)$
is well-behaved for every F.
Lemma 3.5 Let F be an r-graph. For every n and
$m \le n/r -1$
we have
Proof It follows from Proposition 3.2 that
$\mathrm {ex}(n,F)/\binom {n}{r} \le \mathrm {ex}(n-m,F)/\binom {n-m}{r}$
. Therefore,
Consequently,
This completes the proof of Lemma 3.5.
The following lemma deals with a simple case of Theorem 3.1 in which the maximum degree of every r-graph
$\mathcal {H}_i$
is bounded away from
$\binom {n-1}{r-1}$
.
Lemma 3.6 Let F be a nondegenerate r-graph with m vertices. Suppose that
$\mathrm {ex}(n,F)$
is g-smooth with
$g(n) \le \frac {1-\pi (F)}{8m}\binom {n}{r-1}$
for all sufficiently large n. Then there exists
$N_1$
such that the following holds for all integers
$n, t\in \mathbb {N}$
with
$n\ge N_1$
and
$t \le \frac {1-\pi (F)}{64rm^2} n$
.
Suppose that
$\left \{\mathcal {H}_1, \ldots , \mathcal {H}_{t+1}\right \}$
is a collection of n-vertex r-graphs on the same vertex set V such that
hold for all
$i\in [t+1]$
. Then
$\left \{\mathcal {H}_1, \ldots , \mathcal {H}_{t+1}\right \}$
contains a rainbow F-matching.
Proof Given an integer
$k \le t+1$
, we say a collection
$\mathcal {C} = \{S_1, \ldots , S_{k}\}$
of pairwise disjoint m-subsets of V is F-rainbow if there exists an injection
$f \colon [k]\to [t+1]$
such that
$F \subset \mathcal {H}_{f(i)}[S_i]$
for all
$i\in [k]$
.
Fix a maximal collection
$\mathcal {C} = \{S_1, \ldots , S_{k}\}$
of pairwise disjoint m-subsets of V that is F-rainbow. If
$k = t+1$
, then we are done. So we may assume that
$k \le t$
. Without loss of generality, we may assume that
$F \subset \mathcal {H}_i[S_i]$
for all
$i\in [k]$
(i.e., f is the identity map). Let
$B = \bigcup _{i=1}^{k}S_i$
and let
$b = |B| = mk$
.
Let us count the number of edges in
$\mathcal {H}_{k+1}$
. Observe that every copy of F in
$\mathcal {H}_{k+1}$
must contain a vertex from B, since otherwise, it would contradict the maximality of
$\mathcal {C}$
. Therefore, the induced subgraph of
$\mathcal {H}_{k+1}$
on
$V_0:= V\setminus B$
is F-free. Hence, by the maximum degree assumption, we obtain
where
Next, we will prove that
$\Delta _1 + \Delta _2>0$
, which implies that
$|\mathcal {H}_{k+1}| < \mathrm {ex}(n-t, F) + t \binom {n-t}{r-1}$
contradicting our assumption.
Since
$n-t \ge N_1/2$
is sufficiently large and
$\lim _{n\to \infty }\mathrm {ex}(n-t,F)/\binom {n-t}{r} = \pi (F)$
, we have
$\mathrm {ex}(n-t,F) \le \left (\pi (F)+ \frac {1-\pi (F)}{5}\right )\binom {n-t}{r}$
, and hence,
Therefore,
On the other hand, by Lemma 3.5, we have
Therefore, it follows from the Smoothness assumption and g is nondecreasing that
Since
$t \le \frac {1-\pi (F)}{64rm^2} n$
, we obtain
$\frac {4(r-1)m^2t^2}{n-t} < \frac {1-\pi (F)}{8} t$
. Together with
$g(n-t) \le \frac {1-\pi (F)}{8m}\binom {n-t}{r-1}$
, we obtain
Therefore,
$\Delta _1 + \Delta _2> 0$
. This finishes the proof of Lemma 3.6.
3.2 Proof of Theorem 3.1
We prove Theorem 3.1 in this section. Let us prove Part (i) first.
