Helminth parasites of terrestrial and freshwater chelonians in the Neotropical region

The bibliographical survey recovered 202 helminth taxa parasitizing terrestrial and freshwater chelonians in the Neotropical region: 98 nematode taxa, belonging to 18 families and 41 genera, with 72 taxa identified at the species level, 23 at the genus level, and three at the family level; 78 trematode taxa, belonging to 18 families and 33 genera, with 72 taxa identified at the species level, five at the genus level, and one at the family level; 18 monogenean taxa belonging to two families and five genera, with one taxa identified at the species level and one at the genus level; five taxa of acanthocephalans belong to two families and two genera, with four taxa identified at the species level and one at the genus level and three cestode taxa belonging to one family and one genus, with two taxa identified at the species level and one at the genus level. Nematoda had the highest number of taxa and occurred in all biogeographical units, with the second most diverse family of parasitic helminths, Atractidae (28 species), represented by the most commonly found species, Spiroxys contortus of the Gnathostomatidae family, in six hosts; Trematoda had the second highest number of taxa, featuring the most diverse family of parasitic helminths, Telorchiidae (29 species), represented by the most commonly found species, Nematophila grandis of the Cladorchiidae family, in 17 hosts; Acanthocephala was represented by the species Neoechinorhynchus emyditoides in two hosts; Cestoda by Ophiotaenia cohospes in one host, and Monogenea by Manotrema brasiliensis in three hosts.

A total of eight families, 18 genera, and 48 species of chelonians were recorded as being parasitized by helminths. Of these, 19 species are listed as Least Concern, nine as Vulnerable, nine as Lower Risk/near threatened, three Critically Endangered, three Endangered, and one Extinct in the IUCN Red List (Supplementary material 1). The family with the highest number of helminths was Chelidae (59 taxa), followed by Kinosternidae (52 taxa) and Podocnemididae (40 taxa) (Figure 1). In addition, Chelidae was the only family with all the helminth groups and the highest number of host species (14 hosts), followed by Kinosternidae (nine hosts), Emydidae and Geoemydidae (eight hosts). Nematodes and trematodes were present in all the chelonian families, with Testudinidae having the highest number of nematodes (32 taxa) and Chelidae the highest number of trematodes (27 taxa). Chelidae, Emydidae, and Kinosternidae were the only families to have acanthocephalans. Among the host genera, Kinosternon from the Kinosternidae family was the most parasitized (47 taxa), followed by Phrynops from the Chelidae family (39 taxa) and Podocnemis from the Podocnemididae family (37 taxa). The most parasitized species were the terrestrial chelonian Chelonoidis denticulatus and the freshwater chelonian Phrynops hilarii (25 taxa).

Figure 1.

Number of records of helminth parasites per family of chelonians in the Neotropical region.

Helminth records in the biogeographical units of the Neotropical region

All ten biogeographic units recorded helminths associated with terrestrial and freshwater chelonians (Figures 2 and 3): Mesoamerican dominion showed the highest number of helminths (61 taxa), followed by Chacoan dominion (57 taxa), Pacific dominion (41 taxa), Paraná dominion (35 taxa), Boreal Brazilian dominion (30 taxa), South Brazilian dominion (27 taxa), Mexican transition zone (13 taxa), South American transition zone (six taxa), Antillean subregion (five taxa), and South Amazonian dominion (three taxa). Chacoan dominion recorded all the helminth groups and more nematodes, while the Mesoamerican dominion recorded more trematodes. Of the 57 provinces, 32 had records, with the Pampean province having the most helminth taxa (36 taxa) followed by Veracruzan province (35 taxa).

Figure 2.

Number of records of helminth parasites of chelonians in the biogeographical units of the Neotropical region.

Figure 3.

Map of records of helminth parasites of chelonians in the biogeographical units of the Neotropical region.

Helminth records in the political units encompassed by the Neotropical region

Considering the political units encompassed by the Neotropical region, 15 have studies on helminths of terrestrial and freshwater chelonians (Figure 4): Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Grenada (island country), France-French Guiana, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago (island country), Uruguay, and Venezuela. Brazil had the highest number of helminths (85 taxa) in all groups, followed by Mexico (56 taxa), Peru (32 taxa) and Argentina (27 taxa).

Figure 4.

Helminth parasites of chelonians across political units in the Neotropical Region.

Publication history

This study found 199 publications related to helminths of chelonians in the Neotropical region between the years 1850 and 2024 (Figure 5). Of these, 107 were for Nematoda, 95 for Trematoda, 31 for Monogenea, 10 for Acanthocephala, and six for Cestoda. Publications for the Nematoda group showed irregular peaks after 1935 and a significant increase after the 1990s, making it the group with the most papers over the years. The Trematoda group presented more work between 1940 and 1980, with irregular peaks in publications over the years, increasing significantly in the last decade. The Monogenea group showed an increase in publications from the 2000s onward and, together with the Acanthocephala and Cestoda groups, exhibited low publication rates over the years, with a slight increase in the 2000s.

Figure 5.

Number of publications by group of helminth parasites of chelonians over the years in the Neotropical region.

Field research: New record of Phrynops geoffroanus in the Brazilian semi-arid region

Two populations of P. geoffroanus were studied in November and December 2019 and December 2020, totaling 17 specimens captured (seven females, five males, and five juveniles). All the individuals were parasitized, resulting in a total of 432 helminths collected (Table 1). Regarding the diversity of endoparasites, they all belong to the Nematoda phylum. The nematodes recorded belong to the Camallanidae family - Camallanus sp., found in the stomach and intestine with the highest abundance (n=383) and prevalence (100%), and the Gnathostomatidae family - Spiroxys contortus, with the lowest abundance (n=49) and prevalence (64.7%) in the stomach. Camallanus sp. was identified at genus level because its characteristics differed from other species already recorded for reptiles, indicating the possibility of it being a new species. Spiroxys contortus is the first record of the species for the host P. geoffroanus.

Table 1.

Values of abundance (A), number of infected (NI), mean intensity of infection (MII), mean abundance (MA), standard deviation (SD) of average intensity, and site of infection (IS): stomach (St) and intestine (It) for nematodes of Phrynops geoffroanus in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil

Spiroxys contortus (Rudolphi, 1819) Schneider, 1866

Spiroptera contorta Rudolphi, 1819, Agamospirura ophidii Sharpilo, 1964

Taxonomic summary:

Host: Phrynops geoffroanus (Schweigger 1812).

Site of infection: Stomach

Locality: Conceição, Paraíba, Brazil (7°33’44.3’’S 38°30’27.4’’W) and Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (7°02’18.1’’ S 37°16’36.8’’W).

Specimens deposited: UFPB.NEMA 10 - 14

Description:

Males (eight specimens): Body length 14.79–29.98 mm and width 194.11–587.5 μm. Lips 36.75–71 mm long and 59–117.5 μm wide. Total oesophagus 2229–5044 μm wide, muscular section 770.6–811.8 and glandular 4015–4205 (two specimens measured) μm long. Nerve ring 370–776.5 and excretory pore 823.5–1100 (four specimens measured) μm from the anterior end. Tail curved ventrally, caudal wings poorly developed. 12 pairs of caudal papillae present: three pairs preanal, two adanal and six postanal. Spicules slender, slightly unequal in size. Larger spicule 2529–2941.25 μm long and smaller spicule 24.94–2926.5 μm long. Gubernaculum little sclerotized, 188.2–352.9 μm long (six specimens measured). Tail 200–352 μm long.

Females (five specimens): Body length 32.5–44.1 mm and width 529.5–661.75 μm. Lips length 47.05–59 by 53–59 (three specimens measured) μm wide. Total oesophagus is 3970.5–6677.5 μm long, muscular section 517.6–955.75 and glandular 4102.5–5882.5 μm. Nerve ring 517.6–955.75 and excretory pore 871–1367.75 (three specimens measured) μm from the anterior end. Vulva situated 19–28.35 mm from the anterior end. Vagina anteriorly directed, withventer opposite. Eggs 29.5–59 μm long by 41.2–55.85 μm wide (eight eggs measured). Tail 485.25–602.75 μm long, with one pair of dorsolateral phasmids.

Lists of Helminths of terrestrial and freshwater chelonians from the Neotropical region

PHYLUM NEMATODA Rudolphi, 1808

CLASS CHROMADOREA Inglis, 1983

Superfamily Ascaridoidea Baird, 1853

Family Anisakidae Railliet & Henry, 1912

Contracaecum Railliet & Henry, 1912

Contracaecum sp. larvae

Infection site: unknown

Host: Acanthochelys spixii

Biogeographic unit: Pampean province – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul): Capão do Leão, Pelotas, Rio Grande and Santa Vitória do Palmar

Reference: Mascarenhas et al. (Reference Mascarenhas, Henzel and Müller2017)

Contracaecum sp. larvae.

Infection site: body cavity

Host: Acanthochelys spixii

Biogeographic unit: Pampean province – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul): Capão do Leão, Pelotas, Rio Grande and Santa Vitória do Palmar

Reference: Mascarenhas et al. (Reference Mascarenhas, Chaviel, Bernardon, Wolter, Coimbra and Müller2022)

Family Ascarididae Baird, 1853

Angusticaecum Baylis, 1920

Angusticaecum brevispiculum Chapin, Reference Chapin1924

Infection site: intestine

Host: Chelonoidis denticulatus

Biogeographic unit: Rondônia province³, Ucayali province³ – SBD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Pará): unspecified location^1,2; [PERU] – (Loreto)³: Jenaro Herrera, Pullcapa and Yurimaguas; (San Martin): unspecified location⁴

References: Chapin (Reference Chapin1924)¹; Vicente et al. (Reference Vicente, Rodrigues, Gomes and Pinto1993)²; Salizar and Sanchez (Reference Salizar and Sanchez2007)³; Cuellar et al. (Reference Cuellar, Sáez, Cantú, Sánchez, Mendoza, Conga, Cruces, Luque and Chero2022)⁴

Angusticaecum holopterum (Rudolphi, 1819) Baylis, 1920

Infection site: small intestine and large intestine

Host: Chelonoidis denticulatus

Biogeographic unit: Ucayali province – SBD

Political unity: [PERU] – (Loreto): Iquitos

Reference: Julca et al. (Reference Julca, Casas, Chavera, Sánchez, Sánchez and Batalla2014)

Angusticaecum sp.

Infection site: intestine

Host: Chelonoidis denticulatus

Political unity: [PERU] – (Loreto): unspecified location

References: Tantaleán et al. (Reference Tantaleán, Juarez and Cruz1983) cited by Cuellar et al. (Reference Cuellar, Sáez, Cantú, Sánchez, Mendoza, Conga, Cruces, Luque and Chero2022)

Angusticaecum sp.

Infection site: intestine

Host: Chelonoidis denticulatus

Biogeographic unit: Desert province –STZ

Political unity: [PERU] – Lima.

Reference: Chavez et al. (Reference Chavez, Serrano-Martínez, Tantaleán, Quispe and Casas2015)

Ophidascaris Baylis, 1921

Ophidascaris arndti Sprehn, 1929

Infection site: stomach, small intestine

Host: Chelonoidis denticulatus

Biogeographic unit: Ucayali province – SBD

Political unity: [PERU] – (Loreto): Iquitos.

Reference: Julca et al. (Reference Julca, Casas, Chavera, Sánchez, Sánchez and Batalla2014)

Ophidascaris sp.

Infection site: intestine

Host: Chelonoidis denticulatus

Political unity: [PERU] – (Ucayali): unspecified location

Reference: Cuellar et al. (Reference Cuellar, Sáez, Cantú, Sánchez, Mendoza, Conga, Cruces, Luque and Chero2022)

Family Heterocheilidae Railliet & Henry, 1915

Brevimulticaecum Mozgovoy, 1951

Brevimulticaecum sp. Larvae

Infection site: stomach and large intestine

Host: Phrynops geoffroanus

Biogeographic unit: Parana Forest province – PD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (São Paulo): RPPN Foz do Rio Aguapeí

Reference: Silva (Reference Silva2014)

Superfamily Camallanoidea Travassos, 1920

Family Camallanidae Railliet & Henry, 1915

Camallanus Railliet & Henry, 1915

Camallanus emydidius Mascarenhas & Müller, 2017

Infection site: stomach, small intestine, large intestine, heart, lungs and liver

Host: Hydromedusa tectifera ¹ and Trachemys dorbigni ²

Biogeographic unit: Pampean province^1,2 – CD; Esteros del Iberá Province² – PD

Political unity: [ARGENTINA] – (Entre Ríos)²: Concordia and Federal; [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul)¹: Capão do Leão², Pelotas², Rio Grande and Santa Vitória do Palmar

References: Mascarenhas and Müller (Reference Mascarenhas and Muller2017)²; Chaviel et al. (Reference Chaviel, Mascarenhas, Bernardon, Coimbra and Müller2020)¹; Mascarenhas et al. (Reference Mascarenhas, Silva and Müller2021)²; Palumbo et al. (Reference Palumbo, Alcalde, Bonino, Lescano, Montes, Solari and Inés Diaz2024a)²; Palumbo et al. (Reference Palumbo, Servián, Cassano and Diaz2024b)²

Camallanus pallidipectoris Palumbo, Servián, Cassano & Diaz, 2024

Infection site: stomach and small intestine

Host: Acanthochelys pallidipectoris and Phrynops hilarii

Biogeographic unit: Chaco province and Pampean province – CD

Political unity: [ARGENTINA] – (Entre Ríos province): Aldea Brasilera; (Santa Fe province): Vera

Reference: Palumbo et al. (Reference Palumbo, Servián, Cassano and Diaz2024b)

Camallanus sp.

Infection site: body cavity and small intestine

Host: Acanthochelys spixii and Hydromedusa tectifera

Biogeographic unit: Pampean province – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul): Capão do Leão, Pelotas, Rio Grande, and Santa Vitória do Palmar

Reference: Mascarenhas et al. (Reference Mascarenhas, Souza, Coimbra and Müller2013)

Camallanus sp.

Infection site: stomach and small intestine

Host: Phrynops hilarii

Biogeographic unit: Pampean province – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul): Pelotas

Reference: Bernardon et al. (Reference Bernardon, Valente and Müller2013)

Camallanus sp.

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Trachemys dorbigni

Biogeographic unit: Pampean province – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul): Pelotas

Reference: Bernardon et al. (Reference Bernardon, Valente and Müller2014)

Camallanus sp.

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Phrynops geoffroanus

Biogeographic unit: Parana Forest province – PD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Minas Gerais): Juiz de Fora

Reference: Vieira et al. (Reference Vieira, Oliveira, Gonçalves, Sousa, Souza Lima and Novelli2016)

Camallanus sp.

Infection site: small intestine and large intestine

Host: Acanthochelys spixii

Biogeographic unit: Pampean province – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul): Capão do Leão, Pelotas, Rio Grande and Santa Vitória do Palmar

Reference: Mascarenhas et al. (Reference Mascarenhas, Chaviel, Bernardon, Wolter, Coimbra and Müller2022)

Camallanus sp.

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Kinosternon scorpioides

Biogeographic unit: Chaco province – CD

Political unity: [ARGENTINA] – (Chaco province): Formosa

Reference: Palumbo et al. (Reference Palumbo, Servián, Cassano and Diaz2024b)

Camallanus sp.

Infection site: stomach and intestine

Host: Phrynops geoffroanus

Biogeographic unit: Caatinga province – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Paraiba): Conceição and Patos

Reference: Present study

Camallanus spiculatus Palumbo, Servián, Cassano & Diaz, 2024

Infection site: stomach and small intestine

Host: Acanthochelys spixii and Phrynops hilarii

Biogeographic unit: Esteros del Iberá province – PD

Political unity: [ARGENTINA] – (Corrientes province): Bella vista

Reference: Palumbo et al. (Reference Palumbo, Servián, Cassano and Diaz2024b)

Serpinema Yeh, 1960

Serpinema amazonicum (Ribiero, 1941)

Infection site: stomach and small intestine

Host: Mesoclemmys tuberculata ¹, Phrynops geoffroanus ², Podocnemis expansa ³, Podocnemis sp.⁴, and Podocnemis unifilis ⁵

Biogeographic unit: Atlantic province^1,2 – PD; Caatinga province^1,2 – CD; Pará province³ – BBD; Ucayali province – SBD^3,5

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Sergipe)^1,2: Areia Branca, Capela, Pirambu, Poço Redondo, and Tobias Barreto; (Pará): Belém³; [PERU] – (Loreto): Iquitos,³ Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve,⁵ and unspecified location⁴; (Ucayali): unspecified location⁴

References: Ribeiro (Reference Ribeiro1940)³; Tantaleán (Reference Tantaleán1998)³; Sanchez et al. (Reference Sánchez, Tantaleán, Vela and Méndez2006)⁵; Santana et al. (Reference Santana, Teixeira, Araújo-Filho, Teles, Pereira, Brito, Almeida and Mesquita2023)^1,2; Cuellar et al. (Reference Cuellar, Sáez, Cantú, Sánchez, Mendoza, Conga, Cruces, Luque and Chero2022)⁴

Serpinema cayennense Harnoster, Svitin & Preez, Reference Harnoster, Svitin and Preez2019

Infection site: intestine

Host: Rhinoclemmys punctularia

Biogeographic unit: Guianan Lowlands province – BBD

Political unity: [FRENCH GUIANA] – Cayenne

Reference: Harnoster et al. (Reference Harnoster, Svitin and Preez2019)

Serpinema kachugae (Baylis & Daubney, 1922)

Infection site: intestine

Host: Kinosternon scorpioides

Biogeographic unit: Pacific dominion

Political unity: [VENEZUELA] – Zulia

Reference: Díaz-Ungría (Reference Díaz-Ungría1978)

Serpinema magathi (Sprehn, Reference Sprehn1932 )

Infection site: stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

Host: Kinosternon integrum ¹, Kinosternon leucostomum ², and Kinosternon scorpioides ³

Biogeographic unit: Atlantic province³ – PD; Pacific Lowlands province² – MD; Pará province³ – BBD; Roraima province³ – BBD

Political unity: [BOLIVIA] - unspecified location¹; [BRAZIL] – (Pará): Ilha de Marajó³; (Pernambuco): Recife³; (Maranhão): São Bento³; [COSTA RICA] – Santa Rosa National Park²

References: Sprehn (Reference Sprehn1932)¹; Alho (Reference Alho1965)³; Freitas and Dobbin Jr. (Reference Freitas and Dobbin1971)³; Bursey and Brooks (Reference Bursey and Brooks2011)²; Viana et al. (Reference Viana, Rodrigues, Madelaire, Santos and Sousa2016)³

Serpinema microcephalus (Dujardin, 1845)

Infection site: intestine

Host: Peltocephalus dumerilianus, Podocnemis expansa, and Podocnemis unifilis

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – unspecified location

Reference: Diesing (Reference Diesing1851)

Serpinema monospiculatus Freitas & Dobbin Jr., Reference Freitas and Dobbin1962

Infection site: stomach, small intestine, large intestine, lungs, and body cavity

Host: Kinosternon scorpioides ¹, Mesoclemmys nasuta ², Mesoclemmys tuberculata ³, and Phrynops geoffroanus ⁴

Biogeographic unit: Atlantic province^2,3,4, Parana Forest province⁴ – PD; Caatinga province^1,3,4 – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Sergipe)^3,4: Areia Branca, Capela, Pirambu, Poço Redondo, and Tobias Barreto; (Pernambuco): Cortês,⁴ Jaboatão dos Guararapes,³ Limoeiro,⁴ Paudalho,⁴ Recife,^2,4 and Santa Cruz do Capibaribe⁴; (Ceará): Nova Olinda^1,3,4; (São Paulo): RPPN Foz do Rio Aguapeí⁴

References: Freitas and Dobbin Jr. (Reference Freitas and Dobbin1971)^2,3,4; Silva (Reference Silva2014)⁴; Pereira A et al. (Reference Pereira, Junior, Santana, Almeida, Pereira and Oliveira2018)^1,3,4; Fonseca et al. (Reference Fonseca, Rojas, Vieira, Ferreira, Rodrigues, Barros, Silva Júnior, Moura and Oliveira2021)⁴; Santana et al. (Reference Santana, Teixeira, Araújo-Filho, Teles, Pereira, Brito, Almeida and Mesquita2023)^3,4

Serpinema pelliculatus Silva, Jesus, Santos, Nandyara, Willkens, Santos & Melo, Reference Silva, Jesus, Santos, Nandyara, Willkens, Santos and Melo2023

Infection site: stomach and intestine

Host: Kinosternon scorpioides

Biogeographic unit: Para province¹ and Roraima province² – BBD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Pará): Abaetetuba¹ and Ilha do Marajó²

Reference: Silva et al. (Reference Silva, Jesus, Santos, Nandyara, Willkens, Santos and Melo2023)

Serpinema sp.