Proof of Theorem 3.1 (i)
Fix a sufficiently large constant
$N_0$
and suppose that
${n \ge N_0}$
. Let
$k \le t+1$
. We say a collection
$L:= \{v_1, \ldots , v_k\}$
of vertices in V is heavy-rainbow if there exists an injection
$f \colon [k] \to [t+1]$
such that
Fix a maximal collection
$L:= \{v_1, \ldots , v_k\}$
of vertices that is heavy-rainbow. Without loss of generality, we may assume that f (defined above) is the identity map.
Let
$V_0 = V \setminus L$
and
$\mathcal {H}^{\prime }_{j} = \mathcal {H}_{j}[V_0]$
for all
$j\in [k+1, t+1]$
. For every
$j\in [k+1, t+1]$
observe that there are at most
$\binom {n}{r}-\binom {n-k}{r}$
edges in
$\mathcal {H}_j$
that have nonempty intersection with L. Hence,
On the other hand, it follows from the maximality of L that
holds for all
$j\in [k+1, t+1]$
. By assumption,
$\frac {t-k}{n-k} \le \frac {t}{n} \le \frac {1-\pi (F)}{64rm^2}$
and
$n-k \ge n/2$
is sufficiently large, so it follows from Lemma 3.6 that there exists a collection
$\mathcal {C} = \{S_{k+1}, \ldots , S_{t+1}\}$
of pairwise disjoint m-subsets of
$V_0$
such that
$F \subset \mathcal {H}^{\prime }_{j}[S_j]$
for all
$j\in [k+1, t+1]$
.
Next we will find a collection of rainbow copies of F from
$\{\mathcal {H}_1, \ldots , \mathcal {H}_k\}$
.
Claim 3.7 For every
$i\in [k]$
and for every set
$B_i \subset V \setminus \{v_i\}$
of size at most
$2mt$
there exists a copy of F in
$\mathcal {H}_i[V\setminus B_i]$
.
Proof Fix
$i \in [k]$
and fix a set
$B_i \subset V \setminus \{v_i\}$
of size at most
$2mt$
. We may assume that
$|B_i| = 2mt$
. Let
$V_i = V\setminus B_i$
and
$n_i = |V_i| = n-2mt$
. Let
$\mathcal {H}_i' = \mathcal {H}_i[V_i]$
. Since the number of edges in
$\mathcal {H}_i$
containing
$v_i$
that have nonempty intersection with
$B_i$
is at most
$2mt \binom {n-1}{r-2}$
, we have
where the last inequality holds because
$t \le \frac {1-\pi (F)}{64rm^2}n$
and n is sufficiently large.
Similarly, we have
which, by the assumption
$f(n-2mt) \ge 2emt\binom {n-2mt}{r-2}$
, implies that
It follows from (3.2), (3.3), and the Boundedness assumption that
$F \subset \mathcal {H}_{i}'$
.
Let
$B = L \cup S_{k+1}\cup \cdots \cup S_{t+1}$
. Now we can repeatedly apply Claim 3.7 to find a collection of rainbow copies of F as follows. First, we let
$B_1 = B\setminus \{v_1\}$
. Since
$|B_1| = k-1+m(t+1-k) \le 2mt$
, Claim 3.7 applied to
$v_1$
,
$B_1$
, and
$\mathcal {H}_1$
yields an m-set
$S_1 \subset V\setminus B_1$
such that
$F \subset \mathcal {H}_1[S_1]$
. Suppose that we have define
$S_1, \ldots , S_i$
for some
$i\in [k-1]$
such that
$F \subset \mathcal {H}_j[S_j]$
holds for all
$j\le i$
. Then let
$B_{i+1} = (B\cup S_1 \cup \cdots \cup S_i) \setminus \{v_{i+1}\}$
. Since
$|B_{i+1}| = k-1+m(t+1-k) + im \le 2 mt$
, Claim 3.7 applied to
$v_{i+1}$
,
$B_{i+1}$
, and
$\mathcal {H}_{i+1}$
yields an m-set
$S_{i+1} \subset V\setminus B_{i+1}$
such that
$F \subset \mathcal {H}_{i+1}[S_{i+1}]$
. At the end of this process, we obtain a collection
$\{S_1, \ldots , S_k\}$
of pairwise disjoint sets such that
$F \subset \mathcal {H}_{i}[S_{i}]$
holds for all
$i\in [k]$
. Since
$S_i \cap S_j = \emptyset $
for all
$i\in [k]$
and
$j\in [k+1, t+1]$
, the set
$\{S_1, \ldots , S_{t+1}\}$
yields a rainbow F-matching.