Infection site: stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

Host: Trachemys callirostris

Biogeographic unit: Magdalena province – PCD

Political unity: [COLOMBIA] – (Córdoba): Montería

Reference: Martínez et al. (Reference Martínez, Cordero, Velásquez, Bolaño, Otero, Monsalve, Mestra and Chacón-Pacheco2021)

Serpinema sp.

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Kinosternon scorpioides

Biogeographic unit: Chaco province – CD

Political unity: [ARGENTINA] – (Formosa province): Formosa

Reference: Palumbo et al. (Reference Palumbo, Servián, Cassano and Diaz2024b)

Serpinema trispinosum (Leidy, 1852)

Note: Paredes-León et al. (Reference Paredes-León, García-Prieto, Guzmán-Cornejo, León-Règagnon and Pérez2008) mention that this species was originally described as Camallanus magnorugosus by Caballero (Reference Caballero1939b) and Camallanus scabrae by (Caballero Reference Caballero1943b).

Infection site: stomach, intestine, and small intestine

Host: Dermatemys mawii ¹, Kinosternon hirtipes ², Rhinoclemmys areolata ³, Terrapene ornata ⁴, Trachemys scripta ⁵, and Trachemys venusta ⁶

Biogeographic unit: Transmexican Volcanic Belt province² – MTZ; Veracruzan province^1,3,4,6 – MD; Yucatán Peninsula province⁵ – MD

Political unity: [MEXICO]: (Veracruz): Alvarado – Laguna de Alvarado⁴; (Tabasco): Emiliano Zapata³, Laguna el espiño,⁶ and Río de Chilapa¹; (Michoacán)²: Manantiales de Cointzio; Pátzcuaro – Laguna de Pátzcuaro, Zacapu – Lago de Zacapu and Zirahuén - Laguna de Zirahuén; (Yucatán): Aguada Xpoc⁵

References: Caballero (Reference Caballero1939b)⁴; Caballero (Reference Caballero1943b)¹; Dyer and Carr (Reference Dyer and Carr1990a)³; Moravec and Vargas-Vázquez (Reference Moravec and Vargas-Vázquez1998)⁵; Pérez-Ponce de León et al. (Reference Pérez-Ponce De León, Jiménez-Ruiz, Mendoza-Garfias and García-Prieto2001)²; Aguilar-Aguilar et al. (Reference Aguilar-Aguilar, Báez-Valé, Mendoza-Palmero, Salgado-Maldonado and Barrios-Quiroz2003)⁶

Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) Olsen, 1952

Spirocamallanus sp.

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Hydromedusa tectifera

Biogeographic unit: Parana florest province – PD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Minas Gerais): Ingaí

Reference: Novelli et al. (Reference Novelli, Morton, Trindade, Diego, Silva and Vieira2014)

Superfamily Cosmocercoidea Railliet, 1916

Family Atractidae Railliet, 1917

Atractidae g. sp. larvae

Infection site: intestine

Host: Chelonoidis denticulatus (captivity)

Biogeographic unit: Desert province – STZ

Political unity: [PERU] – Lima

Reference: Chavez et al. (Reference Chavez, Serrano-Martínez, Tantaleán, Quispe and Casas2015)

Acanthoatractis Jesus and Melo, 2024

Acanthoatractis xinguensis Jesus & Melo in Jesus, Nandyara & Melo, 2024

Infection site: stomach

Host: Podocnemis unifilis

Biogeographic unit: Xingu-Tapajós province – SAD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Pará): Vitória do Xingu – Xingu River

Reference: Jesus et al. (Reference Jesus, Santos, Nandyara, Santos and Melo2024b)

Atractis Dujardin, 1845

Atractis costaricaensis Gibbons & Platt, Reference Gibbons and Platt2006

Infection site: small intestine and large intestine

Host: Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima

Biogeographic unit: Pacific Lowlands province – MD

Political unity: [COSTA RICA] – Santa Rosa National Park

References: Gibbons and Platt (Reference Gibbons and Platt2006); Bursey and Brooks (Reference Bursey and Brooks2011)

Atractis cruciata Linstow, 1902

Infection site: stomach

Host: Podocnemis expansa

Biogeographic unit: Cerrado province – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Tocantins): Javaés River

Reference: Armond (Reference Armond2008)

Atractis dactyluris (Rudolphi, 1819) Dujardin, 1845

Infection site: intestine

Host: Mesoclemmys nasuta, Podocnemis expansa, and Podocnemis unifilis

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – unspecified location

Reference: Diesing (Reference Diesing1851)

Atractis impura Caballero, 1944

Infection site: digestive tract, intestine, large intestine

Host: Chelonoidis denticulatus ¹, Gopherus sp.², Kinosternon scorpioides cruentatum ³, Rhinoclemmys areolata ⁴, Rhinoclemmys diademata ⁵, and Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima ⁶

Biogeographic unit: Transmexican Volcanic Belt province² – MTZ; Pacific Lowlands province⁶ – MD; Yucatán Peninsula province⁴ – MD; Ucayali province¹ – SBD; Guajira province⁵, Puntarenas-Chiriquí province³ – PCD

Political unity: [COSTA RICA] – (San José): Santa Ana³; [MEXICO] – (Federal District): Mexico City²; (Guerrero): Acapulco⁶; (Quintana Roo): 1.1 km N of Coba road, on Hwy 307⁴; [PERU] – (Loreto): Iquitos¹; (Ucayali): Pucallpa¹; [VENEZUELA] – (Zulia): Lago de Maracaibo⁵

References: Caballero (Reference Caballero1944a)²; Brenes-Madrigal and Bravo-Hollis (Reference Brenes-Madrigal and Bravo-Hollis1960)³; Dyer and Carr (Reference Dyer and Carr1990a)^4,5,6; Salizar and Sanchez (Reference Salizar and Sanchez2007)¹

Atractis marquezi Bursey & Flanagan Reference Bursey and Flanagan2002

Infection site: colon, intestine, and large intestine

Host: Chelonoidis carbonarius ¹, Chelonoidis denticulatus ², Chelonoidis porteri ³, Mesoclemmys gibba ⁴, Phrynops geoffroanus ⁵, and Podocnemis unifilis ⁶

Biogeographic unit: Galápagos Islands province³ – PCD; Lesser Antilles province¹ – AS; Ucayali province² – SBD

Political unity: [ECUADOR] – (Galápagos): Isla Santa Cruz³; [GRANADA - West Indies]¹; [PERU] – (Pasco); unspecified location⁶; (Ucayali): unspecified location^4,5; (Loreto): Iquitos²

References: Bursey and Flanagan (Reference Bursey and Flanagan2002)³; Julca et al. (Reference Julca, Casas, Chavera, Sánchez, Sánchez and Batalla2014)²; Springer et al. (Reference Springer, Kinsella, Vasuki and Sharma2020)¹; Cuellar et al. (Reference Cuellar, Sáez, Cantú, Sánchez, Mendoza, Conga, Cruces, Luque and Chero2022)^4,5,6

Atractis sp.

Infection site: stomach

Host: Podocnemis expansa

Biogeographic unit: Cerrado province – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL]: (Tocantins): Javaés River

Reference: Armond (Reference Armond2008)

Atractis sp.

Infection site: intestinal content

Host: Chelonoidis carbonarius

Biogeographic unit: Guianan Lowlands province – BBD

Political unity: [VENEZUELA] – (Bolívar): Upata

Reference: Pérez Mata et al. (Reference Pérez Mata, Anguirre, Piñango, Olivares, Camacho, Bautista and Núñez2014)

Atractis sp.

Infection site: intestine

Host: Chelonoidis sp.

Biogeographic unit: Galápagos Islands province – PCD

Political unity: [ECUADOR] – Galápagos

Reference: Fournié et al. (Reference Fournié, Goodman, Cruz, Cedeño, Vélez, Patiño, Millins, Gibbons, Fox and Cunningham2015)

Atractis sp.

Infection site: intestine (fecal samples)

Host: Chelonoidis carbonarius

Biogeographic unit: Lesser Antilles province – AS

Political unity: [GRANADA – West Indies]

Reference: Springer et al. (Reference Springer, Kinsella, Vasuki and Sharma2020)

Atractis thapari Petter, 1966

Infection site: small intestine and large intestine

Host: Chelonoidis carbonarius ¹ and Chelonoidis denticulatus ²

Biogeographic unit: Pará province^1,2 – BBD; Lesser Antilles province¹ – AS

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Piauí): Teresina^1,2; [GRANADA - West Indies]¹

References: Leal et al. (Reference Leal, Freire, Knoff, Gomes, Santos and Mendonça2018)^1,2; Freire et al. (Reference Freire, Leal, Batista, Rocha, Baêta and Mendonça2019)^1,2; Springer et al. (Reference Springer, Kinsella, Vasuki and Sharma2020)¹

Atractis trematophila Travassos, 1934

Infection site: stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

Host Mesoclemmys gibba ¹, Peltocephalus dumerilianus ², Podocnemis expansa ³, and Podocnemis unifilis ⁴

Biogeographic unit: Imerí province² – BBD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – unspecified location³; (Amazonas)²: Barcelos and Jaú National Park; [PERU] – (Pasco) – unspecified location^1,4

References: Travassos (Reference Travassos1934a)³; Ferreira (Reference Ferreira2016)²; Cuellar et al. (Reference Cuellar, Sáez, Cantú, Sánchez, Mendoza, Conga, Cruces, Luque and Chero2022)^1,4; Menegaldo et al. (Reference Menegaldo, Arias-Pacheco, Perin, Tebaldi and Hoppe2024)²

Buckleyatractis Khalil & Gibbons Reference Khalil and Gibbons1988

Buckleyatractis marinkelli Khalil & Gibbons, Reference Khalil and Gibbons1988

Infection site: large intestine

Host: Podocnemis unifilis

Political unity: [COLOMBIA] – unspecified location

Reference: Khalil and Gibbons (Reference Khalil and Gibbons1988)

Klossinemella Goncalves Da Costa, Reference Costa1961

Klossinemella caballeroi (Brenes and Bravo Hollis, Reference Brenes-Madrigal and Bravo-Hollis1960) Bursey and Flanagan, Reference Bursey and Flanagan2002

Synonym: Atractis caballeroi Brenes & Bravo-Hollis, Reference Brenes-Madrigal and Bravo-Hollis1960

Infection site: digestive tract, intestine, and large intestine

Host: Chelydra serpentina ¹, Kinosternon scorpioides cruentatum ², Kinosternon leucostomum ³, Rhinoclemmys annulata ⁴, and Rhinoclemmys areolata ⁵

Biogeographic unit: Pacific Lowlands province^1,4, Veracruzan province⁵ – MD; Puntarenas-Chiriquí province² – PCD; Western Ecuador province^3.4 – PCD

Political unity: [COSTA RICA] – Santa Rosa National Park^1,4; (San José): Santa Ana²

[ECUADOR] – (Esmeraldas): San Jose de Cayapas⁴ and Concepcion³; [MEXICO] – (Chiapas): Catazajá⁵; (Tabasco): Emiliano Zapata⁵

References: Brenes-Madrigal and Bravo-Hollis (Reference Brenes-Madrigal and Bravo-Hollis1960)²; Dyer and Carr (Reference Dyer and Carr1990a)^3,4,5; Bursey and Brooks (Reference Bursey and Brooks2011)^1,4

Klossinemella conciliatus Alho, 1964

Infection site: stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Host: Peltocephalus dumerilianus ¹, Podocnemis expansa,² and Podocnemis unifilis ³

Biogeographic unit: Cerrado province² – CD; Imerí province¹ – BBD; Ucayali province³ – SBD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – unspecified location²; (Amazonas)¹: Barcelos and Jaú National Park; (Tocantins): Javaés River²; [PERU] – Samiria river³

References: Alho (Reference Alho1964a)²; Costa et al. (Reference Costa, Motta and Gomes1968)²; Salizar and Sanchez (Reference Salizar and Sanchez2007)³; Armond (Reference Armond2008)²; Ferreira (Reference Ferreira2016)¹; Menegaldo et al. (Reference Menegaldo, Arias-Pacheco, Perin, Tebaldi and Hoppe2024)¹

Klossinemella parvicapiticoronata - G. Caballero, 1971

Infection site: large intestine

Host: Chelonoidis carbonarius ¹ and Staurotypus triporcatus ²

Biogeographic unit: Lesser Antilles province¹ – AS

Political unity: [GRANADA – West Indies]¹; [MEXICO] – (Veracuz): unspecified location²

References: Caballero-Rodríguez (Reference Caballero-Rodríguez1971)²; Springer et al. (Reference Springer, Kinsella, Vasuki and Sharma2020)¹

Klossinemella sp.

Infection site: stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

Host: Peltocephalus dumerilianus

Biogeographic unit: Imerí province – BBD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Amazonas): Barcelos

Reference: Ferreira (Reference Ferreira2016)

Klossinemella sp.

Infection site: stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

Host: Peltocephalus dumerilianus

Biogeographic unit: Imerí province – BBD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Amazonas): Jaú National Park

Reference: Menegaldo et al. (Reference Menegaldo, Arias-Pacheco, Perin, Tebaldi and Hoppe2024)

Klossinemella travassosi Costa, Mota & Gomes, 1968

Infection site: intestine, large intestine

Host: Chelonoidis denticulatus ¹ and Podocnemis unifilis ²

Biogeographic unit: Ucayali province¹ – SBD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Amazonas): unspecified location¹; [PERU] – (Loreto)¹: unspecified location and Iquitos; (Pasco): unspecified location²

References: Costa et al. (Reference Costa, Motta and Gomes1968)¹; Muniz-Pereira et al. (Reference Muniz-Pereira, Vieira and Luque2009)¹; Julca et al. (Reference Julca, Casas, Chavera, Sánchez, Sánchez and Batalla2014)¹; Cuellar et al. (Reference Cuellar, Sáez, Cantú, Sánchez, Mendoza, Conga, Cruces, Luque and Chero2022)^1,2.

Labiduris Schneider, 1866

Labiduris gulosa (Rudolphi, 1819)

Infection site: cecum, cardiac vessels, stomach, intestine, and large intestine

Host: Chelonoidis carbonarius ¹ and Chelonoidis denticulatus ²

Biogeographic unit: Lesser Antilles province¹ – AS; Ucayali province² – SBD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – unspecified location¹; (Pará): unspecified location²; (Rio de Janeiro): unspecified location²; [GRANADA – West Indies]¹; [PERU] – (Loreto): Iquitos²; (San Martin): unspecified location²; (Ucayali): unspecified location²

References: Diesing (Reference Diesing1851)¹; Chapin (Reference Chapin1924)²; Muniz-Pereira et al. (Reference Muniz-Pereira, Vieira and Luque2009)²; Julca et al. (Reference Julca, Casas, Chavera, Sánchez, Sánchez and Batalla2014)²; Springer et al. (Reference Springer, Kinsella, Vasuki and Sharma2020)¹; Cuellar et al. (Reference Cuellar, Sáez, Cantú, Sánchez, Mendoza, Conga, Cruces, Luque and Chero2022)²

Labiduris irineuta Costa, Reference Costa1961

Infection site: small intestine, large intestine

Host: Chelonoidis denticulatus

Biogeographic unit: Atlantic province – PD¹; Ucayali province – SBD²

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio de Janeiro): Rio de Janeiro¹; [PERU] – (Loreto): Iquitos²

References: Costa (Reference Costa1961)¹ cited by Vicente et al. (Reference Vicente, Rodrigues, Gomes and Pinto1993); Julca et al. (Reference Julca, Casas, Chavera, Sánchez, Sánchez and Batalla2014)²

Labiduris sp.

Infection site: intestine

Host: Chelonoidis sp.

Biogeographic unit: Galápagos Islands province – PCD

Political unity: [ECUADOR] – Galápagos islands

Reference: Fournié et al. (Reference Fournié, Goodman, Cruz, Cedeño, Vélez, Patiño, Millins, Gibbons, Fox and Cunningham2015)

Labiduris sp. larvae

Infection site: digestive system (fecal samples)

Host: Chelonoidis carbonarius and Chelonoidis denticulatus

Biogeographic unit: Atlantic province – PD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio de Janeiro): Rio de Janeiro

Reference: Meireles et al. (Reference Meireles, Miguel, Mattos Junior, Barros and Magalhães2018)

Labiduris sp.