Before proving Part (ii) of Theorem 3.1, we need the simple corollary of Lemma 3.6.
Lemma 3.8 Let F be a nondegenerate r-graph with m vertices. Suppose that
$\mathrm {ex}(n,F)$
is g-smooth with
$g(n) \le \frac {1-\pi (F)}{8m}\binom {n}{r-1}$
for all sufficiently large n. Then there exists
$N_1$
such that the following holds for all integers
$n, t\in \mathbb {N}$
with
$n\ge N_1$
and
$t \le \frac {1-\pi (F)}{64rm^2} n$
.
Suppose that
$\mathcal {H}$
is an n-vertex r-graph with
Then
Now we are ready to prove Part (ii).
Proof of Theorem 3.1 (ii)
Let
$\mathcal {H}$
be an n-vertex r-graph with
$\mathrm {ex}(n, (t+1)F)$
edges and
$\nu (F, \mathcal {H}) < t+1$
. Note that Theorem 3.1 (i) already implies that
$\mathrm {ex}(n, (t+1)F) \le \binom {n}{r}-\binom {n-t}{r}+\mathrm {ex}(n-t, F)$
. So, it suffices to show that
$\mathcal {H}$
is isomorphic to 
for some
$\mathcal {G} \in \mathrm {EX}(n-t,F)$
.
Let
$V = V(\mathcal {H})$
and define
A similar argument as in the proof of Claim 3.7 yields the following claim.
Claim 3.9 For every
$v\in L$
and for every set
$B\subset V\setminus \{v\}$
of size at most
$2mt$
there exists a copy of F in
$\mathcal {H}[V\setminus B]$
.
Let
$\ell =|L|$
. We have the following claim for
$\ell $
.
Claim 3.10 We have
$\ell \le t$
.
Proof Suppose to the contrary that
$\ell \ge t+1$
. By taking a subset of L if necessary, we may assume that
$\ell = t+1$
. Let us assume that
$L = \{v_1, \ldots , v_{t+1}\}$
. We will repeatedly apply Claim 3.9 to find a collection
$\{S_1, \ldots , S_{t+1}\}$
of pairwise disjoint m-sets such that
$F\subset \mathcal {H}[S_i]$
for all
$i\in [t+1]$
as follows.
Let
$B_1 = L\setminus \{v_1\}$
. Since
$|B_1| \le 2mt$
, it follows from Claim 3.9 that there exists a set
$S_1 \subset V\setminus B$
such that
$F\subset \mathcal {H}[S_1]$
. Now suppose that we have found pairwise disjoint m-sets
$S_1, \ldots , S_i$
for some
$i \le t$
. Let
$B_{i+1} = \left (L\cup S_1 \cup \cdots \cup S_i\right ) \setminus \{v_i\}$
. It is clear that
$|B_{i+1}| \le 2mt$
. So it follows from Claim 3.9 that there exists a set
$S_{i+1} \subset V\setminus B$
such that
$F\subset \mathcal {H}[S_{i+1}]$
. Repeat this process for
$t+1$
times, we find the collection
$\{S_1, \ldots , S_{t+1}\}$
that satisfies the assertion. However, this contradicts the assumption that
$\nu (F, \mathcal {H}) < t+1$
.
Let
$V_0 = V\setminus L$
and
$\mathcal {H}_0 = \mathcal {H}[V_0]$
. The following claim follows from a similar argument as in the last paragraph of the proof of Theorem 3.1.
Claim 3.11 We have
$\nu (F, \mathcal {H}_0) < t-\ell +1$
.
If
$\ell =t$
, then Claim 3.11 implies that
$\mathcal {H}_0$
is F-free. Therefore, it follows from
that
$\mathcal {H}_0 \in \mathrm {EX}(n-t, F)$
and
$d(v) = \binom {n-1}{r-1}$
for all
$v\in L$
, which implies that 
for some
$\mathcal {G} \in \mathrm {EX}(n-t, F)$
.
If
$\ell \le t-1$
, then it follows from
$\Delta (\mathcal {H}_0) \le d(n-t, F) + \frac {1-\pi (F)}{2m} \binom {n-t}{r-1}$
,
$\nu (F, \mathcal {H}_0) < t-\ell +1$
, and Lemma 3.8 that
Consequently,
a contradiction.