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Chelonoidis chilensis

Biogeographic unit: Monte province – STZ

Political unity: [ARGENTINA] – San Juan

Reference: Castillo et al. (Reference Castillo, Acosta, González-Rivas and Ramallo2020)

Labiduris zschokkei Linstow, 1899

Infection site: stomach, intestine, large intestine

Host: Chelonoidis denticulatus

Biogeographic unit: Ucayali province² – SBD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] - unspecified location¹; [PERU] – (Loreto): Iquitos²; (Ucayali): unspecified location³

References: Skrjabin (Reference Skrjabin, Shikhobalova and Lagodovskaya1964)¹ cited by Vicente et al. (Reference Vicente, Rodrigues, Gomes and Pinto1993); Julca et al. (Reference Julca, Casas, Chavera, Sánchez, Sánchez and Batalla2014)²; Cuellar et al. (Reference Cuellar, Sáez, Cantú, Sánchez, Mendoza, Conga, Cruces, Luque and Chero2022)³

Orientatractis Petter, 1966

Orientatractis asymmetrica Gibbons & Platt, Reference Gibbons and Platt2006

Infection site: small intestine and large intestine

Host: Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima

Biogeographic unit: Pacific Lowlands province – MD

Political unity: [COSTA RICA] - Santa Rosa National Park

Reference: Gibbons and Platt (Reference Gibbons and Platt2006)

Orientatractis bowseri Jesus & Melo in Jesus, Santos, De Almeida Pereira Oliveira, Félix‑Silva & Melo, 2023

Infection site: stomach

Host: Peltocephalus dumerilianus

Biogeographic unit: Imerí province – BBD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Amazonas): Jaú National Park

Reference: Jesus et al. (Reference Jesus, Santos, Oliveira, Félix-Silva and Melo2024a)

Orientatractis leiperi Buckley, Reference Buckley1969

Infection site: stomach and intestine

Host: Podocnemis unifilis ¹ and Podocnemis vogli ²

Biogeographic unit: Cerrado province¹ – CD; Pará province¹ – BBD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Pará): Tucuruí – Tocantins River¹; (Tocantins)¹: Araguaia National Park/Cantão State Park-Javaés River and Tupiratins/Itapiratins – Tocantins River; [COLOMBIA] – unspecified location²

References: Buckley (Reference Buckley1969)²; Jesus et al. (Reference Jesus, Cardoso, Willkens, Furtado, Santos and Melo2020)¹; Ribeiro et al. (Reference Ribeiro, Santana, Souza, Oliveira, Magalhães, Malvasio and Silva2023)¹

Orientatractis matosi Jesus, Oliveira & Melo in Jesus, Oliveira, Ramos & Melo, 2023

Infection site: stomach, large intestine

Host: Podocnemis unifilis

Biogeographic unit: Pará province – BBD; Xingu-Tapajós province – SAD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Pará): Senador José Porfírio – Xingu River and Tucuruí – Tocantins River

Reference: Jesus et al. (Reference Jesus, Oliveira, Ramos and Melo2023a)

Paraorientatractis Gibbons, Khalil & Marinkelle, Reference Gibbons, Khalil and Marinkelle1997

Paraorientatractis semiannulata Gibbons, Khalil & Marinkelle, Reference Gibbons, Khalil and Marinkelle1997

Infection site: stomach and intestine

Host: Mesoclemmys gibba ¹, Phrynops geoffroanus,² and Podocnemis unifilis ³

Biogeographic unit: Cerrado province³ – CD; Roraima province³ – BBD; Ucayali province³ – SBD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Pará)³: Cuminá and Trombetas rivers; (Tocantins)³: Araguaia National Park/Cantão State Park-Javaés River and Tupiratins/Itapiratins – Tocantins River; [PERU] – (Pasco): unspecified location^1,2; (Ucayali): Pucallpa³

References: Gibbons et al. (Reference Gibbons, Khalil and Marinkelle1997)³; Salizar and Sanchez (Reference Salizar and Sanchez2007)³; Cuellar et al. (Reference Cuellar, Sáez, Cantú, Sánchez, Mendoza, Conga, Cruces, Luque and Chero2022)^1,2; Ribeiro et al. (Reference Ribeiro, Santana, Souza, Oliveira, Magalhães, Malvasio and Silva2023)³

Paratractis Sarmiento, Reference Sarmiento1959

Paratractis hystrix (Diesing, Reference Diesing1851) Sarmiento, Reference Sarmiento1959

Infection site: stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

Host: Peltocephalus dumerilianus ¹, Podocnemis erythrocephala ², Podocnemis expansa ³, Podocnemis sp.⁴, Podocnemis unifilis ⁵, and Podocnemis vogli ⁶

Biogeographic unit: Cerrado province⁵ – CD; Imerí province¹ – BBD; Ucayali province¹ – SBD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Amazonas): Barcelos¹, Jaú National Park¹ and unspecified location²; (Tocantins)⁵: Araguaia National Park/Cantão State Park-Javaés River and Tupiratins/Itapiratins – Tocantins River; [COLÔMBIA] – unspecified location^3,5,6; [PERU] – (Loreto): unspecified location^4,5; (Ucayali): Pucallpa¹

References: Diesing (Reference Diesing1851)²; Sarmiento (Reference Sarmiento1959)¹; Buckley (Reference Buckley1970)⁶; Khalil and Gibbons (Reference Khalil and Gibbons1988)^3,5,6; Ferreira (Reference Ferreira2016)¹; Cuellar et al. (Reference Cuellar, Sáez, Cantú, Sánchez, Mendoza, Conga, Cruces, Luque and Chero2022)^4,5; Ribeiro et al. (Reference Ribeiro, Santana, Souza, Oliveira, Magalhães, Malvasio and Silva2023)⁵; Menegaldo et al. (Reference Menegaldo, Arias-Pacheco, Perin, Tebaldi and Hoppe2024)¹

Pneumoatractis Bursey, Reavill & Greiner, Reference Bursey, Reavill and Greiner2009

Pneumoatractis gibbonsae Jesus & Melo in Jesus, Willkens, dos Santos & Melo, 2023

Infection site: stomach and large intestine

Host: Podocnemis expansa and Podocnemis unifilis

Biogeographic unit: Xingu-Tapajós province¹ – SAD; Pará province² – BBD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Pará): Senador José Porfírio – Xingu River¹ and Tucuruí – Tocantins River²

Reference: Jesus et al. (Reference Jesus, Willkens, Santos and Melo2023b)

Pneumoatractis podocnemis Bursey, Reavill & Greiner, Reference Bursey, Reavill and Greiner2009

Infection site: lungs

Host: Podocnemis unifilis

Dristribution: [BRAZIL] – unspecified location

Reference: Bursey et al. (Reference Bursey, Reavill and Greiner2009)

Podocnematractis Gibbons, Khalil & Marinkelle, Reference Gibbons, Khalil and Marinkelle1995

Podocnematractis colombiaensis Gibbons, Khalil & Marinkelle, Reference Gibbons, Khalil and Marinkelle1995

Infection site: large intestine

Host: Podocnemis expansa and Podocnemis vogli

Political unity: [COLOMBIA] – unspecified location

Reference: Gibbons et al. (Reference Gibbons, Khalil and Marinkelle1995)

Podocnematractis ortleppi (Thapar, 1925) Gibbons, Khalil & Marinkelle, Reference Gibbons, Khalil and Marinkelle1995

Infection site: large intestine

Host: Podocnemis expansa, Podocnemis unifilis, and Podocnemis vogli

Political unity: [COLOMBIA] – unspecified location

Reference: Gibbons et al. (Reference Gibbons, Khalil and Marinkelle1995)

Proatractis Caballero, 1971

Proatractis sp. larvae

Infection site: intestine (fecal samples)

Host: Chelonoidis carbonarius

Biogeographic unit: Caatinga province – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Norte): Mossoró

Reference: Pereira AWS et al. (Reference Pereira, Junior, Santana, Almeida, Pereira and Oliveira2018)

Rhinoclemmysnema Gibbons & Platt, Reference Gibbons and Platt2006

Rhinoclemmysnema multilabiatum Gibbons & Platt, Reference Gibbons and Platt2006

Infection site: small intestine and large intestine

Host: Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima

Biogeographic unit: Pacific Lowlands province – MD

Political unity: [COSTA RICA] – Santa Rosa National Park

Reference: Gibbons and Platt (Reference Gibbons and Platt2006)

Vogtnema Jesus, Santos, Nandyara & Melo in Jesus, Santos, Nandyara, Santos & Melo, Reference Jesus, Santos, Nandyara, Santos and Melo2022

Vogtnema asymmetricum Jesus, Santos, Nandyara & Melo in Jesus, Santos, Nandyara, Santos & Melo, Reference Jesus, Santos, Nandyara, Santos and Melo2022

Infection site: stomach and small intestine

Host: Rhinoclemmys punctularia

Biogeographic unit: Pará province – BBD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Pará): Mosqueiro Island – Murubira river

Reference: Jesus et al. (Reference Jesus, Santos, Nandyara, Santos and Melo2022)

Family Cosmocercidae Railliet, 1916

Cosmocercoides Wilkie, 1930

Cosmocercoides variabilis Harwood, 1930

Infection site: large intestine

Host: Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima

Biogeographic unit: Pacific Lowlands province – MD

Political unity: [COSTA RICA] – Santa Rosa National Park

Reference: Bursey and Brooks (Reference Bursey and Brooks2011)

Family Kathlaniidae Lane, 1914

Cruzia Travassos, 1917

Cruzia mexicana Khalil, 1926

Infection site: digestive tracts

Host: Rhinoclemmys areolata ¹ and Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima ²

Biogeographic unit: Pacific Lowlands province², Yucatán Peninsula province¹ – MD

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Guerrero): Acapulco²; (Quintana Roo): 1.1 km N of Coba road, on Hwy 307¹;

Reference: Dyer and Carr (Reference Dyer and Carr1990a)

Falcaustra Lane, 1915

Falcaustra affinis (Leidy, 1856) Harwood, 1932

Infection site: heart, stomach, intestine, large intestine, and kidney

Host: Kinosternon hirtipes ¹, Trachemys dorbigni,² and Trachemys scripta ³

Biogeographic unit: Esteros del Iberá province² – PD; Pampean province² – CD; Transmexican Volcanic Belt province¹ – MTZ; Yucatán Peninsula province³ – MD

Political unity: [ARGENTINA] – (Provincia de Buenos Aires): La Plata²; (Entre Rios)²: Concordia and Federal; [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul)²: Capão do Leão and Pelotas; [MEXICO] – (Michoacán)¹: Manantiales de Cointzio, Pátzcuaro – Lago de Pátzcuaro and Zirahuén – Lago de Zirahuén; (Yucatán): Aguada Xpoc³

References: Moravec and Vargas-Vázquez (Reference Moravec and Vargas-Vázquez1998)³; Pérez-Ponce de León et al. (Reference Pérez-Ponce De León, Jiménez-Ruiz, Mendoza-Garfias and García-Prieto2001)¹; Mascarenhas and Müller (Reference Mascarenhas and Muller2015b)²; Mascarenhas et al. (Reference Mascarenhas, Silva and Müller2021)²; Palumbo et al. (Reference Palumbo, Alcalde, Bonino, Lescano, Montes, Solari and Inés Diaz2024a)²

Falcaustra chelydrae Harwood, 1932

Infection site: large intestine

Host: Chelydra serpentina and Kinosternon leucostomum

Biogeographic unit: Pacific Lowlands province – MD

Political unity: [COSTA RICA] – Santa Rosa National Park

Reference: Bursey and Brooks (Reference Bursey and Brooks2011)

Falcaustra guanacastensis Bursey & Brooks, Reference Bursey and Brooks2011

Infection site: rectum

Host: Rhinoclemmys annulata

Biogeographic unit: Pacific Lowlands province – MD

Political unity: [COSTA RICA] - Santa Rosa National Park

Reference: Bursey and Brooks (Reference Bursey and Brooks2011)

Falcaustra intermedia (Caballero, 1939) Freitas & Lent, 1941

Synonym: Spironoura intermedia Caballero, 1939

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Kinosternon hirtipes

Biogeographic unit: Transmexican Volcanic Belt province – MTZ

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Federal District): Xochimilco

Reference: Caballero (Reference Caballero1939a)

Falcaustra sp.

Infection site: digestive tracts

Host: Rhinoclemmys areolata

Biogeographic unit: Yucatán Peninsula province – MD

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Quintana Roo): 1.1 km N of Coba road, on Hwy 307

Reference: Dyer and Carr (Reference Dyer and Carr1990a)

Falcaustra sp.

Infection site: intestine

Host: Rhinoclemmys nasuta

Biogeographic unit: Guajira province – PCD

Political unity: [COLÔMBIA] – (Sucre): Isla Palma

Reference: Pérez and Alegria (Reference Pérez and Alegria2011)

Falcaustra sp.

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Chelonoidis chilensis

Biogeographic unit: Monte province – STZ

Political unity: [ARGENTINA] – San Juan

Reference: Castillo et al. (Reference Castillo, Acosta, González-Rivas and Ramallo2020).

Falcaustra tikasinghi (Schroeder, Schmidt & Everard, 1977) Baker & Bain, Reference Baker and Bain1981

Infection site: digestive tract, cecum, ileum, and large intestine

Host: Rhinoclemmys annulata ¹, Rhinoclemmys melanosterna ², Rhinoclemmys nasuta,³ and Rhinoclemmys punctularia ⁴

Biogeographic unit: Pacific Lowlands province¹ – MD; Pará province⁴ – BBD; Trinidad province⁴, Western Ecuador province^1,2,3 – PCD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Pará): Belém⁴; [COSTA RICA] – Santa Rosa National Park¹; [ECUADOR] – (Esmeraldas): Carondelet – Tulubi River³, Concepcion², San Jose de Cayapas^1,3 and San José de Tagua¹; (Guayas): Estero el Ceibo³; [TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO – West Indies] – (Trinidad): Aripo Savanas⁴

References: Schoenecker et al. (Reference Schoenecker, Schmidt and Everard1977)⁴; Baker and Bain (Reference Baker and Bain1981)⁴; Dyer and Carr (Reference Dyer and Carr1990a)^1,2,3; Bursey and Brooks (Reference Bursey and Brooks2011)¹

Falcaustra wardi (Mackin, 1936) Freitas & Lent, 1941

Synonym: Spironoura wardi Mackin, 1936

Infection site: stomach

Host: Kinosternon hirtipes

Biogeographic unit: Transmexican Volcanic Belt province – MTZ

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Michoacán): Zacapu – Lago de Zacapu

Reference: Pérez-Ponce de León et al. (Reference Pérez-Ponce De León, Jiménez-Ruiz, Mendoza-Garfias and García-Prieto2001)

Superfamily Diplogasteroidea Micoletzky, 1922

Family Diplogastridae Micoletzky, 1922

Longibucca Chitwood, 1933

Longibucca sp.

Infection site: digestive tracts

Host: Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima

Biogeographic unit: Pacific Lowlands province – MD

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Guerrero): Acapulco

Reference: Dyer and Carr (Reference Dyer and Carr1990a)

Superfamily Dracunculoidea Stiles, 1907

Family Dracunculidae Stiles, 1907

Dracunculus Reichard, 1759

Dracunculus globocephalus Mackin, 1927

Infection site: mesentery

Host: Chelydra serpentina

Biogeographic unit: Pacific Lowlands province – MD

Political unity: [COSTA RICA] - Santa Rosa National Park

Reference: Bursey and Brooks (Reference Bursey and Brooks2011)

Superfamily Gnathostomatoidea Railliet 1895

Family Gnathostomatidae Railliet 1895

Ancyracanthus Diesing, 1838

Ancyracanthus pinnatifidus Diesing, 1839

Infection site: stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

Host: Peltocephalus dumerilianus ¹, Podocnemis expansa,² and Podocnemis unifilis ³

Biogeographic unit: Cerrado province² – CD; Imerí province¹ – BBD; Ucayali province³ – SBD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Amazonas)¹: unspecified location², Barcelos and Jaú National Park; (Goiás): Britânia²; [PERU] – (Loreto): Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve³

References: Diesing (Reference Diesing1851)^1,2; Gomes and Kohn (Reference Gomes and Kohn1970)¹ cited by Vicente et al. (Reference Vicente, Rodrigues, Gomes and Pinto1993); Vicente et al. (Reference Vicente, Rodrigues, Gomes and Pinto1993); Nomura (Reference Nomura1996)²; Sanchez et al. (Reference Sánchez, Tantaleán, Vela and Méndez2006)³; Ferreira (Reference Ferreira2016)¹; Menegaldo et al. (Reference Menegaldo, Arias-Pacheco, Perin, Tebaldi and Hoppe2024)¹

Gnathostoma Owen, 1836

Gnathostoma binucleatum Almeyda-Artigas, 1991

Infection site: muscle

Host: Claudius angustatus ¹, Kinosternon acutum ², Kinosternon integrum ³, Staurotypus triporcatus,⁴ and Trachemys scripta ⁵

Biogeographic unit: Pacific Lowlands province^3,5, Veracruzan province^1,2,3,4,5 – MD

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Guerrero): Laguna de Tres Palos³; (Nayarit): Agua Brava^3,5; (Oaxaca): Temascal⁴; (Sinaloa): Tecualilla^3,5; (Veracruz): Tlacotalpan²; (Oaxaca/Veracruz): Temescal/Tlacotalpan – Cenca del Papaloapan^1,3,4,5

References: Almeyda-Artigas et al. (Reference Almeyda-Artigas, Hernández-Viciconti and Saldaña-Martínez1992)⁴ cited by Miguel (Reference Miguel2015); Alvarez Guerrero and Alba-Hurtado (Reference Alvarez-Guerrero and Alba-Hurtado2007)^3,5; Sánchez-Miranda (Reference Sánchez-Miranda2001)³; Mosqueda-Cabrera (Reference Mosqueda-Cabrera2003)^1,3,4,5; Gaspar-Navarro (Reference Gaspar-Navarro2004)^2,3 cited by Pérez-Álvarez et al. (Reference Pérez- Álvarez, García-Prieto, Osorio-Sarabia, Lamothe-Argumedo and León-Règagnon2008); Díaz–Camacho et al. (Reference Díaz-Camacho, Cruz-Otero, Torres-Montoya, Sánchez-Gonzales, Delgado-Vargas and Nawa2010)^3,5

Gnathostoma sp. larvae

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Hydromedusa tectifera

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul): unspecified location

Reference: Mascarenhas and Müller (Reference Mascarenhas, Silva and Müller2021)

Gnathostoma turgidum Stossich, 1902

Infection site: muscle

Host: Kinosternon integrum

Biogeographic unit: Pacific Lowlands province – MD

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Guerrero): Laguna de Tres Palos

References: Sánchez-Miranda (Reference Sánchez-Miranda2001); Mosqueda-Cabrera (Reference Mosqueda-Cabrera2003); Mosqueda-Cabrera et al. (Reference Mosqueda-Cabrera, Miranda, Calderón and Ortiz Nájera2009)

Spiroxys Schneider, 1866

Spiroxys contortus (Rudolphi, 1819) Schneider, 1866

Infection site: body cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and heart

Host: Acanthochelys spixii ¹, Hydromedusa tectifera ², Kinosternon hirtipes ³, Phrynops geoffroanus ⁴, Phrynops hilarii ⁵, Trachemys dorbigni,⁶ and Trachemys scripta ⁷

Biogeographic unit: Caatinga province⁴, Chaco province^2,5, Pampean province^1,2,5,6 – CD; Esteros del Iberá province^5,6,7 – PD; Transmexican Volcanic Belt province³ – MTZ; Yucatán Peninsula province⁷ – MD

Political unity: [ARGENTINA] – (Buenos Aires Province): Arroyo Buñirigo^2,5, La Plata⁶ and unspecified location^2,5; (Córdoba)²: Flor Serrana and Tanti; (Corrientes province): Bella vista⁵; (Entre Ríos): Concordia⁶ and Diamante⁵; (Santa Fe): Vera⁵; [BRAZIL] – (Paraíba) ⁴: Conceição and Patos; (Rio Grande do Sul)^1,2,5: Capão do Leão⁶, Pelotas⁶, Rio Grande and Santa Vitória do Palmar; [MEXICO] – (Michoacán)³: Manantiales de Cointzio, Pátzcuaro – Lago de Pátzcuaro, Zacapu – Lago de Zacapu and Zirahuén - Lago de Zirahuén; (Yucatán): Aguada Xpoc⁷