4 Proofs of Theorems 1.7 and 1.9
In this section, we prove Theorems 1.7 and 1.9. Before that, let us introduce some definitions and prove some preliminary results.
4.1 Preliminaries
The following fact concerning
$\delta (n,F)$
for all hypergraphs F.
Fact 4.1 Let F be an r-graph and
$n\ge 1$
be an integer. Then every maximum n-vertex F-free r-graph
$\mathcal {H}$
satisfies
$\delta (\mathcal {H}) \ge \delta (n,F)$
. In particular,
$d(n,F) \ge \delta (n,F)$
.
Proof Let
$v\in V(\mathcal {H})$
be a vertex with minimum degree and let
$\mathcal {H}^{\prime }$
be the induced subgraph of
$\mathcal {H}$
on
$V(\mathcal {H})\setminus \{v\}$
. Since
$\mathcal {H}^{\prime }$
is an
$(n-1)$
-vertex F-free r-graph, we have
$|\mathcal {H}^{\prime }| \le \mathrm {ex}(n-1, F)$
. On the other hand, since
$\mathcal {H}$
is a maximum n-vertex F-free r-graph, we have
$\mathrm {ex}(n,F) = |\mathcal {H}|$
. Therefore,
which proves Fact 4.1.
For Turán pairs
$(F,P)$
we have the following fact which provides a lower bound for
$\delta (n,F)$
.
Fact 4.2 Suppose that
$(F,P)$
is a Turán pair and
$\mathcal {H}$
is a maximum F-free r-graph on
$n-1$
vertices. Then
$\delta (n,F) \ge \Delta (\mathcal {H})$
. In particular,
$\delta (n,F) \ge d(n-1,F)$
.
Proof First, notice that
$|\mathcal {H}| = \mathrm {ex}(n-1, F)$
. On the other hand, it follows from the definition of Turán pair that
$\mathcal {H}$
is an
$(n-1)$
-vertex P-construction. Let
$\tilde {\mathcal {H}}$
be an n-vertex P-construction obtained from
$\mathcal {H}$
by duplicating a vertex
$v\in V(\mathcal {H})$
with maximum degree. In other words,
$\tilde {\mathcal {H}}$
is obtained from
$\mathcal {H}$
by adding a new vertex u and adding all edges in
$\left \{\{u\} \cup S \colon S \in L_{\mathcal {H}}(v)\right \}$
. It is clear that
$\tilde {\mathcal {H}}$
is an n-vertex P-construction, and hence,
$\tilde {\mathcal {H}}$
is F-free. So
$|\tilde {\mathcal {H}}| \le \mathrm {ex}(n,F)$
. It follows that
which proves Fact 4.2.
The following result can be derived with a minor modification to the proof of [Reference Liu, Mubayi and Reiher50, Lemma 4.2] (see Section 1 for details).
Fact 4.3 Let F be an r-graph and let
$\mathcal {H}$
be an n-vertex F-free r-graph. If n is large,
$\varepsilon>0$
is small, and
$|\mathcal {H}| \ge \left (\pi (F) - \varepsilon \right )\binom {n}{r}$
, then
-
(a) the set
$$ \begin{align*} Z_{\varepsilon}(\mathcal{H}) := \left\{v\in V(\mathcal{H}) \colon d_{\mathcal{H}}(v) \le \left(\pi(F)-r\varepsilon^{1/2}\right)\binom{n-1}{r-1}\right\} \end{align*} $$has size at most $\varepsilon ^{1/2}n$
, and
-
(b) the induced subgraph $\mathcal {H}^{\prime }$
of
$\mathcal {H}$
on
$V(\mathcal {H})\setminus Z_{\varepsilon }(\mathcal {H})$
satisfies
$\delta (\mathcal {H}^{\prime }) \ge \left (\pi (F)-2r\varepsilon ^{1/2}\right )\binom {n-1}{r-1}$
.
4.2 Proofs of Theorems 1.7 and 1.9
We prove Theorem 1.7 first.
Proof of Theorem 1.7
Fix an integer
$n \ge 1$
. Then
which proves Theorem 1.7.
Next we prove Theorem 1.9.