References: Moravec and Vargas-Vázquez (Reference Moravec and Vargas-Vázquez1998)⁷; Pérez-Ponce de León et al. (Reference Pérez-Ponce De León, Jiménez-Ruiz, Mendoza-Garfias and García-Prieto2001)³; Mascarenhas et al. (Reference Mascarenhas, Souza, Coimbra and Müller2013)^1,2; Mascarenhas and Müller (Reference Mascarenhas and Muller2015)⁶; Palumbo et al. (Reference Palumbo, Capasso, Cassano, Alcalde and Diaz2016)^2,5; Castillo et al. (Reference Castillo, Acosta, González-Rivas and Ramallo2020)^2,5; Chaviel et al. (Reference Chaviel, Mascarenhas, Bernardon, Coimbra and Müller2020)⁵; Mascarenhas et al. (Reference Mascarenhas, Silva and Müller2021)⁶; Mascarenhas et al. (Reference Mascarenhas, Chaviel, Bernardon, Wolter, Coimbra and Müller2022)^1,2,5; Palumbo et al. (Reference Palumbo, Alcalde, Bonino, Lescano, Montes, Solari and Inés Diaz2024a)^2,5,6; Present study⁴

Spiroxys corti Caballero, 1935

Infection site: stomach

Host: Kinosternon hirtipes and Kinosternon integrum

Biogeographic unit: Balsas Basin province – MD

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Puebla): Izúcar de Matamoros

Reference: Paredes-León et al. (Reference Paredes-León, García-Prieto, Guzmán-Cornejo, León-Règagnon and Pérez2008)

Spiroxys figueiredoi Freitas & Dobbin Jr., 1962

Infection site: stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and coelomic cavity

Host: Kinosternon leucostomum ¹, Kinosternon scorpioides ², Mesoclemmys tuberculata,³ and Phrynops geoffroanus ⁴

Biogeographic unit: – Atlantic province^2,3,4, Parana Forest province^,4 – PD; Caatinga province^3,4 – CD; Pacific Lowlands province^1,2 – MD; Pará province², Roraima province² – BBD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Ceará): Nova Olinda^3,4; (Maranhão): São Bento²; (Pará): Ilha de Marajó²; (Pernambuco)⁴: Limoeiro, Paudalho, Santa Cruz do Capibaribe and Recife²; (São Paulo): RPPN Foz do Rio Aguapeí⁴; (Sergipe)^3,4: Areia Branca, Capela, Pirambu, Poço Redondo and Tobias Barreto; [COSTA RICA] – Santa Rosa National Park^1,2

References: Freitas and Dobbin Jr. (Reference Freitas and Dobbin1962)²; Alho (Reference Alho1965)²; Freitas and Dobbin Jr. (Reference Freitas and Dobbin1971); Bursey and Brooks (Reference Bursey and Brooks2011)^1,2; Silva (Reference Silva2014)⁴; Viana et al. (Reference Viana, Rodrigues, Madelaire, Santos and Sousa2016)²; Pereira A et al. (Reference Pereira, Brito, Araujo Filho, Teixeira, Teles, Santana, Lima and Almeida2018)^3,4; Fonseca et al. (Reference Fonseca, Rojas, Vieira, Ferreira, Rodrigues, Barros, Silva Júnior, Moura and Oliveira2021)⁴; Santana et al. (Reference Santana, Teixeira, Araújo-Filho, Teles, Pereira, Brito, Almeida and Mesquita2023)^3,4

Spiroxys sp.

Infection site: unknown

Host: Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima

Political unity: [COSTA RICA] – unspecified location

Reference: Brenes-Madrigal (Reference Brenes-Madrigal1961)

Spiroxys sp.

Infection site: stomach

Host: Mesoclemmys vanderhaegei

Biogeographic unit: Cerrado province – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Mato Grosso): Chapada dos Guimarães

Reference: Ávila et al. (Reference Ávila, Brito, Barrella, Strussmann and Silva2010)

Spiroxys sp.

Infection site: stomach and small intestine

Host: Phrynops hilarii

Biogeographic unit: Pampean province – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul): Pelotas

Reference: Bernardon et al. (Reference Bernardon, Valente and Müller2013)

Spiroxys sp.

Infection site: stomach and small intestine

Host: Trachemys dorbigni

Biogeographic unit: Pampean province – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul): Pelotas

Reference: Bernardon et al. (Reference Bernardon, Valente and Müller2014)

Spiroxys sp.

Infection site: stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

Host: Trachemys callirostris

Biogeographic unit: Magdalena province – PCD

Political unity: [COLOMBIA] – (Córdoba): Montería

Reference: Martínez et al. (Reference Martínez, Cordero, Velásquez, Bolaño, Otero, Monsalve, Mestra and Chacón-Pacheco2021)

Spiroxys triretrodens Caballero & Zerecero, 1943

Infection site: stomach

Host: Kinosternon hirtipes

Biogeographic unit: Balsas Basin province – MD

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Puebla): Izúcar de Matamoros

Reference: Paredes-León et al. (Reference Paredes-León, García-Prieto, Guzmán-Cornejo, León-Règagnon and Pérez2008)

Superfamily Habronematoidea Ivaschkin, 1961

Family Hedruridae Railliet, 1916

Hedruris Nitzch, 1821

Hedruris dratini Palumbo, Servián, Sánchez & Diaz, Reference Palumbo, Servián, Sánchez and Diaz2019

Infection site: stomach and intestine

Host: Hydromedusa tectifera ¹, Phrynops hilarii,² and Trachemys dorbigni ³

Biogeographic unit: Pampean province – CD

Political unity: [ARGENTINA] – (Buenos Aires Province)¹: City Bell – stream Rodríguez², La Plata³, Villa Elisa – stream Carnaval, Ringuelet – stream El Gato and unspecified location

References: Palumbo et al. (Reference Palumbo, Servián, Sánchez and Diaz2019)^1,2; Castillo et al. (Reference Castillo, Acosta, González-Rivas and Ramallo2020)¹; Palumbo et al. (Reference Palumbo, Capasso, Cassano, Alcalde and Diaz2021)¹; Palumbo et al. (Reference Palumbo, Alcalde, Bonino, Lescano, Montes, Solari and Inés Diaz2024a)^1,3

Hedruris oriestae Moniez, 1889

Infection site: stomach

Host: Hydromedusa tectifera ¹ and Phrynops hilarii ²

Biogeographic unit: Pampean province – CD

Political unity: [ARGENTINA] – (Buenos Aires Province)¹: Arroyo Buñirigo² and unspecified location

References: Palumbo et al. (Reference Palumbo, Capasso, Cassano, Alcalde and Diaz2016)^1,2; Castillo et al. (Reference Castillo, Acosta, González-Rivas and Ramallo2020)¹

Hedruris siredonis Baird, 1858

Infection site: stomach and intestine

Host: Kinosternon hirtipes

Biogeographic unit: Transmexican Volcanic Belt province – MTZ

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Michoacán): Manantiales de Cointzio and Zacapu – Lago de Zacapu

Reference: Pérez-Ponce de León et al. (Reference Pérez-Ponce De León, Jiménez-Ruiz, Mendoza-Garfias and García-Prieto2001)

Hedruris sp.

Infection site: digestive tracts

Host: Rhinoclemmys nasuta

Biogeographic unit: Western Ecuador province -–PCD

Political unity: [ECUADOR] – (Guayas): Estero el Ceibo

Reference: Dyer and Carr (Reference Dyer and Carr1990a)

Superfamily Oxyuroidea Weinland, 1858

Family Pharyngodonidae Travassos, Reference Travassos1919

Pharyngodonidae gen. sp.

Infection site: large intestine

Host: Acanthochelys spixii

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul): unspecified location

Reference: Mascarenhas and Müller (Reference Mascarenhas, Silva and Müller2021)

Pharyngodonidae gen. sp.

Infection site: large intestine

Host: Acanthochelys spixii and Hydromedusa tectifera

Biogeographic unit: Pampean province – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul): Capão do Leão, Pelotas, Rio Grande, Santa Vitória do Palmar

References: Mascarenhas et al. (Reference Mascarenhas, Chaviel, Bernardon, Wolter, Coimbra and Müller2022)

Pharyngodonidae gen. sp.

Infection site: stomach

Host: Kinosternon scorpioides

Biogeographic unit: Chaco province – CD

Political unity: [ARGENTINA] - (Chaco): Miraflores

Reference: Palumbo et al. (Reference Palumbo, Alcalde, Bonino, Lescano, Montes, Solari and Inés Diaz2024a)

Pharyngodonidae gen. sp.

Infection site: stomach

Host: Acanthochelys pallidipectoris

Biogeographic unit: Yungas province – SBD

Political unity: [ARGENTINA] – (Salta): Joaquín Victor González

Reference: Palumbo et al. (Reference Palumbo, Alcalde, Bonino, Lescano, Montes, Solari and Inés Diaz2024a)

Pharyngodonidae gen. sp.

Infection site: stomach

Host: Kinosternon scorpioides

Biogeographic unit: Yungas province – SBD

Political unity: [ARGENTINA] – (Salta): Las Lajitas

Reference: Palumbo et al. (Reference Palumbo, Alcalde, Bonino, Lescano, Montes, Solari and Inés Diaz2024a)

Alaeuris Thapar, 1925

Alaeuris auricularis (Walton, 1942)

Infection site: unknown

Host: Chelonoidis niger (extinct)

Biogeographic unit: Galápagos Islands province – PCD

Political unity: [ECUADOR] – Galápagos Islands

Reference: Bouamer and Morand (Reference Bouamer and Morand2006)

Alaeuris macroptera (Walton, 1942)

Infection site: unknown

Host: Chelonoidis niger (extinct)

Biogeographic unit: Galápagos Islands province – PCD

Political unity: [ECUADOR] – Galápagos islands

Reference: Bouamer and Morand (Reference Bouamer and Morand2006)

Alaeuris pharyngodentata (Walton, 1942)

Infection site: unknown

Host: Chelonoidis niger (extinct)

Biogeographic unit: Galápagos Islands province – PCD

Political unity: [ECUADOR] – Galápagos islands

Reference: Bouamer and Morand (Reference Bouamer and Morand2006)

Tachygonetria Wedl, 1862

Tachygonetria testudinis Walton, 1942

Infection site: unknown

Host: Chelonoidis niger (extinct)

Biogeographic unit: Galápagos Islands province – PCD

Political unity: [ECUADOR] – Galápagos islands

Reference: Bouamer and Morand (Reference Bouamer and Morand2006)

Tachygonetria tetrapapillata Caballero, 1941

Infection site: large intestine

Host: Gopherus sp.

Biogeographic unit: Transmexican Volcanic Belt province – MTZ

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Federal District): Azcapotzalco

References: Caballero (Reference Caballero1944b)

Thaparia Ortlepp, 1933

Thaparia contortospicula Walton, 1942

Infection site: unknown

Host: Chelonoidis niger (extinct)

Biogeographic unit: Galápagos Islands province – PCD

Political unity: [ECUADOR] – Galápagos islands

Reference: Bouamer and Morand (Reference Bouamer and Morand2006)

Thelandros Wedl, 1861

Thelandros sp.

Infection site: intestinal content

Host: Chelonoidis carbonarius

Biogeographic unit: Guianan Lowlands province – BBD

Political unity: [VENEZUELA] – (Bolivar): Upata

Reference: Pérez Mata et al. (Reference Pérez Mata, Anguirre, Piñango, Olivares, Camacho, Bautista and Núñez2014)

Thelandros sp.

Infection site: stomach

Host: Acanthochelys pallidipectoris

Biogeographic unit: Chaco province – CD

Political unity: [ARGENTINA] – (Santa Fé): Vera

Reference: Palumbo et al. (Reference Palumbo, Alcalde, Bonino, Lescano, Montes, Solari and Inés Diaz2024a)

Thelandros sp.

Infection site: stomach

Host: Acanthochelys pallidipectoris

Biogeographic unit: Yungas province – SBD

Political unity: [ARGENTINA] – (Salta): Las Lajitas

Reference: Palumbo et al. (Reference Palumbo, Alcalde, Bonino, Lescano, Montes, Solari and Inés Diaz2024a)

Thelandros sp.

Infection site: stomach

Host: Phrynops hilarii

Biogeographic unit: Chaco province – CD

Political unity: [ARGENTINA] – (Chaco): General José de San Martin

Reference: Palumbo et al. (Reference Palumbo, Alcalde, Bonino, Lescano, Montes, Solari and Inés Diaz2024a)

Superfamily Physalopteroidea Railliet, 1893

Family Physalopteridae Railliet, 1893

Physaloptera Rudolphi, 1819

Physaloptera retusa Rudolphi, 1819

Infection site: stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

Host: Phrynops geoffroanus and Mesoclemmys tuberculata

Biogeographic unit: Caatinga province – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Ceará): Nova Olinda

Reference: Pereira A et al. (Reference Pereira, Junior, Santana, Almeida, Pereira and Oliveira2018)

Physaloptera sp. larvae

Infection site: stomach

Host: Phrynops geoffroanus

Biogeographic unit: Parana Forest province – PD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (São Paulo): RPPN Foz do Rio Aguapeí

Reference: Silva (Reference Silva2014)

Physaloptera sp. larvae

Infection site: stomach.

Host: Acanthochelys spixii

Biogeographic unit: Pampean province – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul): Capão do Leão, Pelotas, Rio Grande and Santa Vitória do Palmar

Reference: Chaviel et al. (Reference Chaviel, Mascarenhas, Bernardon, Coimbra and Müller2020)

Physaloptera sp. larvae

Infection site: stomach

Host: Acanthochelys spixii

Biogeographic unit: Pampean province – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul): Capão do Leão, Pelotas, Rio Grande and Santa Vitória do Palmar

Reference: Mascarenhas et al. (Reference Mascarenhas, Chaviel, Bernardon, Wolter, Coimbra and Müller2022)

Physaloptera sp. larvae

Infection site: intestine

Host: Chelonoidis denticulatus

Biogeographic unit: Ucayali province – SBD

Political unity: [PERU] – (San Martin)

Reference: Cuellar et al. (Reference Cuellar, Sáez, Cantú, Sánchez, Mendoza, Conga, Cruces, Luque and Chero2022)

Physaloptera sp. larvae

Infection site: stomach

Host: Mesoclemmys tuberculata and Phrynops geoffroanus

Biogeographic unit: Atlantic province – PD; Caatinga province – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Sergipe): Areia Branca, Capela, Pirambu, Poço Redondo and Tobias Barreto

Reference: Santana et al. (Reference Santana, Teixeira, Araújo-Filho, Teles, Pereira, Brito, Almeida and Mesquita2023)

Superfamily Strongyloidea Baird, 1853

Family Ancylostomatidae Looss, 1905

Ancylostomatidae g. sp.

Infection site: intestine

Host: Rhinoclemmys annulata and Rhinoclemmys nasuta

Biogeographic unit: Cauca province – PCD

Political unity: [COLOMBIA] – (Valle del Cauca): Cali

Reference: Sierra et al. (Reference Sierra, Ramírez and Osorio2013)

Family Strongylidae Baird, 1853

Chapiniella Yamaguti, 1961

Chapiniella variabilis (Chapin, Reference Chapin1924) Yamaguti, 1961

Infection site: intestine and large intestine

Host: Chelonoidis carbonarius ¹ and Chelonoidis denticulatus ²

Biogeographic unit: Pará province^1,2 – BBD; Ucayali province² – SBD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Pará): unspecified location²; (Piauí): Teresina^1,2; [PERU] – (Loreto): Iquitos²; (San Martín): unspecified location²; (Ucayali): unspecified location²

References: Chapin (Reference Chapin1924)²; Julca et al. (Reference Julca, Casas, Chavera, Sánchez, Sánchez and Batalla2014)²; Freire et al. (Reference Freire, Leal, Knoff, Gomes, Santos, Giese, Silva and Mendonça2017)^1,2; Freire et al. (Reference Freire, Leal, Batista, Rocha, Baêta and Mendonça2019)^1,2; Cuellar et al. (Reference Cuellar, Sáez, Cantú, Sánchez, Mendoza, Conga, Cruces, Luque and Chero2022)²

Sauricola Chapin, Reference Chapin1924

Sauricola sauriciola Chapin, Reference Chapin1924

Infection site: stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

Host: Chelonoidis denticulatus ¹ and Rhinoclemmys annulata ²

Biogeographic unit: Pacific Lowlands province² – MD; Ucayali province¹ – SBD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Pará): unspecified location¹; [COSTA RICA] – Santa Rosa National Park²; [PERU] – (Loreto): Iquitos¹

References: Chapin (Reference Chapin1924)¹; Bursey and Brooks (Reference Bursey and Brooks2011)²; Julca et al. (Reference Julca, Casas, Chavera, Sánchez, Sánchez and Batalla2014)¹

Sauricola sp.

Infection site: intestine (intestinal content).

Host: Chelonoidis denticulatus

Biogeographic unit: Desert province – STZ

Political unity: [PERU] – Lima

Reference: Chavez et al. (Reference Chavez, Serrano-Martínez, Tantaleán, Quispe and Casas2015)

Sauricola sp.

Infection site: intestine and stomach

Host: Chelonoidis denticulatus

Political unity: [PERU] – (Ucayali) – unspecified location

Reference: Cuellar et al. (Reference Cuellar, Sáez, Cantú, Sánchez, Mendoza, Conga, Cruces, Luque and Chero2022)

Strongylus Müller, 1780

Strongylus sp.

Infection site: intestine (intestinal content)

Host: Chelonoidis denticulatus

Biogeographic unit: Desert province – STZ

Political unity: [PERU] – Lima

Reference: Chavez et al. (Reference Chavez, Serrano-Martínez, Tantaleán, Quispe and Casas2015)

Superfamily Strongyloidoidea Chitwood & McIntosh, 1934

Family Strongyloididae Chitwood & McIntosh, 1934

Strongyloides Grassi, 1879

Strongyloides sp.

Infection site: intestinal tract

Host: Chelonoidis carbonarius, Kinosternon leucostomum, Rhinoclemmys annulata, and Trachemys scripta (captivity)

Biogeographic unit: Cauca province – PCD

Political unity: [COLOMBIA] – (Valle del Cauca): Cali

Reference: Sierra et al. (Reference Sierra, Ramírez and Osorio2013)

Strongyloides sp. larvae

Infection site: digestive system

Host: Chelonoidis carbonarius and Chelonoidis denticulatus

Biogeographic unit: Atlantic province – PD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio de Janeiro): Rio de Janeiro

Reference: Meireles et al. (Reference Meireles, Miguel, Mattos Junior, Barros and Magalhães2018)

CLASS ENOPLEA INGLIS, 1983

Superfamily Dioctophymoidea Railliet, 1915

Family Dioctophymidae Railliet, 1915

Dioctophyme Collet-Meygret, 1802

Dioctophyme renales (Goeze, 1782) Collet-Meygret, 1802

Infection site: body cavity, muscles, mesentery, stomach, stomach serosa, small intestine, and surface of various organs: esophagus, heart, lungs, liver, pancreas, spleen, and intestines

Host: Acanthochelys spixii ¹, Hydromedusa tectifera ², Phrynops hilarii,³ and Trachemys dorbigni ⁴

Biogeographic unit: Pampean province – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul)^1,2,3: Capão do Leão⁴, Pelotas⁴, Rio Grande and Santa Vitória do Palmar

References: Mascarenhas and Müller (Reference Mascarenhas and Muller2015a)⁴; Mascarenhas et al. (Reference Mascarenhas, Henzel and Müller2017)³; Chaviel et al. (Reference Chaviel, Mascarenhas, Bernardon, Coimbra and Müller2020)¹; Mascarenhas et al. (Reference Mascarenhas, Silva and Müller2021)⁴; Mascarenhas et al. (Reference Mascarenhas, Chaviel, Bernardon, Wolter, Coimbra and Müller2022)^1,2,3

Eustrongylides Jägerskiöld, 1909

Eustrongylides sp. larvae

Infection site: stomach

Host: Trachemys dorbigni

Biogeographic unit: Pampean province – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul): Capão do Leão and Pelotas

Reference: Mascarenhas et al. (Reference Mascarenhas, Silva and Müller2021)

Superfamily Trichinelloidea Ward, 1907

Family Capillariidae Railliet, 1915

Capillaria Zeder, 1800

Capillaria sp.

Infection site: intestine

Host: Kinosternon cruentatum

Biogeographic unit: Puntarenas-Chiriquí province – PCD

Political unity: [COSTA RICA] – (San Jose): Santa Ana

Reference: Brenes-Madrigal and Bravo-Hollis (Reference Brenes-Madrigal and Bravo-Hollis1960)

PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES Gegenbaur, 1859

SUBPHYLUM RHABDITOPHORA

SUPERCLASS: NEODERMATA

CLASS CESTODA Van Beneden, 1849

ORDER ONCHOPROTEOCEPHALIDEA

Family Proteocephalidae La Rue, 1911

Ophiotaenia La Rue, 1911

Ophiotaenia cohospes Cordero, Reference Cordero1946

Infection site: intestine

Host: Hydromedusa tectifera

Biogeographic unit: Chaco province², Pampean province² – CD; Esteros del Iberá province¹ – PD

Political unity: [ARGENTINA] – (Buenos Aires): Magdalena²; (Córdoba)²: Tanti and Flor Serrana; [URUGUAY] – (Montevideo): Montevideo city¹

References: Cordero (Reference Cordero1946)¹; Palumbo et al. (Reference Palumbo, Alcalde, Bonino, Lescano, Montes, Solari and Inés Diaz2024a)²

Ophiotaenia lopesi Rego, 1967

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Chelonoidis denticulatus

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Pará): unspecified location

References: Schmidt (Reference Schmidt1986) cited by Mascarenhas and Müller (Reference Mascarenhas and Muller2021); Muniz-Pereira et al. (Reference Muniz-Pereira, Vieira and Luque2009)

Ophiotaenia sp.

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Hydromedusa tectifera

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul): unspecified location

Reference: Mascarenhas and Müller (Reference Mascarenhas, Silva and Müller2021)

Ophiotaenia sp.

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Hydromedusa tectifera

Biogeographic unit: Pampean province – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul): Capão do Leão, Pelotas, Rio Grande and Santa Vitória do Palmar

Reference: Mascarenhas et al. (Reference Mascarenhas, Chaviel, Bernardon, Wolter, Coimbra and Müller2022)

CLASS TREMATODA Rudolphi, 1808

SUBCLASS DIGENEA

ORDER DIPLOSTOMIDA

Superfamily Diplostomoidea Poirier, 1886

Family Diplostomidae Poirier, 1886

Posthodiplostomum Dubois, Reference Dubois1936

Posthodiplostomum minimum (MacCallum, 1921) Dubois, Reference Dubois1936

Infection site: intestine

Host: Kinosternon hirtipes

Biogeographic unit: Transmexican Volcanic Belt province – MTZ

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Michoacán): Lago de Pátzcuaro

References: Pérez-Ponce de León (Reference Pérez Ponce de León1992); Pérez-Ponce de León et al. (Reference Pérez-Ponce De León, Jiménez-Ruiz, Mendoza-Garfias and García-Prieto2001)

Family Liolopidae Odhner, Reference Odhner1912

Helicotrema Odhner, Reference Odhner1912

Helicotrema asymmetrica Travassos, 1922

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Rhinoclemmys melanosterna

Biogeographic unit: Guatuso-Talamanca province – PCD

Political unity: PANAMA – (Panama province): Panamá city

References: Caballero et al. (Reference Caballero, Zerecero and Grocott1958)

Helicotrema spirale (Diesing, Reference Diesing1850 ) Odhner, Reference Odhner1912

Infection site: stomach, intestine, small intestine

Host: Chelonoidis denticulatus ¹ and Peltocephalus dumerilianus ²

Biogeographic unit: Imerí province² – BBD; Ucayali province¹ – SBD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – unspecified location^1,2; (Amazonas)²: Barcelos and Jaú National Park; [PERU] – (Loreto): Iquitos¹

References: Odhner (Reference Odhner1912)^1,2 cited by Fernandes and Kohn (Reference Fernandes and Kohn2014); Tantaleán and Forlong (Reference Tantaleán and Forlong2013)¹; Julca et al. (Reference Julca, Casas, Chavera, Sánchez, Sánchez and Batalla2014)¹; Ferreira (Reference Ferreira2016)^1,2; Cuellar et al. (Reference Cuellar, Sáez, Cantú, Sánchez, Mendoza, Conga, Cruces, Luque and Chero2022)¹; Menegaldo et al. (Reference Menegaldo, Arias-Pacheco, Perin, Tebaldi and Hoppe2024)²

Family Proterodiplostomidae Dubois, Reference Dubois1936

Herpetodiplostomum Dubois, Reference Dubois1936

Herpetodiplostomum argentinense (Palumbo & Diaz, Reference Palumbo and Diaz2018) Achatz, Brito, Fecchio & Tkach, Reference Achatz, Brito, Fecchio and Tkach2021

Synonym: Cheloniodiplostomum argentinensis Palumbo & Diaz, Reference Palumbo and Diaz2018

Infection site: intestine

Host: Phrynops hilarii

Biogeographic unit: Esteros del Ibera province^1,2 – PD; Pampean province² – CD

Political unity: [ARGENTINA] – (Buenos Aires Province): Arroyo Buñirigo¹; La Plata²; (Entre Rios)²: Aldea Brasilera and Diamante; (Santa Fe): Helvecia²

References: Palumbo and Diaz (Reference Palumbo and Diaz2018)¹; Palumbo et al. (Reference Palumbo, Alcalde, Bonino, Lescano, Montes, Solari and Inés Diaz2024a)²

Herpetodiplostomum breve (MacCallum, 1921) Zerecero, Reference Zerecero1947

Synonym: Cheloniodiplostomum breve (MacCallum, 1921) Sudarikov, 1960

Infection site: intestine

Host: Kinosternon scorpioides ¹ and Phrynops geoffroanus ²

Biogeographic unit: Trinidad province¹ – PCD

Political unity: [COLOMBIA] - unspecified location²; [TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO – West Indies] – Trinidad island¹

References: Dubois (Reference Dubois1979)

Herpetodiplostomum delillei Zerecero, Reference Zerecero1947

Synonym: Cheloniodiplostomum delillei (Zerecero, Reference Zerecero1947) Sudarikov, 1960

Infection site: intestine, small intestine

Host: Chelydra serpentina ¹ and Claudius angustatus ²

Biogeographic unit: Veracruzan province – MD

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Tabasco): Río Teapa^1,2; (Veracruz)¹: Laguna de Alvarado and unspecified location

References: Zerecero (Reference Zerecero1947)¹; Thatcher (Reference Thatcher1963a)^1,2; Dubois (Reference Dubois1979)¹

Herpetodiplostomum duboisi Mañé-Garzón & Holcman-Spector, Reference Mañé-Garzón and Holcman-Spector1969

Infection site: intestine, small intestine

Host: Phrynops hilarii ¹ and Phrynops williamsi ²

Biogeographic unit: Esteros del Iberá province¹, Parana Forest province² – PD

Political unity: [ARGENTINA] – (Misiones): Comandante Andresito²; [URUGUAY] – (Tacuarembó): Paso de los Toros¹

References: Mañé-Garzón & Holcman (Reference Mañé-Garzón and Holcman-Spector1969)¹; Palumbo et al. (Reference Palumbo, Alcalde, Bonino, Lescano, Montes, Solari and Inés Diaz2024a)²

Herpetodiplostomun ovalis Mañé-Garzón & Holcman-Spector, Reference Mañé-Garzón and Holcman-Spector1969

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Hydromedusa tectifera

Biogeographic unit: Pampean province – CD

Political unity: [URUGUAY] – (Canelones Departament): Arroyo de as Piedras and Banãdo Tropa Vieja

References: Mañé-Garzón and Holcman (Reference Mañé-Garzón and Holcman-Spector1969)

Herpetodiplostomum sp.

Infection site: small intestine and large intestine

Host: Acanthochelys spixii

Biogeographic unit: Pampean province – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul): Capão do Leão, Pelotas, Rio Grande and Santa Vitória do Palmar

References: Mascarenhas et al. (Reference Mascarenhas, Bernardon and Muller2016); Mascarenhas et al. (Reference Mascarenhas, Chaviel, Bernardon, Wolter, Coimbra and Müller2022)

Herpetodiplostomum sp.

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Hydromedusa tectifera

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul): unspecified location

Reference: Mascarenhas and Müller (Reference Mascarenhas, Silva and Müller2021)

Herpetodiplostomum sp.

Infection site: intestine

Host: Hydromedusa tectifera and Phrynops hilarii

Biogeographic unit: Pampean province – CD

Political unity: [ARGENTINA] – (Buenos Aires): La Plata

Reference: Palumbo et al. (Reference Palumbo, Alcalde, Bonino, Lescano, Montes, Solari and Inés Diaz2024a)

Herpetodiplostomum sp.

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Hydromedusa tectifera

Biogeographic unit: Pampean province – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul): Capão do Leão, Pelotas, Rio Grande, Santa Vitória do Palmar

Reference: Mascarenhas et al. (Reference Mascarenhas, Chaviel, Bernardon, Wolter, Coimbra and Müller2022)

Herpetodiplostomum sp.

Infection site: intestine

Host: Kinosternon sp.

Biogeographic unit: Veracruzan province – MD

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Oaxaca): Presa de Temascal

References: Paredes-León et al. (Reference Paredes-León, García-Prieto, Guzmán-Cornejo, León-Règagnon and Pérez2008)

Herpetodiplostomum sp.

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Phrynops geoffroanus

Biogeographic unit: Parana Forest province – PD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Minas Gerais): Juiz de Fora

Reference: Novelli et al. (Reference Novelli, Sousa, Lima and Vieira2013)

Herpetodiplostomum sp.

Infection site: small intestine, large intestine

Host: Phrynops hilarii

Biogeographic unit: Pampean province – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul): Pelotas

Reference: Bernardon et al. (Reference Bernardon, Valente and Müller2013)

Herpetodiplostomum sp.

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Trachemys dorbigni

Biogeographic unit: Pampean province – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – Rio Grande do Sul: Pelotas

Reference: Bernardon et al. (Reference Bernardon, Valente and Müller2014)

Herpetodiplostomum testudinis Dubois, Reference Dubois1936

Synonym: Cheloniodiplostomum testudinis (Dubois, Reference Dubois1936) Sudarikov, 1960

Infection site: small intestine and large intestine

Host: Hydromedusa tectifera ¹, Phrynops geoffroanus ², Phrynops hilarii,³ and Testudo sp.⁴

Biogeographic unit: Atlantic province², Esteros del Ibera province^1,3, Parana Forest province² – PD; Caatinga province², Pampean province³ – CD

Political unity: [ARGENTINA] – (Buenos Aires Province): Arroyo Buñirigo^1,3; (Corrientes Province): unspecified location³; (Santa Fe)³: Cañada de Gomez and Santa Fe City; [BRAZIL] – unspecified location⁴; (Pernambuco)²: Cordeiro, Limoeiro, Paudalho and Santa Cruz do Capibaribe; (Rio Grande do Sul)³: Capão do Leão, Pelotas, Rio Grande and Santa Vitória do Palmar; (São Paulo): RPPN Foz do Rio Aguapeí²

References: Dubois (Reference Dubois1936)⁴; Lombardero & Moriena (Reference Lombardero and Moriena1977)³; Dubois (Reference Dubois1979)⁴; Silva (Reference Silva2014)²; Mascarenhas et al. (Reference Mascarenhas, Bernardon and Muller2016)³; Palumbo and Diaz (Reference Palumbo and Diaz2018)^1,3; Fonseca et al. (Reference Fonseca, Rojas, Vieira, Ferreira, Rodrigues, Barros, Silva Júnior, Moura and Oliveira2021)²; Mascarenhas et al. (Reference Mascarenhas, Chaviel, Bernardon, Wolter, Coimbra and Müller2022)³; Palumbo et al. (Reference Palumbo, Alcalde, Bonino, Lescano, Montes, Solari and Inés Diaz2024a)³

Herpetodiplostomum vogti Achatz, Brito, Fecchio & Tkach, Reference Achatz, Brito, Fecchio and Tkach2021

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Phrynops geoffroanus

Biogeographic unit: Cerrado province – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Mato Grosso): Cuiabá

Reference: Achatz et al. (Reference Achatz, Brito, Fecchio and Tkach2021)

Herpetodiplostomum wolffhugeli Mañé-Garzón & Holcman-Spector, Reference Mañé-Garzón and Holcman-Spector1969

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Acanthochelys spixii

Biogeographic unit: Pampean province¹ – CD

Political unity: [URUGUAY] – (Rocha Departament): La Coronilla¹; (Tacuarembó): Rio Negro

Reference: Mañé-Garzón and Holcman (Reference Mañé-Garzón and Holcman-Spector1969)

Superfamily Schistosomatoidea Stiles & Hassall, 1898

Family Atamatamidae Bullard & Dutton, 2022

Atamatam Bullard & Roberts in Bullard, Roberts, Warren, Dutton, Whelan, Ruiz, Platt, Tkach, Brant & Halanych, Reference Bullard, Roberts, Warren, Dutton, Whelan, Ruiz, Platt, Tkach, Brant and Halanych2019

Atamatam amazoniensis Bullard & Roberts in Bullard, Roberts, Warren, Dutton, Whelan, Ruiz, Platt, Tkach, Brant & Halanych, Reference Bullard, Roberts, Warren, Dutton, Whelan, Ruiz, Platt, Tkach, Brant and Halanych2019

Infection site: blood vessels of kidney and mesentery

Host: Chelus fimbriata

Biogeographic unit: Ucayali province – SBD

Political unity: [PERU] – (Loreto): Iquitos

Reference: Bullard et al. (Reference Bullard, Roberts, Warren, Dutton, Whelan, Ruiz, Platt, Tkach, Brant and Halanych2019)

Paratamatam Bullard & Roberts in Bullard, Roberts, Warren, Dutton, Whelan, Ruiz, Platt, Tkach, Brant & Halanych, Reference Bullard, Roberts, Warren, Dutton, Whelan, Ruiz, Platt, Tkach, Brant and Halanych2019

Paratamatam iquitosiensis Bullard & Roberts in Bullard, Roberts, Warren, Dutton, Whelan, Ruiz, Platt, Tkach, Brant & Halanych, Reference Bullard, Roberts, Warren, Dutton, Whelan, Ruiz, Platt, Tkach, Brant and Halanych2019

Infection site: blood vessels of kidney and mesentery

Host: Chelus fimbriata

Biogeographic unit: Ucayali province – SBD

Political unity: [PERU] – (Loreto): Iquitos

Reference: Bullard et al. (Reference Bullard, Roberts, Warren, Dutton, Whelan, Ruiz, Platt, Tkach, Brant and Halanych2019)

Pitiutrema Dutton & Bullard in Dutton et al. Reference Dutton, Warren and Bullard2019

Pitiutrema revelae Dutton & Bullard in Dutton et al. Reference Dutton, Warren and Bullard2019

Infection site: heart

Host: Podocnemis sextuberculata

Political unity: [PERU] – Amazon River Basin

Reference: Dutton et al. (Reference Dutton, Warren and Bullard2019)

Family Plattidae Bullard & Dutton, 2022

Hapalorhynchus Stunkard, 1922

Hapalorhynchus albertoi Lamothe-Argumedo, Reference Lamothe-Argumedo1978

Infection site: blood vessels

Host: Kinosternon leucostomum

Biogeographic unit: Veracruzan province – MD

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Tabasco): Villahermosa

References: Lamothe-Argumedo (Reference Lamothe-Argumedo1978)

ORDER PLAGIORCHIIDA

Superfamily Echinostomatoidea Looss, 1902

Family Echinostomatidae Looss, 1899

Echinostomatidae gen. sp.

Infection site: esophagus, lungs, stomach, and intestine

Host: Mesoclemmys tuberculata and Phrynops geoffroanus

Biogeographic unit: Atlantic province – PD; Caatinga province – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Sergipe): Areia Branca, Capela, Pirambu, Poço Redondo and Tobias Barreto

Reference: Santana et al. (Reference Santana, Teixeira, Araújo-Filho, Teles, Pereira, Brito, Almeida and Mesquita2023)

Prionosomoides Teixeira de Freitas & Dobbin, Reference Freitas and Dobbin1967

Prionosomoides phrynopsis (Mané-Garzon & Gil, 1961) Teixeira de Freitas & Dobbin, Reference Freitas and Dobbin1967

Infection site: intestine, small intestine

Host: Phrynops hilarii

Biogeographic unit: Esteros del Ibera province¹ – PD; Pampean province ² – CD

Political unity: [ARGENTINA] – (Buenos Aires): Magdalena²; (Entre Rios)²: Diamante and Gualeguaychú; (Santa Fe)²: Rafaela and Santa Fe City; (Tucumán): San Miguel de Tucumán²; [URUGUAY] - (Tacuarembó): Paso de los Toros¹

References: Mañé-Garzón and Gil (Reference Mañé-Garzón and Gil1961a)¹; Palumbo et al. (Reference Palumbo, Alcalde, Bonino, Lescano, Montes, Solari and Inés Diaz2024a)²

Prionosomoides scalaris Teixeira de Freitas & Dobbin, 1967

Infection site: small intestine and esophagus

Host: Phrynops geoffroanus¹ and Phrynops hilarii ²

Biogeographic unit: Atlantic province¹ – PD; Caatinga province¹ – CD

Political unity: [ARGENTINA] – (Corrientes Province): unspecified location²; [BRAZIL] – (Pernambuco)¹: Cordeiro, Limoeiro, Paudalho, Santa Cruz do Capibaribe and Recife

References: Freitas and Dobbin Jr. (Reference Freitas and Dobbin1967)¹; Lombardero and Moriena (Reference Lombardero and Moriena1977)² cited by Mascarenhas and Müller (Reference Mascarenhas, Silva and Müller2021); Fonseca et al. (Reference Fonseca, Rojas, Vieira, Ferreira, Rodrigues, Barros, Silva Júnior, Moura and Oliveira2021)¹

Prionosomoides sp.

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Phrynops hilarii

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul): unspecified location

Reference: Mascarenhas and Müller (Reference Mascarenhas, Silva and Müller2021)

Prionosomoides sp.