Proof of Theorem 1.9
Fix constants
$0 < \varepsilon \ll \varepsilon _1 \ll 1$
and let
$n \in \mathbb {N}$
be sufficiently large. Suppose to the contrary that there exists an n-vertex F-free r-graph
$\mathcal {H}$
with
$d(\mathcal {H}) \ge d(n,F) - \varepsilon \binom {n-1}{r-1}$
and
$\Delta (\mathcal {H}) \ge d(n,F)+ \frac {1-\pi (F)}{8m}\binom {n-1}{r-1}$
. Let
$V = V(\mathcal {H})$
. Fix a vertex
$v\in V$
with
$d_{\mathcal {H}}(v) = \Delta (\mathcal {H})$
. Let
$V_0 = V\setminus \{v\}$
and
$\mathcal {H}_0 = \mathcal {H}[V_0]$
. Since
it follows from the edge-stability of F that
$\mathcal {H}_0$
contains a subgraph
$\mathcal {H}_1$
with at least
$\mathrm {ex}(n,F) - \varepsilon _1\binom {n}{r} \ge \left (\pi (F)-\varepsilon _1\right )\binom {n}{r}$
edges, and moreover,
$\mathcal {H}_1$
is a P-subconstruction.
It follows from Fact 4.3 that the set
has size at most
$\varepsilon _1^{1/2} n$
, and moreover, the r-graph
$\mathcal {H}_2 := \mathcal {H}_1[V_0\setminus Z]$
satisfies
$\delta (\mathcal {H}_2) \ge \left (\pi (F)-2r\varepsilon _1^{1/2}\right )\binom {n-1}{r-1}$
. Note that
$\mathcal {H}_2 \subset \mathcal {H}_1$
is also a P-subconstruction.
Define
$\mathcal {H}_3 := \mathcal {H}_2 \cup \left \{e \in \mathcal {H}[V\setminus Z] \colon v\in e\right \}$
. Since
$|Z| \le \varepsilon _1^{1/2}n \le \frac {1-\pi (F)}{72m}\frac {n}{r}$
, we have
Let
$n' = |V\setminus Z|$
. Note that
$\mathcal {H}_3$
is an F-free r-graph on
$n'$
vertices with
$\delta (\mathcal {H}_3) \ge \delta (\mathcal {H}_2) \ge \left (\pi (F) - 2r \varepsilon _1^{1/2}\right )\binom {n-1}{r-1}$
, and
$v\in V(\mathcal {H}_3)$
is a vertex such that
$\mathcal {H}_3 - v = \mathcal {H}_2$
is a P-subconstruction. However, this contradicts the weak vertex-extendability of F since
$\varepsilon _1$
is sufficiently small and
$d_{\mathcal {H}_3}(v) \ge \left (\pi (F) + \frac {1-\pi (F)}{9m}\right ) \binom {n-1}{r-1}$
.
5 Proof of Theorem 2.13
The edge-stability of
$\mathbb {F}_{3,2}$
was already proved in [Reference Füredi, Pikhurko and Simonovits28, Theorem 2.2], so by Theorems 1.5, 1.7, and 1.9, to prove Theorem 2.13 it suffices to prove the following result.
Theorem 5.1 The
$3$
-graph
$\mathbb {F}_{3,2}$
is weakly vertex-extendable with respect to the pattern
$S_3 :=\left (2, \{1,2,2\}\right )$
.
Proof Fix
$\delta>0$
. Let n be sufficiently large and
$\zeta>0$
be sufficiently small. Let
$\mathcal {H}$
be an n-vertex
$\mathbb {F}_{3,2}$
-free
$3$
-graph with
$\delta (\mathcal {H}) \ge \left (\frac {4}{9}-\zeta \right )\binom {n-1}{2}$
. Suppose that
$v\in V$
is a vertex such that
$\mathcal {H}_0 := \mathcal {H}-v$
is an
$S_3$
-subconstruction (i.e., semibipartite). It suffices to show that
$d_{\mathcal {H}}(v) \le \left (\frac {4}{9}+\delta \right )\binom {n-1}{2}$
.