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Phrynops hilarii

Biogeographic unit: Pampean province – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul): Capão do Leão, Pelotas, Rio Grande and Santa Vitória do Palmar

Reference: Mascarenhas et al. (Reference Mascarenhas, Chaviel, Bernardon, Wolter, Coimbra and Müller2022)

Family Rhytidodidae Odhner, 1926

Rhytidodes Looss, 1901

Rhytidodes gelatinosus (Rudolphi, 1819) Looss, 1901

Infection site: intestine

Host Podocnemis expansa

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – unspecified location

Reference: Travassos et al. (Reference Travassos, Freitas and Kohn1969)

Superfamily Gorgoderoidea Looss, 1901

Family Braunotrematidae Yamaguti, 1958

Braunotrema Price, 1930

Braunotrema pulvinatum (Braun, 1899) Price, 1930

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Podocnemis expansa

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Pará): Amazon river

Reference: Lent and Freitas (Reference Lent and Freitas1938)

Family Dicrocoeliidae Looss, 1899

Infidum Travassos, 1916

Infidum similis Travassos, 1916

Infection site: bile duct and gallbladder

Host: Staurotypus triporcatus

Biogeographic unit: Veracruzan province – MD

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Tabasco): Rio Teapa

Reference: Thatcher (Reference Thatcher1963b)

Family Gorgoderidae Looss, 1899

Gorgoderina Looss, 1899

Gorgoderina sp.

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Phrynops geoffroanus

Biogeographic unit: Caatinga province – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Ceará): Nova Olinda

Reference: Pereira A et al. (Reference Pereira, Brito, Araujo Filho, Teixeira, Teles, Santana, Lima and Almeida2018)

Superfamily Heronimoidea Ward, 1918

Family Heronimidae Ward, 1918

Heronimus MacCallum, 1902

Heronimus mollis (Leidy, 1856) Stunkard, 1954

Note: Paredes-León et al. (Reference Paredes-León, García-Prieto, Guzmán-Cornejo, León-Règagnon and Pérez2008) mention that this species was recorded as Heronimus chelydrae, which is considered a synonym of Heronimus mollis (Yamaguti, 1971)

Infection site: lungs and small intestine

Host: Claudius angustatus ¹, Kinosternon cruentatum ², Kinosternon hirtipes ³, Kinosternon leucostomum ⁴, Kinosternon scorpioides,⁵ and Trachemys callirostris ⁶

Biogeographic unit: Guatuso-Talamanca province⁵; Magdalena province⁶, Puntarenas-Chiriquí province² – PCD; Transmexican Volcanic Belt province³ – MTZ; Veracruzan province^1,4 – MD

Political unity: [COLOMBIA] - (Bolívar)⁶: Coyongal and San Nicolás; (Magdalena): Ricaurte⁶; [COSTA RICA] – (San José): Santa Ana²; [MEXICO] – (Michoacán): Uruapan³; (Tabasco)⁴: Río Teapa¹ and Villahermosa; (Veracruz): Laguna de Alvarado⁴; [PANAMA] – (Panama province) – Panamá City⁵

References: Caballero (Reference Caballero1940a)^1,3; Herrera-Rosales (Reference Herrera-Rosales1951)⁴; Caballero and Brenes-Madrigal (Reference Caballero and Brenes-Madrigal1957)²; Caballero et al. (Reference Caballero, Zerecero and Grocott1958)⁵; Thatcher (Reference Thatcher1963a)^1,4; Parra-Rojas (Reference Parra-Rojas1983)⁴; Lenis and Vélez (Reference Lenis and Vélez2011)⁶

Superfamily Opisthorchioidea Looss, 1899

Family Cryptogonimidae Ward, 1917

Caimanicola Freitas & Lent, 1938

Caimanicola brauni (Mañé-Garzón & Gil, 1961) Brooks, 1980

Infection site: intestine, small intestine

Host: Acanthochelys spixii ¹ and Phrynops hilarii ²

Biogeographic unit: Esteros del Ibera province² – PD; Pampean province – CD^1,2

Political unity: [ARGENTINA] – (Buenos Aires): Magdalena²; (Santa fé): Rafaela²; [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul)^1.2: Capão do Leão, Pelotas, Rio Grande and Santa Vitória do Palmar; [URUGUAY] - (Tacuarembó): Paso de los Toros²

References: Mañé-Garzón and Gil (Reference Mañé-Garzón and Gil1961a)²; Chaviel et al. (Reference Chaviel, Mascarenhas, Bernardon, Coimbra and Müller2020)^1,2; Mascarenhas et al. (Reference Mascarenhas, Chaviel, Bernardon, Wolter, Coimbra and Müller2022)^1,2; Palumbo et al. (Reference Palumbo, Alcalde, Bonino, Lescano, Montes, Solari and Inés Diaz2024a)²

Timoniella Rebecq, 1960

Timoniella ostrowskiae Brooks & Holcman, Reference Brooks and Holcman1993

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Phrynops hilarii

Biogeographic unit: Esteros del Iberá province² – PD; Pampean province^3,4 – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul)^3,4: Capão do Leão, Pelotas, Rio Grande and Santa Vitória do Palmar; [URUGUAY] – (Tacuarembó): Paso de los Toros² and unspecified location¹

References: Mañé-Garzón and Gil (Reference Mañé-Garzón and Gil1961a)¹; Brooks and Holcman (Reference Brooks and Holcman1993)²; Chaviel et al. (Reference Chaviel, Mascarenhas, Bernardon, Coimbra and Müller2020)³; Mascarenhas et al. (Reference Mascarenhas, Chaviel, Bernardon, Wolter, Coimbra and Müller2022)⁴

Timoniella scyphocephala (Braun, 1899) Brooks, 1980

Synonym : Acanthochasmus scyphocephalus (Braun, 1899) Braun, Reference Braun1901; Proctocaecum scyphocephalum (Braun, 1899)

Infection site: intestine

Host: Chelus fimbriata

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – unspecified location

References: Ostrowski de Núñez (Reference Ostrowski de Núñez1986)

Superfamily Paramphistomoidea Fischoeder, 1901

Family Cladorchiidae Fischoeder, 1901

Caballerodiscus Sey, 1988

Caballerodiscus resupinatus (Caballero y C., 1940)

Synonym: Schizamphistomoides resupinatus Caballero y C., 1940

Infection site: large intestine

Host: Dermatemys mawii

Biogeographic unit: Veracruzan province – MD

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Veracruz): Laguna de Alvarado¹ and Tlacotalpan²; (Tabasco): Río Teapa⁴ and Villahermosa³

References: Caballero (Reference Caballero1940b)¹; Caballero (Reference Caballero1942)²; Caballero-Rodríguez (Reference Caballero-Rodríguez1960)³; Thatcher (Reference Thatcher1963a)⁴ cited by Paredes-León et al. (Reference Paredes-León, García-Prieto, Guzmán-Cornejo, León-Règagnon and Pérez2008)

Caballerodiscus tabascensis (Caballero y C. & Sokoloff, 1934) Sey, 1988

Synonym : Schizamphistomoides tabascensis Caballero y. C. & Sokoloff, 1934

Infection site: stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and cloaca

Host: Dermatemys mawii ¹, Kinosternon leucostomum ², Terrapene ornata ³, Trachemys ornata,⁴ and Trachemys scripta ⁵

Biogeographic unit: Veracruzan province^1,2,3,5 – MD; Guatuso-Talamanca province⁴ – PCD

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Tabasco)¹: Comalcalco, Río Teapa^2,5 and Villahermosa; (Veracruz)¹: Laguna de Alvarado³, Río Blanco and Tlacotalpan; [PANAMA] – (Panama province): Panamá city⁴

References: Caballero (Reference Caballero1938)³; Caballero (Reference Caballero1943a)¹; Herrera-Rosales (Reference Herrera-Rosales1951)¹; Caballero et al. (Reference Caballero, Zerecero and Grocott1958)⁴; Caballero-Rodríguez (Reference Caballero-Rodríguez1960)¹; Thatcher (Reference Thatcher1963a)^2,5; Thatcher (Reference Thatcher1964)¹ cited by Paredes-León et al. (Reference Paredes-León, García-Prieto, Guzmán-Cornejo, León-Règagnon and Pérez2008); Parra-Rojas (Reference Parra-Rojas1983)¹; Paredes-León et al. (Reference Paredes-León, García-Prieto, Guzmán-Cornejo, León-Règagnon and Pérez2008)¹

Halltrema Lent & Teixeira de Freitas, 1939

Halltrema avitellinum Lent & Teixeira de Freitas, 1939

Infection site: digestive tract, stomach, intestine

Host: Chelonoidis denticulatus ¹, Podocnemis expansa ², Podocnemis sp.,³ and Podocnemis unifilis ⁴

Biogeographic unit: Cerrado province² – CD; Roraima province¹ – BBD; Sabana province – PCD³; Ucayali province^1,2,4 – SBD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – unspecified location²; (Pará): Ilha do Marajó¹ and unspecified location²; (Tocantins): Javaés River²; [PERU]: (Ucayali): unspecified location¹; (Loreto): Iquitos^1,2,4; [VENEZUELA] – (Guarico): Orinoco river³

References: Lent and Freitas (Reference Lent and Freitas1939)²; Freitas and Lent (Reference Freitas and Lent1942)²; Caballero and Diaz-Ungria (Reference Caballero and Diaz-Ungria1958)³; Alho (Reference Alho1965)¹; Armond (Reference Armond2008)²; Tantaleán et al. (Reference Tantaleán, Sánchez and Pineda Catalan2011)^2,4; Julca et al. (Reference Julca, Casas, Chavera, Sánchez, Sánchez and Batalla2014)¹; Cuellar et al. (Reference Cuellar, Sáez, Cantú, Sánchez, Mendoza, Conga, Cruces, Luque and Chero2022)¹

Halltrema heteroxenum (Cordero & Vogelsang, Reference Cordero and Vogelsang1940) Jones, 2005

Infection site: digestive tract, stomach

Host: Podocnemis sp¹., Podocnemis unifilis², and Rhinoclemmys nasuta ³

Biogeographic unit: Ucayali province² – SBD; Western Ecuador province³ – PCD

Political unity: [ECUADOR] – (Provincia de Esmeraldas)³; [PERU] – (Loreto): Iquitos²; [VENEZUELA] – (Guarico): unspecified location¹

References: Cordero and Vogelsang (Reference Cordero and Vogelsang1940)¹ cited by Mascarenhas and Müller (Reference Mascarenhas, Silva and Müller2021); Dyer and Carr (Reference Dyer and Carr1990b)³; Tantaleán and Forlong (Reference Tantaleán and Forlong2013)²

Nematophila Travassos, 1934

Nematophila argentinum (Cordero & Vogelsang, Reference Cordero and Vogelsang1940) Lenis & Vélez, Reference Lenis and Vélez2011

Infection site: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and cloaca

Host: Phrynops sp.¹, Podocnemis lewyana,² and Trachemys callirostris ³

Biogeographic unit: Magdalena province^2,3 – PCD

Political unity: [ARGENTINA] – (Misiones Province): unspecified location¹; (Córdoba): Montería³; [COLOMBIA] – (Bolívar)^2,3: Coyongal and San Nicolás

References: Cordero and Vogelsang (Reference Cordero and Vogelsang1940)¹ cited by Mascarenhas and Müller (Reference Mascarenhas, Silva and Müller2021); Lenis and Vélez (Reference Lenis and Vélez2011)^2,3; Martínez et al. (Reference Martínez, Cordero, Velásquez, Bolaño, Otero, Monsalve, Mestra and Chacón-Pacheco2021)³

Nematophila grandis (Diesing, 1839) Travassos, 1934

Infection site: stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Host: Chelonoidis denticulatus ¹, Chelus fimbriata ², Hydromedusa tectifera ³, Kinosternon scorpioides ⁴, Mesoclemmys gibba ⁵, Mesoclemmys nasuta ⁶, Peltocephalus dumerilianus ⁷, Phrynops geoffroanus ⁸, Phrynops hilarii ⁹, Podocnemis erythrocephala ¹⁰, Podocnemis expansa ¹¹, Podocnemis sp.¹², Podocnemis unifilis ¹³, Podocnemis vogli ¹⁴, Rhinoclemmys areolata ¹⁵, Rhinoclemmys melanosterna ¹⁶, Rhinoclemmys nasuta,¹⁷ and Rhinoclemmys punctularia ¹⁸

Biogeographic unit: Atlantic province⁸, Parana Forest province⁸ – PD; Caatinga province⁸, Cerrado province¹³; Pampean province⁹ – CD; Sabana province¹², Guatuso-Talamanca province¹⁶, Western Ecuador province¹⁷, – PCD; Ucayali province^11,13 – SBD; Guianan Lowlands province¹⁸, Imerí province^7,13, Pará province^4,18, Roraima province^4,13,18 – BBD; Veracruzan province¹⁵ – MD

Political unity: [ARGENTINA] – (Corrientes Province): unspecified location⁹; (Buenos Aires province): Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires⁹; [BRAZIL] - unspecified location^{2,5,6,7,8,10,11}; (Amazonas)⁷: Barcelos and Jaú National Park; (Pará)^4,18: Bajuru river and Ilha do Marajó; (Pernambuco)⁸: Cordeiro, Limoeiro, Paudalho and Santa Cruz do Capibaribe; (São Paulo): RPPN Foz do Rio Aguapeí⁸; (Tocantins)¹³: Araguaia National Park/Cantão State Park - Javaés river and Tupiratins/Itapiratins - Tocantins river; [ECUADOR] – (Esmeraldas Province): unspecified location¹⁷; [FRENCH GUIANA]: Iracoubo¹⁸; [MEXICO] - (Chiapas): Catazajá¹⁵; (Tabasco): Emiliano Zapata¹⁵; [PANAMA] – (Panama province):Panamá city¹⁶; [PARAGUAY]- unspecified location³; [PERU] – (San Martin): unspecified location¹; (Loreto)¹³: Iquitos¹¹, Pacaya-Samiria National Reserver, Putumayo River and Samiria River; (Manu province): Madre de Dios river¹³; (Ucayali): unspecified location⁷; [VENEZUELA] - unspecified localities^11,13,14; (Guarico)¹²: Apurito river, Bolivar city and Orinoco river; (Zulia): unspecified location⁴

References: Diesing (Reference Diesing1850)¹⁰; Travassos (Reference Travassos1934b)^2,5,6,7.8; Caballero et al. (Reference Caballero, Zerecero and Grocott1958)¹⁶; Caballero and Diaz-Ungria (Reference Caballero and Diaz-Ungria1958)¹², Heyneman et al. (Reference Heyneman, Brenes and Diaz-Ungria1960)^13,14; Alho (Reference Alho1964b)^4,18; Travassos et al. (Reference Travassos, Freitas and Kohn1969)^2,8,11; Masi-Pallarés et al. (Reference Masi-Pallarés, Benitez-Usher and Maciel1976)³ cited by Fernandes and Kohn (Reference Fernandes and Kohn2014); Lombardero and Moriena (Reference Lombardero and Moriena1977)⁹; Díaz Ungría (Reference Díaz-Ungría1978)^4,11; Dyer and Carr (Reference Dyer and Carr1990b)^15,17,18; Salizar and Sanchez (Reference Salizar and Sanchez2004)¹³; Sánchez et al. (Reference Sánchez, Tantaleán, Vela and Méndez2006)¹³; Tantaleán et al. (Reference Tantaleán, Sánchez and Pineda Catalan2011)^11,13; Silva (Reference Silva2014)⁸; Ferreira (Reference Ferreira2016)⁷; Fonseca et al. (Reference Fonseca, Rojas, Vieira, Ferreira, Rodrigues, Barros, Silva Júnior, Moura and Oliveira2021)⁸; Cuellar et al. (Reference Cuellar, Sáez, Cantú, Sánchez, Mendoza, Conga, Cruces, Luque and Chero2022)^1,7,13; Ribeiro et al. (Reference Ribeiro, Santana, Souza, Oliveira, Magalhães, Malvasio and Silva2023)¹³; Menegaldo et al. (Reference Menegaldo, Arias-Pacheco, Perin, Tebaldi and Hoppe2024)⁷; Palumbo et al. (Reference Palumbo, Alcalde, Bonino, Lescano, Montes, Solari and Inés Diaz2024a)⁹

Nematophila venezuelensis (Cordero & Vogelsang, Reference Cordero and Vogelsang1940) Yamaguti, 1958

Infection site: stomach

Host: Podocnemis lewyana ¹ and Podocnemis sp.²

Biogeographic unit: Magdalena province¹ – PCD

Political unity: [COLOMBIA] – (Bolívar): San Nicolás¹; (Magdalena): Ricaurte¹; [VENEZUELA] – (Bolívar): unspecified location²; (Guarico): unspecified location²

References: Cordero and Vogelsang (Reference Cordero and Vogelsang1940)² cited by Mascarenhas and Müller (Reference Mascarenhas, Silva and Müller2021); Lenis and Vélez (Reference Lenis and Vélez2011)¹

Oriximinatrema Knoff, Brooks, Mullins & Gomez, 2012

Oriximinatrema noronhae Knoff, Brooks, Mullins & Gomez, 2012

Infection site: stomach, intestine

Host: Podocnemis expansa

Biogeographic unit: Roraima province – BBD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] - (Pará): Oriximiná

Reference: Knoff et al. (Reference Knoff, Brooks, Mullins and Gomes2012)

Parachiorchis Caballero, 1943

Parachiorchis parviacetabulatus Caballero, 1943

Infection site: large intestine

Host: Dermatemys mawii

Biogeographic unit: Veracruzan province – MD

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Veracruz): Laguna de Alvarado

References: Caballero (Reference Caballero1943a)

Pseudocleptodiscus Caballero, Reference Caballero1961

Pseudocleptodiscus margaritae Caballero, Reference Caballero1961

Note: Paredes-León et al. (Reference Paredes-León, García-Prieto, Guzmán-Cornejo, León-Règagnon and Pérez2008) mention that this species was originally described as Pseudocleptodiscus bravoae (Caballero-Rodríguez, Reference Caballero-Rodríguez1960) and Dadaytrema sphaerorchidum (Thatcher, 1963)

Infection site: small intestine, large intestine

Host: Dermatemys mawii ¹ and Rhinoclemmys nasuta ²

Biogeographic unit: Veracruzan province¹ – MD; Western Ecuador province² – PCD

Political unity: [ECUADOR] - (Esmeraldas Province)²; [MEXICO] - (Tabasco)¹: Río Teapa and Villahermosa

References: Caballero-Rodríguez (Reference Caballero-Rodríguez1960)¹; Caballero (Reference Caballero1961)¹ cited by Paredes-León et al. (Reference Paredes-León, García-Prieto, Guzmán-Cornejo, León-Règagnon and Pérez2008); Thatcher (Reference Thatcher1963a)¹; Dyer and Carr (Reference Dyer and Carr1990b)²

Pseudonematophila Lenis & Vélez, Reference Lenis and Vélez2011

Pseudonematophila ovalis (Cordero & Vogelsang, Reference Cordero and Vogelsang1940) Lenis & Vélez, Reference Lenis and Vélez2011

Infection site: stomach

Host: Podocnemis lewyana¹ and Podocnemis sp.²

Biogeographic unit: Magdalena province¹, Sabana province² – PCD

Political unity: [COLOMBIA] – (Bolívar): San Nicolás¹; (Magdalena): Ricaurte¹; [VENEZUELA] – (Guárico)²: Apurito river and unspecified location

References: Cordero and Vogelsang (Reference Cordero and Vogelsang1940)² cited by Mascarenhas and Müller (Reference Mascarenhas, Silva and Müller2021); Lenis and Vélez (Reference Lenis and Vélez2011)^1,2

Schizamphistomoides Stunkard, 1925

Schizamphistomoides sp.

Infection site: large intestine

Host: Podocnemis expansa

Biogeographic unit: Cerrado province – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Goiás): Britânia

Reference: Nomura (Reference Nomura1996)

Family Microscaphidiidae Looss, 1900

Dictyangium Stunkard, 1943

Dictyangium chelydrae Stunkard, 1943

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Terrapene ornata

Biogeographic unit: Veracruzan province – MD

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Veracruz): Estero Tamacuil

References: Caballero (Reference Caballero1946)

Neodeuterobaris Brooks, Reference Brooks1976

Neodeuterobaris pritchardae Brooks, Reference Brooks1976

Infection site: stomach

Host: Podocnemis lewyana

Biogeographic unit: Magdalena province – PCD

Political unity: [COLOMBIA] – (Bolívar)²: Coyongala and San Nicolás; (Caldas): La dorada¹; (Magdalena): Ricaurte²

References: Brooks (Reference Brooks1976)¹; Lenis and Vélez (Reference Lenis and Vélez2011)²

Octangioides Price, Reference Price1937

Octangioides skrjabini Price, Reference Price1937

Infection site: intestine, large intestine

Host: Dermatemys mawii

Biogeographic unit: Pacifc Lowlands province, Veracruzan province – MD

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Oaxaca): Tehuantepec¹; (Tabasco): Villahermosa²

References: Price (Reference Price1937)¹; Caballero-Rodríguez (Reference Caballero-Rodríguez1960)²

Octangioides tlacotalpensis Caballero y C., 1942

Infection site: intestine, large intestine

Host: Dermatemys mawii ¹ and Rhinoclemmys nasuta ²

Biogeographic unit: Veracruzan province¹ – MD; Western Ecuador province² – PCD

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Veracruz)¹: Laguna de Alvarado and Tlacotalpan; (Tabasco): Río Teapa¹; [ECUADOR] – (Esmeraldas Province)²

References: Caballero (Reference Caballero1942)¹; Caballero (Reference Caballero1943a)¹; Thatcher (Reference Thatcher1963a)¹; Dyer and Carr (Reference Dyer and Carr1990b)²

Podocnemitrema Alho & Vicente, Reference Alho and Vicente1964

Podocnemitrema papillosum Alho & Vicente, Reference Alho and Vicente1964

Infection site: stomach

Host: Podocnemis expansa ¹ and Podocnemis unifilis ²

Biogeographic unit: Ucayali province – SBD

Political unity: [PERU] – (Loreto): Iquitos^1,2; [BRAZIL] – (Amazonas): unspecified location¹

References: Alho and Vicente (Reference Alho and Vicente1964)¹; Tantaleán et al. (Reference Tantaleán, Sánchez and Pineda Catalan2011)^1,2

Family Paramphistomidae Fischoeder, 1901

Dermatemytrema Price Reference Price1937

Dermatemytrema trifoliata Price Reference Price1937

Infection site: stomach, intestine, large intestine

Host: Dermatemys mawii

Biogeographic unit: Veracruzan province^2,3,4,5, Pacifc Lowlands province¹ – MD

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Oaxaca): Tehuantepec¹; (Tabasco): Río Teapa⁵ and Villahermosa⁴; (Veracruz): Laguna de Alvarado^2,3

References: Price (Reference Price1937)¹; Caballero (Reference Caballero1943a)²; Herrera-Rosales (Reference Herrera-Rosales1951)³, Caballero-Rodríguez (Reference Caballero-Rodríguez1960)⁴; Thatcher (Reference Thatcher1963a)⁵

Superfamily Plagiorchioidea Lühe, 1901

Family Plagiorchiidae Lühe, 1901

Cheloniotrema Caballero, Zerecero & Grocott, Reference Caballero, Zerecero and Grocott1956

Cheloniotrema tropicum Caballero, Zerecero & Grocott, Reference Caballero, Zerecero and Grocott1956

Infection site: esophagus, duodenum, and common bile duct

Host: Kinosternon integrum ¹ and Kinosternon scorpioides ²

Biogeographic unit: Veracruzan province¹ – MD; Guatuso-Talamanca province/Puntarenas-Chiriquí province² – PCD

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Oaxaca): Tuxtepec¹; [PANAMA] – Valle de Antón²

References: Caballero et al. (Reference Caballero, Zerecero and Grocott1956)

Family Telorchiidae Looss, 1899

Loefgrenia Travassos, 1920

Loefgrenia loefgreni Travassos, 1920

Infection site: intestine

Host: Podocnemis unifilis

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – unspecified location

References: Travassos (Reference Travassos1919) cited by Fernandes and Kohn (Reference Fernandes and Kohn2014)

Telorchis Lühe, 1899 nec Looss, 1899

Telorchis achavali Mañé-Garzón & Holcman- Spector, 1973

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Trachemys dorbigni

Biogeographic unit: Pampean province^2,3 – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul)^2,3: Capão do Leão and Pelotas; [URUGUAY] – Tacuarembó¹

References: Mañé-Garzón and Holcman-Spector (Reference Mañé-Garzón and Holcman-Spector1973)¹ cited by Mascarenhas and Müller (Reference Mascarenhas, Silva and Müller2021); Mascarenhas and Müller (Reference Mascarenhas and Muller2013)²; Mascarenhas et al. (Reference Mascarenhas, Silva and Müller2021)³

Telorchis aculeatus (von Linstow, 1879) Braun, Reference Braun1901

Infection site: intestine

Host: Podocnemis unifilis

Political unity: [VENEZUELA] – (Sucre): unspecified location

References: Nasir (Reference Nasir1974)

Telorchis attenuatus Goldberger, 1911

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Trachemys scripta

Biogeographic unit: Yucatán Peninsula province – MD

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Yucatán): Aguada Xpoc

References: Moravec & Vargas-Vázquez (Reference Moravec and Vargas-Vázquez1998)

Telorchis bifurcus (Braun, 1899) Braun, Reference Braun1901

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Podocnemis expansa

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – unspecified location

References: Braun (Reference Braun1901)

Telorchis birabeni Mañé-Garzón & Gil, 1961

Infection site: intestine, small intestine

Host: Phrynops geoffroanus ¹, Phrynops hilarii,² and Phrynops williamsi ³

Biogeographic unit: Atlantic province¹, Esteros del Iberá province², Parana Forest province^1,3 – PD; Caatinga province¹, Pampean province² - CD

Political unity: [ARGENTINA] – (Buenos Aires Province): La Plata²; (Corrientes Province): unspecified location²; (Entre Rios): Gualeguaychú²; (Misiones): Comandante Andresito³; (Santa Fe)²: Cañada de Gomez, Helvecia, Rafaela and Santa Fe City; [BRAZIL] – (Pernambuco)¹: Cordeiro, Limoeiro, Paudalho and Santa Cruz do Capibaribe; (Rio Grande do Sul)²: Capão do Leão, Pelotas, Rio Grande and Santa Vitória do Palmar; (São Paulo): RPPN Foz do Rio Aguapeí¹; [URUGUAY] – (Tacuarembó): unspecified location²

References: Mañé-Garzón and Gil (Reference Mañé-Garzón and Gil1961c)², Lombardero and Moriena (Reference Lombardero and Moriena1977)² cited by Mascarenhas and Müller (Reference Mascarenhas and Muller2021); Silva (Reference Silva2014)¹; Mascarenhas et al. (Reference Mascarenhas, Bernardon and Muller2016)²; Fonseca et al. (Reference Fonseca, Rojas, Vieira, Ferreira, Rodrigues, Barros, Silva Júnior, Moura and Oliveira2021)¹; Mascarenhas et al. (Reference Mascarenhas, Chaviel, Bernardon, Wolter, Coimbra and Müller2022)²; Palumbo et al. (Reference Palumbo, Alcalde, Bonino, Lescano, Montes, Solari and Inés Diaz2024a)^2,3

Telorchis bravoae Caballero y C. & Zerecero y D., 1961

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Staurotypus triporcatus

Biogeographic unit: Veracruzan province – MD

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Tabasco): Río Mezcalapa

References: Caballero and Zerecero (Reference Caballero and Zerecero1960)

Telorchis caballeroi Rosales, 1951

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Rhinoclemmys areolata

Biogeographic unit: Veracruzan province – MD

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Veracruz): Laguna de Alvarado

References: Herrera-Rosales (Reference Herrera-Rosales1951)

Telorchis corti Stunkard, 1915

Infection site: small intestine and large intestine

Host: Chelydra serpentina ¹, Claudius angustatus ², Kinosternon hirtipes ³, Kinosternon integrum ⁴, Kinosternon leucostomum ⁵, Kinosternon sp.⁶, Rhinoclemmys areolata ⁷, Trachemys callirostris ⁸, Trachemys dorbigni ⁹, Trachemys ornata,¹⁰ and Trachemys scripta ¹¹

Biogeographic unit: Pampean province⁹ – CD; Balsas Basin province⁴, Veracruzan province^1,2,5,6,7,11 – MD, Transmexican Volcanic Belt province³ – MTZ; Guatuso-Talamanca province¹⁰, Magdalena province⁸ – PCD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul)⁹: Capão do Leão and Pelotas; [COLOMBIA] – (Magdalena): Ricaurte⁸; [MEXICO] – (Puebla): Izúcar de Matamoros⁴; (Oaxaca): Presa de Temascal⁶; (Veracruz): Laguna de Alvarado⁷; (Tabasco): Río Teapa^1,2,5,11; (Michoacán)³: Lago de Pátzcuaro, Lago de Zacapu, Lago de Zirahuén and Manantiales de Cointzio; [PANAMA] – (Panama province): Panamá city¹⁰

References: Bravo-Hollis (Reference Bravo-Hollis1944)⁴; Herrera-Rosales (Reference Herrera-Rosales1951)⁷; Caballero et al. (Reference Caballero, Zerecero and Grocott1958)¹⁰; Thatcher (Reference Thatcher1963a)^1,2,5,11; Pérez-Ponce de León et al. (Reference Pérez-Ponce De León, Jiménez-Ruiz, Mendoza-Garfias and García-Prieto2001)³; Paredes-León et al. (Reference Paredes-León, García-Prieto, Guzmán-Cornejo, León-Règagnon and Pérez2008)⁶; Lenis and Vélez (Reference Lenis and Vélez2011)⁸; Mascarenhas and Müller (Reference Mascarenhas and Muller2013)⁹; Mascarenhas et al. (Reference Mascarenhas, Silva and Müller2021)⁹

Telorchis devincenzii Mañé-Garzón & Gil, 1961

Synonym: Pseudotelorchis devincenzii (Mañé-Garzón & Gil, 1961)

Infection site: intestine, small intestine

Host: Hydromedusa tectifera

Biogeographic unit: Pampean province – CD

Political unity: [ARGENTINA] – (Buenos Aires): La Plata²; [URUGUAY] – (Canelones): Arroyo Las Piedras ¹

References: Mañé-Garzón and Gil (Reference Mañé-Garzón and Gil1961b)¹; Palumbo et al. (Reference Palumbo, Alcalde, Bonino, Lescano, Montes, Solari and Inés Diaz2024a)²

Telorchis dhongokii (Mehra & Bokhari, 1932) Wharton, 1940

Infection site: large intestine

Host: Rhinoclemmys areolata

Biogeographic unit: Veracruzan province – MD

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Veracruz): Laguna de Alvarado

References: Herrera-Rosales (Reference Herrera-Rosales1951)

Telorchis diaphanus Teixeira de Freitas & Dobbin, Reference Freitas and Dobbin1959

Infection site: intestine, small intestine

Host: Kinosternon scorpioides ¹, Phrynops hilarii ² and Trachemys dorbigni ³

Biogeographic unit: Esteros del Iberá province^2,3 – PD

Political unity: [ARGENTINA] – (Corrientes): Bella Vista²; (Entre Rios) Federal³; [BRAZIL] – (Pernambuco): unspecified location¹

References: Freitas and Dobbin Jr. (Reference Freitas and Dobbin1959)¹; Palumbo et al. (Reference Palumbo, Alcalde, Bonino, Lescano, Montes, Solari and Inés Diaz2024a)^2,3

Telorchis dissentaneus Caballero y C. & Herrera Rosales, 1947

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Kinosternon integrum

Biogeographic unit: Balsas Basin province – MD

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Morelos): Casasano

References: Caballero and Herrera-Rosales (Reference Caballero and Herrera-Rosales1947)

Telorchis dissimilis (Caballero y C, 1938) Hughes, Higginbotham & Clary, 1941

Synonym: Cercorchis dissimilis Caballero y C., 1938

Infection site: intestine, small intestine

Host: Terrapene ornata ¹ and Rhinoclemmys areolata ²

Biogeographic unit: Veracruzan province – MD

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Veracruz): Laguna de Alvarado

References: Caballero (Reference Caballero1938)¹; Herrera-Rosales (Reference Herrera-Rosales1951)²

Telorchis dubius Mañé-Garzón & Holcman-Spector, 1968

Infection site: intestine, small intestine

Host: Trachemys dorbigni

Biogeographic unit: Esteros del Iberá province² – PD; Pampean province¹ – CD

Political unity: [ARGENTINA] – (Entre Rios)²: Concordia and Federal; [URUGUAY] – (Flores): Arroyo del Perdido¹

References: Mañé-Garzón and Holcman-Spector (Reference Mañé-Garzón and Holcman-Spector1968a)¹; Palumbo et al. (Reference Palumbo, Alcalde, Bonino, Lescano, Montes, Solari and Inés Diaz2024a)²

Telorchis grocotti Caballero y C. & Zerecero, Reference Caballero and Zerecero1954

Infection site: intestine

Host: Kinosternon scorpioides

Biogeographic unit: Guatuso-Talamanca province – PCD

Political unity: [PANAMA] – (Panama Oeste Province): Arraijón

References: Caballero and Zerecero (Reference Caballero and Zerecero1954)

Telorchis hagmanni Lent & Teixeira de Freitas, 1937

Infection site: digestive tract, stomach, small intestine

Host: Peltocephalus dumerilianus ¹, Podocnemis expansa ², Podocnemis lewyana,³ and Podocnemis unifilis ⁴

Biogeographic unit: Imerí province¹, Pará province² – BBD; Magdalena province³ – PCD; Ucayali province⁴ – SBD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – Amazon River²; (Amazonas)¹: Barcelos and Jaú National Park; (Pará): Belém²; [COLOMBIA] – (Bolívar): San Nicolás³; (Magdalena): Ricaurte³; (Loreto): Iquitos⁴

References: Lent and Freitas (Reference Lent and Freitas1937)²; Alho (Reference Alho1965)²; Lenis and Vélez (Reference Lenis and Vélez2011)³; Tantaleán et al. (Reference Tantaleán, Sánchez and Pineda Catalan2011)⁴; Ferreira (Reference Ferreira2016)¹; Menegaldo et al. (Reference Menegaldo, Arias-Pacheco, Perin, Tebaldi and Hoppe2024)¹

Telorchis medius Stunkard, 1915

Infection site: intestine

Host: Rhinoclemmys melanosterna

Biogeographic unit: Guatuso-Talamanca province – PCD

Political unity: [PANAMA] – (Panama province): Panamá city

References: Caballero et al. (Reference Caballero, Zerecero and Grocott1958)

Telorchis membranaceus (Caballero y C., 1940) Yamaguti, 1958

Synonym: Cercorchis membranaceus Caballero y C., 1940

Infection site: large intestine

Host: Terrapene ornata

Biogeographic unit: Veracruzan province – MD

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Veracruz): Laguna de Alvarado

References: Caballero (Reference Caballero1940b)

Telorchis panamensis Caballero y C., Zerecero & Grocott, Reference Caballero and Brenes-Madrigal1957

Infection site: intestine

Host: Kinosternon scorpioides

Biogeographic unit: Pacific Dominion

Political unity: [PANAMA] – El Valle

Reference: Caballero et al. (Reference Caballero, Zerecero and Grocott1956)

Telorchis patonianus (Caballero y C., 1935) Wharton, 1940

Synonym: Cercorchis patonianus Caballero y C., 1935

Infection site: intestine

Host: Claudius angustatus and Staurotypus triporcatus

Biogeographic unit: Veracruzan province – MD

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Tabasco): Río Teapa

Reference: Thatcher (Reference Thatcher1963a)

Telorchis platensis Mañé-Garzón & Gil, 1961

Infection site: large intestine, small intestine

Host: Acanthochelys spixii ¹ and Hydromedusa tectifera ²

Biogeographic unit: Pampean province¹ – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul)¹: Capão do Leão, Pelotas, Rio Grande and Santa Vitória do Palmar; [URUGUAY] – unspecified location².

References: Mañé-Garzón and Gil (Reference Mañé-Garzón and Gil1961b)²; Mascarenhas et al. (Reference Mascarenhas, Bernardon and Muller2016)¹; Mascarenhas et al. (Reference Mascarenhas, Chaviel, Bernardon, Wolter, Coimbra and Müller2022)¹

Telorchis pleroticus (Braun, 1899) Braun, Reference Braun1901

Infection site: intestine

Host: Freshwater turtle

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – unspecified location

References: Braun (Reference Braun1901)

Telorchis productus Mañé-Garzón & Gil, 1961

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Phrynops hilarii

Biogeographic unit: Esteros del Iberá province – PD

Political unity: [URUGUAY] – (Tacuarembó): Paso de los Toros

References: Mañé-Garzón and Gil (Reference Mañé-Garzón and Gil1961b)

Telorchis pseudoaculeatus Dollfus, 1929

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Kinosternon cruentatum

Biogeographic unit: Puntarenas-Chiriquí province – PCD

Political unity: [COSTA RICA] – (San José): Santa Ana

References: Caballero and Brenes-Madrigal (1957)

Telorchis rapidulus Dobbin, Reference Dobbin1957

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Kinosternon scorpioides

Biogeographic unit: Atlantic province – PD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Pernambuco): Cortês

References: Dobbin Jr. (Reference Dobbin1957)

Telorchis reelfooti (Parker, 1941) Rosales, 1951

Synonym: Cercorchis reelfooti Parker, 1941

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Kinosternon integrum

Biogeographic unit: Balsas Basin province – MD

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Morelos): Cuautla

References: Herrera-Rosales (Reference Herrera-Rosales1951)

Telorchis robustus Goldberger, 1911

Infection site: large intestine

Host: Rhinoclemmys areolata

Biogeographic unit: Veracruzan province – MD

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Veracruz): Laguna de Alvarado

References: Herrera-Rosales (Reference Herrera-Rosales1951)

Telorchis singularis (Bennett, 1935) Wharton, 1940

Note: This record was considered dubious (Nasir, Reference Nasir1974; Paredes-León et al. Reference Paredes-León, García-Prieto, Guzmán-Cornejo, León-Règagnon and Pérez2008)

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Rhinoclemmys areolata

Biogeographic unit: Veracruzan province – MD

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Veracruz): Laguna de Alvarado

References: Herrera-Rosales (Reference Herrera-Rosales1951)

Telorchis sp.