Suppose to the contrary that
$d_{\mathcal {H}}(v)> \left (\frac {4}{9}+\delta \right )\binom {n-1}{2}$
. Let
$V_1 \cup V_2$
be a bipartition of
$V_0 := V\setminus \{v\}$
such that every edge in
$\mathcal {H}_0$
contains exactly one vertex from
$V_1$
. Since
$|\mathcal {H}_0| \ge \frac {3}{n}\delta (\mathcal {H}) \ge \left (\frac {4}{9}-\zeta \right )\binom {n}{3}$
, it follows from some simple calculations (see, e.g., [Reference Füredi, Pikhurko and Simonovits28, Theorem 2.2(ii)]) that
Recall that the link of a vertex
$u\in V(\mathcal {H})$
is defined as
Let
$L = L_{\mathcal {H}}(v)$
for simplicity and let
Here, we abuse the use of notation by letting
$V_1\times V_2$
denote the edge set of the complete bipartite graph with parts
$V_1$
and
$V_2$
.
Claim 5.2 We have
$|L_2| \ge \frac {\delta }{8}n^2$
.
Proof Suppose to the contrary that
$|L_{2}| \le \delta n^2/8$
. Then it follows from the inequality
that there exists a vertex
$w\in V_1$
with
Therefore, by (5.1), we have
Fix a vertex
$u\in N_{L}(w) \cap V_1$
and let
$V_2' = N_{L}(w) \cap V_2$
. Since
there exists an edge
$ab\in L_{\mathcal {H}}(u)\cap \binom {V_2'}{2}$
. However, this implies that
$\mathbb {F}_{3,2} \subset \mathcal {H}[\{v,u,w,a,b\}]$
(see Figure 8), a contradiction.
Claim 5.3 We have
$L_1 = \emptyset $
.
Proof Suppose to the contrary that there exists an edge
$uw \in L_1$
. Note that
$|L_{2}| \ge \delta n^2/8$
from Claim 5.2. Choosing uniformly at random a pair
$\{a,b\}$
from
$\binom {V_2}{2}$
, we obtain
and
So it follows from the Union Bound that
Hence, there exists an edge
$ab\in L_2 \cap L_{\mathcal {H}}(u) \cap L_{\mathcal {H}}(w)$
. However, this implies that
$\mathbb {F}_{3,2} \subset \mathcal {H}[\{v,u,w,a,b\}]$
(see Figure 8), a contradiction.
Figure 8: Long description
A two-panel diagram showing geometric representations of sets and vertices.
In the left panel (Claim 5.2), there are two vertical ellipses. The left ellipse contains vertices w, u, and v arranged vertically. The right ellipse contains vertices b and a. A large grey shaded region connects w, v, and b. A smaller red shaded region is nested within the connections, specifically highlighting the area between u, a, and b.
In the right panel (Claim 5.3), the same arrangement of ellipses and vertices (w, u, v on the left; b, a on the right) is present. Here, the grey shaded regions are split into two distinct areas: one connecting w, u, and b, and another connecting u, v, and a. A red shaded region is located on the far left, specifically highlighting the curved area between vertices w, u, and v within the first ellipse.
Let us define
It follows from
and
that
So it follows from (5.1) that
$|U_1 \cap U_2| \ge |U_1|+|U_2| - |V_2| \ge \frac {\delta }{16}n$
.
Fix a vertex
$w\in U_1 \cap U_2$
and a vertex
$u\in N_{L}(w) \cap V_1$
. Let
$V_2' = N_{L}(w) \cap V_2$
. Since
$|V_2'| \ge \frac {\delta }{16}n$
, similar to (5.2), there exists an edge
$ab\in L_{\mathcal {H}}(u) \cap \binom {V_2'}{2}$
. However, this implies that
$\mathbb {F}_{3,2} \subset \mathcal {H}[\{v,u,w,a,b\}]$
(see Figure 9), a contradiction. This completes the proof of Theorem 5.1.
Finding
$\mathbb {F}_{3,2}$
when
$L_1 = \emptyset $
.
6 Concluding remarks
By a small modification of the proof, one can easily extend Theorems 1.5 and 1.6 to vertex-disjoint union of different hypergraphs as follows (here, we omit the statement for the rainbow version).
Theorem 6.1 Let
$m \ge r \ge 2, k \ge 1$
be integers and let
$F_1, \ldots , F_{k}$
be nondegenerate r-graphs on at most m vertices. Suppose that there exists a constant
$c> 0$
such that for all
$i\in [k]$
and large
$n \colon $
-
(a) $F_i$
is
$\left (c\binom {n}{r-1}, \frac {1-\pi (F)}{4m}\binom {n}{r-1}\right )$
-bounded, and -
(b) $\mathrm {ex}(n, F_i)$
is
$\frac {1-\pi (F)}{8m}\binom {n}{r-1}$
-smooth.