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Hydromedusa tectifera

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul): unspecified location

Reference: Mascarenhas and Müller (Reference Mascarenhas, Silva and Müller2021)

Telorchis sp.

Infection site: intestine

Host: Hydromedusa tectifera

Biogeographic unit: Pampean province – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul): Capão do Leão, Pelotas, Rio Grande and Santa Vitória do Palmar

Reference: Mascarenhas et al. (Reference Mascarenhas, Chaviel, Bernardon, Wolter, Coimbra and Müller2022)

Telorchis sp.

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Trachemys dorbigni

Biogeographic unit: Pampean province – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul): Capão do Leão and Pelotas

Reference: Mascarenhas and Müller (Reference Mascarenhas and Muller2013)

Telorchis sp.

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Trachemys dorbigni

Biogeographic unit: Pampean province – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul): Capão do Leão and Pelotas

Reference: Mascarenhas et al. (Reference Mascarenhas, Silva and Müller2021)

Telorchis sp.

Infection site: intestine

Host: Kinosternon integrum

Biogeographic unit: Pacific Lowlands province - MD

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Jalisco): Tequila

Reference: Paredes-León et al. (Reference Paredes-León, García-Prieto, Guzmán-Cornejo, León-Règagnon and Pérez2008)

Superfamily Pronocephaloidea Looss, 1899

Family Pronocephalidae Looss, 1899

Choanophorus Caballero, Reference Caballero1942

Choanophorus rovirosai Caballero, Reference Caballero1942

Infection site: intestine, small intestine, duodenum

Host: Dermatemys mawii

Biogeographic unit: Veracruzan province – MD

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Tabasco): Río Teapa³ and Villahermosa²; (Veracruz): Tlacotalpan¹

References: Caballero (Reference Caballero1942)¹; Caballero-Rodríguez (Reference Caballero-Rodríguez1960)²; Thatcher (Reference Thatcher1963a)³

CLASS MONOGENOIDEA Bychowsky, 1937

ORDER DACTYLOGYRIDEA

Family Iagotrematidae Mañe-Garzon & Gil, 1962

Iagotrema Mañe-Garzon & Gil, 1962

Iagotrema uruguayense Mañe-Garzón & Gil, 1962

Infection site: urinary bladder

Host: Hydromedusa tectifera

Political unity: [URUGUAY] – (Tacuarembó): unspecified location

References: Mañé-Garzón and Gil (Reference Mañé-Garzón and Gil1962b)

ORDER POLYSTOMATIDEA

Family Polystomatidae Gamble, 1896

Fornixtrema Du Preez & Verneau, 2020

Fornixtrema fentoni (Platt, Reference Platt2000) Du Preez & Verneau, 2020

Synonym: Neopolystoma fentoni Platt, Reference Platt2000

Infection site: conjunctival sacs

Host: Kinosternon leucostomum ¹ and Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima ²

Biogeographic unit: Pacific Lowlands province – MD

Political unity: [COSTA RICA] – unspecified locations¹; (Guanacaste): Guanacaste Conservation Area^1,2

References: Platt (Reference Platt2000)^1,2; Verneau et al. (Reference Verneau, Palacios, Platt, Alday, Billard, Allienne, Basso and Preez2011)¹

Fornixtrema guianense (Du Preez, Badets, Héritier & Verneau, Reference Du Preez, Badets, Héritier and Verneau2017) Du Preez & Verneau, 1920

Synonym: Neopolystoma guianensis Du Preez, Badets, Héritier & Verneau, Reference Du Preez, Badets, Héritier and Verneau2017

Infection site: conjunctival sacs, conjunctival sacs of the eye

Host: Rhinoclemmys punctularia

Biogeographic unit: Guianan Lowlands province – BBD

Political unity: [FRENCH GUIANA] – Cayenne

References: Du Preez et al. (Reference Du Preez, Badets, Héritier and Verneau2017); Chaabane et al. (Reference Chaabane, Du Preez, Johnston and Verneau2022)

Fornixtrema scorpioides (Du Preez, Badets, Héritier & Verneau, Reference Du Preez, Badets, Héritier and Verneau2017) Du Preez & Verneau, 2020

Synonym: Neopolystoma scorpioides Du Preez, Badets, Héritier & Verneau, Reference Du Preez, Badets, Héritier and Verneau2017

Infection site: conjunctival sacs, conjunctival sacs of the eye

Host: Kinosternon scorpioides

Biogeographic unit: Guianan Lowlands province – BBD

Political unity: [FRENCH GUIANA]- Cayenne¹; Roura²

References: Du Preez et al. (Reference Du Preez, Badets, Héritier and Verneau2017)¹; Chaabane et al. (Reference Chaabane, Du Preez, Johnston and Verneau2022)²

Manotrema du Preez, Domingues & Verneau, 2022

Manotrema brasiliensis (Viera, Novelli, Sousa & SouzaLima, 2008) du Preez, Domingues & Verneau, 2022

Synonym: Polystomoides brasiliensis Vieira, Novelli, Sousa & SouzaLima, Reference Vieira, Novelli, Sousa and SouzaLima2008

Infection site: buccal and pharyngeal cavities, esophagus

Host: Hydromedusa maximiliani ¹, Mesoclemmys tuberculata ² and Phrynops geoffroanus ³

Biogeographic unit: Atlantic province^2,3, Parana Forest province^1,3 – PD; Caatinga province^2,3 - CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Pernambuco)³: limoeiro, Paudalho, Recife and Santa Cruz do Capibaribe; (Minas Gerais): Juiz de Fora^1,3; (São Paulo): RPPN Foz do Rio Aguapeí³; (Rio de Janeiro): unspecified location¹; (Sergipe)^2,3: Areia Branca, Pirambu, Poço Redondo and Tobias Barreto

References: Vieira et al. (Reference Vieira, Novelli, Sousa and SouzaLima2008)^1,3; Muniz-Pereira et al. (Reference Muniz-Pereira, Vieira and Luque2009)¹; Silva (Reference Silva2014)³; Santana et al. (Reference Santana, Iwama, Teixeira, Moura, Faria and Mesquita2019)^2,3; Fonseca et al. (Reference Fonseca, Rojas, Vieira, Ferreira, Rodrigues, Barros, Silva Júnior, Moura and Oliveira2021)³; Santana et al. (Reference Santana, Teixeira, Araújo-Filho, Teles, Pereira, Brito, Almeida and Mesquita2023)²

Manotrema fuquesi (Mañe-Garzón & Gil, 1962) du Preez, Domingues & Verneau, 2022

Synonym: Polystomoides fuquesi Mañe-Garzón & Gil, 1962

Infection site: oral cavity

Host: Phrynops hilarii

Biogeographic unit: Esteros del Iberá province – PD

Political unity: [URUGUAY] – (Artigas Departament) – Artigas

References: Mañé-Garzón and Gil (Reference Mañé-Garzón and Gil1962a)

Manotrema uruguayensis (Mañe-Garzón & Gil, 1961) du Preez, Domingues & Verneau, 2022

Synonym: Polystomoides uruguayensis Mañe-Garzón & Gil, 1961

Infection site: oral cavity

Host: Phrynops hilarii

Biogeographic unit: Pampean province – CD

Political unity: [URUGUAY] – (Artigas Departament): Arroyo Cuaró

References: Mañé-Garzón and Gil (Reference Mañé-Garzón and Gil1961d)

Polystomoidella Price, 1939

Polystomoidella oblonga (Wright, 1879) Price, 1939

Infection site: urinary bladder

Host: Kinosternon hirtipes ¹, Kinosternon integrum,² and Kinosternon leucostomum ³

Biogeographic unit: Transmexican Volcanic Belt province¹ – MTZ; Balsas Basin province², Veracruzan province^1,3 – MD

Political unity: [MEXICO] – unspecified location¹; (Federal District): Lago de Xochimilco¹; (Guerrero): Cacahuamilpa²; (Michoacán)¹: Lago de Pátzcuaro, Lago de Zacapu, Lago de Zirahuén and Manantiales de Cointzio; (Nayarit): Villa Hidalgo - Río Grande¹; (Veracruz): Laguna de Alvarado³.

References: Caballero (Reference Caballero1940b)²; Herrera-Rosales (Reference Herrera-Rosales1951)³; Lamothe-Argumedo (Reference Lamothe-Argumedo1972)¹; Parra-Rojas (Reference Parra-Rojas1983)¹; Pérez-Ponce de León et al. (Reference Pérez-Ponce De León, Jiménez-Ruiz, Mendoza-Garfias and García-Prieto2001)¹

Polystomoidella whartoni Price, 1939

Infection site: urinary bladder

Host: Kinosternon hirtipes ¹, Kinosternon integrum,² and Kinosternon leucostomum ³

Biogeographic unit: Balsas Basin province^2,3 – MD

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Guanajuato): Río Lerdo¹; (Morelos): Casasano^2,3

References: Caballero (Reference Caballero1940b)¹; Herrera-Rosales (Reference Herrera-Rosales1951)^2,3

Polystomoides Ward, 1917

Polystomoides cayensis (Du Preez, Badets, Héritier & Verneau, Reference Du Preez, Badets, Héritier and Verneau2017) Chaabane, Du Preez, Johnston & Verneau, Reference Chaabane, Du Preez, Johnston and Verneau2022

Synonym: Neopolystoma cayensis Du Preez, Badets, Héritier & Verneau, Reference Du Preez, Badets, Héritier and Verneau2017

Infection site: urinary bladder

Host: Rhinoclemmys punctularia

Biogeographic unit: Guianan Lowlands province – BBD

Political unity: [FRENCH GUIANA] – Cayenne

References: Du Preez et al. (Reference Du Preez, Badets, Héritier and Verneau2017); Chaabane et al. (Reference Chaabane, Du Preez, Johnston and Verneau2022)

Polystomoides coronatus (Leidy, 1888) Ozaki, 1935

Infection site: oral cavity

Host: Trachemys scripta

Biogeographic unit: Veracruzan province – MD

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Tabasco): Río Teapa

Reference: Thatcher (Reference Thatcher1963a)

Polystomoides cyclovitellum (Caballero, Zerecero & Grocott, 1957) Chaabane, Du Preez, Johnston & Verneau, Reference Chaabane, Du Preez, Johnston and Verneau2022

Infection site: urinary bladder

Host: Rhinoclemmys melanosterna

Biogeographic unit: Guatuso-Talamanca province – PCD

Political unity: [PANAMA] – (Panama province): Panamá city

Reference: Caballero et al. (Reference Caballero, Zerecero and Grocott1956)

Polystomoides domitilae (Caballero, Reference Caballero1938) Chaabane, Du Preez, Johnston & Verneau, Reference Chaabane, Du Preez, Johnston and Verneau2022

Synonym: Neopolystoma domitilae (Caballero, Reference Caballero1938) Price, 1939

Infection site: urinary bladder and cloaca

Host: Chelydra serpentina ¹, Terrapene ornata,² and Trachemys scripta ³

Biogeographic unit: Veracruzan province – MD;

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Tabasco): Río Teapa^1.3; (Veracruz): Laguna de Alvarado²

References: Caballero (Reference Caballero1938)²; Thatcher (Reference Thatcher1963a)^1,3

Polystomoides magdalenensis Lenis & Garca-Prieto, Reference Lenis and Garcia-Prieto2009

Infection site: oral cavity

Host: Trachemys callirostris

Biogeographic unit: Magdalena province – PCD

Political unity: [COLOMBIA] – (Bolívar): Coyongal and Santa Cruz de Mompox; (Magdalena): Ricaurte

References: Lenis and García-Prieto (Reference Lenis and Garcia-Prieto2009)

Polystomoides orbiculare (Stunkard, 1916) Chaabane, Du Preez, Johnston & Verneau, Reference Chaabane, Du Preez, Johnston and Verneau2022

Synonym: Neopolystoma orbiculare (Stunkard, 1916) Price, 1939

Infection site: urinary bladder

Host: Kinosternon leucostomum ¹ and Trachemys scripta ²

Biogeographic unit: Veracruzan province- MD

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Oaxaca): Tuxtepec¹; (Tamaulipas): Río Tamesi²

References: Zerecero (Reference Zerecero1948)¹; Lamothe-Argumedo (Reference Lamothe-Argumedo1972)²

Polystomoides rohdei Mañe-Garzón & Holcman-Spector, 1968

Infection site: oral cavity

Host: Trachemys dorbigni

Biogeographic unit: Pampean province – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul)²: Capão do Leão and Pelotas; [URUGUAY] – unspecified location³; (Florida): unspecified location¹; (Rivera): unspecified location¹; (Soriano): Arroyo del Perdido¹

References: Mañé-Garzón and HolcmanSpector (Reference Mañé-Garzón and Holcman-Spector1968b)¹; Mascarenhas et al. (Reference Mascarenhas, Silva and Müller2021)²; Chaabane et al. (Reference Chaabane, Du Preez, Johnston and Verneau2022)³

Polystomoides santamariensis Lignon, Cohen, Justo, Du Preez & Monteiro in Lignon et al. Reference Lignon, Cohen, Justo, Du Preez, Comarella, Nishimaru, Souza, Ataíde, Müller, Brun and Silvia Gonzalez Monteiro2023

Infection site: urinary bladder

Host: Trachemys dorbigni

Biogeographic unit: Parana Forest province – PD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul): Santa Maria

Reference: Lignon et al. (Reference Lignon, Cohen, Justo, Du Preez, Comarella, Nishimaru, Souza, Ataíde, Müller, Brun and Silvia Gonzalez Monteiro2023)

Polystomoides sp.

Infection site: oral cavity

Host: Acanthochelys spixii

Biogeographic unit: Pampean province – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul): Capão do Leão, Pelotas, Rio Grande and Santa Vitória do Palmar

References: Chaviel et al. (Reference Chaviel, Mascarenhas, Bernardon, Coimbra and Müller2020); Mascarenhas et al. (Reference Mascarenhas, Chaviel, Bernardon, Wolter, Coimbra and Müller2022)

Polystomoides sp.

Infection site: conjunctival sacs

Host: Kinosternon leucostomum

Political unity: [COSTA RICA] – unspecified location

Reference: Héritier et al. (Reference Héritier, Badets, Du Preez, Aisien, Lixian, Combes and Verneau2015)

Polystomoides sp.

(original record: Neopolystoma sp.)

Infection site: unspecified site of infection

Host: Mesoclemmys vanderhaegei

Biogeographic unit: Cerrado province – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Mato Grosso): Chapada dos Guimarães

Reference: Ávila et al. (Reference Ávila, Brito, Barrella, Strussmann and Silva2010)

Polystomoides sp.

(original record: Neopolystoma sp.)

Infection site: urinary bladder

Host: Phrynops geoffroanus

Biogeographic unit: Parana Forest province – PD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (São Paulo): RPPN Foz do Rio Aguapeí

Reference: Silva (Reference Silva2014)

Polystomoides sp.

Infection site: oral cavity

Host: Phrynops hilarii

Biogeographic unit: Pampean province – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul): Capão do Leão, Pelotas, Rio Grande and Santa Vitória do Palmar; unspecified location

References: Mascarenhas et al. (Reference Mascarenhas, Chaviel, Bernardon, Wolter, Coimbra and Müller2022)

Polystomoides sp.

Infection site: oral cavity

Host: Phrynops hilarii

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul): unspecified location

References: Mascarenhas and Müller (Reference Mascarenhas, Silva and Müller2021)

Polystomoides sp.

Infection site: urinary bladder

Host: Trachemys dorbigni

Biogeographic unit: Pampean province – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul): Capão do Leão and Pelotas

References: Mascarenhas et al. (Reference Mascarenhas, Silva and Müller2021)

PHYLUM ACANTHOCEPHALA RUDOLPHI, 1808

ORDER NEOECHINORHYNCHIDA

Family Neoechinorhynchidae Ward, 1917

Neoechinorhynchus Hamann in Stiles & Hassall, 1905

Neoechinorhynchus (Neoechinorhynchus) emydis (Leidy, 1851) Van Cleave, 1919

Infection site: intestine

Host: Terrapene ornata

Biogeographic unit: Veracruzan province – MD

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Veracruz): Laguna de Alvarado

References: Bravo-Hollis (Reference Bravo-Hollis1946)

Neoechinorhynchus (Neoechinorhynchus) emyditoides Fisher, 1960

Infection site: intestine, small intestine

Host: Trachemys scripta ¹ and Trachemys scripta venusta ²

Biogeographic unit: Veracruzan province – MD

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Veracruz): Laguna de Alvarado¹ and Lago de Catemaco¹; (Tamaulipas): Purificación river^1,2; (Tabasco): Centla Swamps¹

References: Barger (Reference Barger2004)¹; García-Varela et al. (Reference García-Varela, García-Prieto and Rodríguez2011)¹; Pinacho-Pinacho et al. (Reference Pinacho-Pinacho, Hernández-Orts, Sereno-Uribe, Pérez-Ponce de León and García-Varela2017)¹; García-Varela and Pinacho-Pinacho (Reference García-Varela and Pinacho-Pinacho2018)²

Neoechinorhynchus (Neoechinorhynchus) schmidti Barger, Thatcher & Nickol, Reference Barger, Thatcher and Nickol2004

Infection site: intestine

Host: Trachemys scripta ¹, Trachemys venusta ²

Biogeographic unit: Veracruzan province – MD

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Tabasco)¹: Centla Swamps and 24 km S from Villahermosa²

References: Barger (Reference Barger2004)²; Barger et al. (Reference Barger2004)¹; Martínez-Aquino et al. (Reference Martínez-Aquino, Reyna-Fabián, Rosas-Valdez, Razo-Mendivil, Pérez-Ponce de León and García-Varela2009)¹

ORDER POLYMORPHIDA

Family Polymorphidae Meyer, 1931

Polymorphidae gen. sp. immature

Infection site: small intestine

Host: Acanthochelys spixii

Biogeographic unit: Pampean province – CD

Political unity: [BRAZIL] – (Rio Grande do Sul): unspecified location¹, Capão do Leão², Pelotas², Rio Grande² and Santa Vitória do Palmar²

References: Mascarenhas and Müller (Reference Mascarenhas, Silva and Müller2021)¹; Mascarenhas et al. (Reference Mascarenhas, Chaviel, Bernardon, Wolter, Coimbra and Müller2022)²

Arhythmorhynchus Lühe, 1911

Arhythmorhynchus brevis Van Cleave, 1916

Synonym: Polymorphus brevis (Van Cleave, 1916) Travassos, 1926

Infection site: body cavity, mesentery

Host: Kinosternon hirtipes

Biogeographic unit: Transmexican Volcanic Belt province – MTZ

Political unity: [MEXICO] – (Michoacán): Lago de Zacapu

Reference: Pérez-Ponce de León et al. ( Reference Pérez-Ponce De León, Jiménez-Ruiz, Mendoza-Garfias and García-Prieto2001)