Then there exist constant
$N_0$
such that for all integers
$n \ge N_0$
and
$t_1, \ldots , t_k \in \mathbb {N}$
with
$t+1:= \sum _{i=1}^{k}t_i \in [0, \varepsilon n]$
, where
$\varepsilon = \min \left \{\frac {c}{4erm}, \frac {1-\pi (F_1)}{64rm^2}, \ldots , \frac {1-\pi (F_k)}{64rm^2}\right \}$
, we have
Moreover, if
$\max _{i\in [k]} \mathrm {ex}(n-t, F_i) = \mathrm {ex}(n, \{F_1, \ldots , F_k\})$
, then the inequality above can be replace by equality.
Recall from Theorem 1.7 that for every r-uniform Turán pair
$(F, P)$
, the function
$\mathrm {ex}(n,F)$
is smooth. This result can be extended in the following ways with a slight modification to the proof (the proof of Theorem 6.2 below is included in the Appendix).
Let
$(n_i)_{i=1}^{\infty }$
be an ascending sequence of integers, F be an r-graph, and P be a pattern. We say
$(F,P)$
is a
$(n_i)_{i=1}^{\infty }$
-Turán pair if there exists
$N_0$
such that
-
• every P-construction is F-free, and
-
• for every $n_i \ge N_0$
, there exists an
$n_i$
-vertex F-free extremal construction that is a P-construction.
Let
$k \ge 1$
be an integer. We say an ascending sequence of integers
$(n_i)_{i=1}^{\infty }$
is
$\frac {1}{k}$
-dense if for every integer
$m \ge N_0$
, we have
Theorem 6.2 Let
$k \ge 1$
be an integer, F be an r-graph, and P be a pattern. Suppose that
$(F,P)$
is an
$(n_i)_{i=1}^{\infty }$
-Turán pair for some
$\frac {1}{k}$
-dense ascending sequence of integers
$(n_i)_{i=1}^{\infty }$
. Then
$\mathrm {ex}(n, F)$
is
$16 k^2 \binom {n-1}{r-2}$
-smooth.
Given an r-graph F, we say F is
$2$
-covered if every pair of vertices in
$V(F)$
is contained in some edge of F. In particular, complete r-graphs are
$2$
-covered.
Suppose that F is a
$2$
-covered r-graph. Then it is easy to see that duplicating a vertex in an F-free r-graph does not change its F-freeness. Thus, a proof analogous to that of Fact 4.2 can show that
$\delta (n,F) \ge \Delta (\mathcal {H})$
for every maximum F-free r-graph
$\mathcal {H}$
on
$n-1$
vertices. Consequently, we have
$\delta (n,F) \ge d(n-1,F)$
. By combining this result with Fact 4.1 and Lemma 3.5, we can extend Theorem 6.3 as follows.
Theorem 6.3 Suppose that F is a
$2$
-covered r-graph. Then
$\mathrm {ex}(n, F)$
is
$4\binom {n-1}{r-2}$
-smooth.
Recall that Allen, Böttcher, Hladký, and Piguet [Reference Allen, Böttcher, Hladký and Piguet2] determined, for large n, the value of
$\mathrm {ex}(n, (t+1)K_3)$
for all
$t\le n/3$
. Considering that the situation is already very complicated for
$K_3$
, the following question seems very hard in general.
Problem 6.4 Let
$r \ge 2$
be an integer and F be a nondegenerate r-graph with m vertices. For large n determine
$\mathrm {ex}(n, (t+1)F)$
for all
$t \le n/m$
.
A first step toward a full understanding of Problem 6.4 would be determining the regime of t in which members in 
are extremal. Here, we propose the following question, which seems feasible for many hypergraphs (including graphs).
Problem 6.5 Let
$r \ge 2$
be an integer and F be an r-graph with m vertices. For large n determine the maximum value of
$s(n, F)$
such that
holds for all
$t \in [0, s(n,F)]$
.
Understanding the asymptotic behavior of
$s(n, F)$
would be also very interesting.
Problem 6.6 Let
$r \ge 2$
be an integer and F be an r-graph with m vertices. Let
$s(n, F)$
be the same as in Problem 6.5. Determine the value of
$\liminf _{n\to \infty } \frac {s(n,F)}{n}$
.
Note that the result of Allen, Böttcher, Hladký, and Piguet [Reference Allen, Böttcher, Hladký and Piguet2] implies that
$s(n, K_3) = \frac {2n-6}{9}$
for large n. In particular,
$\lim _{n\to \infty } \frac {s(n,K_3)}{n} = \frac {2}{9}$
.
It would be also interesting to consider extensions of the density Corrádi–Hajnal theorem to degenerate hypergraphs such as complete r-partite r-graphs and even cyclesFootnote 6 . The behavior for degenerate hypergraphs seems very different from nondegenerate hypergraphs, and we refer the reader to, for example, [Reference Fang, Zhai and Lin19, Theorem 1.3] for related results on even cycles.
As pointed out to us by Mubayi,
$\mathrm {ex}(n,(t+1)F)$
is also related to the well-known Erdős–Rademacher Problem [Reference Erdős12]. More specifically, a lower bound for the number of copies of F in an n-vertex r-graph
$\mathcal {H}$
with e edges can provide a lower bound for the number of vertex-disjoint copies of F in
$\mathcal {H}$
, as revealed by results in Hypergraph Matching Theory. However, this approach is unlikely to give a tight bound for
$\mathrm {ex}(n,(t+1)F)$
since these two questions generally have different extremal constructions. We refer the reader to, for example, [Reference Mubayi61, Reference Mubayi62, Reference Nikiforov64, Reference Razborov70–Reference Reiher72] and references therein for more results related to the Erdős–Rademacher Problem.
A Proof of Fact 4.3
Proof of Fact 4.3
Fix a sufficiently small
$\varepsilon> 0$
and let n be a sufficiently large integer such that
Suppose to the contrary that
$|Z_{\varepsilon }(\mathcal {H})| \ge \varepsilon ^{1/2} n$
. Then fix a set
$Z\subset Z_{\varepsilon }(\mathcal {H})$
of size
$\varepsilon ^{1/2} n$
and let 
. It follows from the definition of
$Z_{\varepsilon }(\mathcal {H})$
that
On the other hand, we have
Here, we used the inequality that
$\left (1-x\right )^{r} \le 1-r x + \binom {r}{2} x^2$
for
$x\in [0,1]$
and
$r\ge 2$
.
Since
$r^2-1> \binom {r}{2}+1$
for
$r\ge 2$
, we arrived at a contradiction. Therefore, we have
$|Z_{\varepsilon }(\mathcal {H})| \le \varepsilon ^{1/2} n$
. It follows that the induced subgraph
$\mathcal {H}^{\prime }$
of
$\mathcal {H}$
on
$V(\mathcal {H})-Z_{\varepsilon }(\mathcal {H})$
satisfies
completing the proof of Fact 4.3.
B Proof of Theorem 6.2
The following fact can be derived from a slight modification of the proof of Fact 4.2
$\colon $
instead of duplicating the vertex v just once, we duplicate it
$n-n_{i_{\ast }}$
times.
Fact B.1 Let
$k \ge 1$
be an integer and
$(n_i)_{i=1}^{\infty }$
be a
$\frac {1}{k}$
-dense ascending sequence of integers. Suppose that
$(F,P)$
is an r-uniform
$(n_i)_{i=1}^{\infty }$
-Turán pair and
$\mathcal {H}$
is a maximum P-construction on
$n_{i_{\ast }}$
vertices, where
$i_{\ast }$
is sufficiently large. Then for every
$n \ge n_{i_{\ast }}$
, we have
Proof of Theorem 6.2
Let n be a sufficiently large integer and let
$i_{\ast }$
be such that
$n_{i_{\ast }} \le n \le n_{i_{\ast }} +k$
. The existence of such an
$i_{\ast }$
is guaranteed by the assumption that
$(n_i)_{i=1}^{\infty }$
is a
$\frac {1}{k}$
-dense ascending sequence.
Let 
. Notice that
Additionally,
Therefore, we obtain that
proving Theorem 6.2.
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our gratitude to both referees for their valuable suggestions and comments.
Open access
