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TEXTOS Y HUESOS: ANÁLISIS COMPARATIVO DE LOS REGISTROS HISTÓRICO-ETNOGRÁFICO Y ARQUEOLÓGICO SOBRE LA SUBSISTENCIA DE LOS SHELK'NAM-HAUSH DE TIERRA DEL FUEGO (EXTREMO AUSTRAL DE SUDAMÉRICA) ENTRE LOS SIGLOS DIECISÉIS Y VEINTE

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2018

María José Saletta
Affiliation:
Asociación de Investigaciones Antropológicas-CONICET-UNLaM, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina (adverbiodemodo@gmail.com)
Dánae Fiore
Affiliation:
Asociación de Investigaciones Antropológicas-CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina (danae.fiore@yahoo.es)
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Abstract

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo comparar la información sobre la subsistencia de los Shelk'nam-Haush de Tierra del Fuego proveniente de dos tipos de registros: el arqueológico y el escrito (fuentes histórico-etnográficas). Estos registros abarcan desde los inicios del contacto con poblaciones europeas (siglo dieciséis) hasta la ocupación efectiva del espacio por parte de los Estados nación argentino y chileno (fin de siglo diecinueve y principios del veinte). Se analizaron 58 fuentes escritas por 41 autores desde 1580, que dieron como resultado 307 citas que forman un registro escrito promediado sobre la subsistencia de los Shelk'nam-Haush. El registro arqueológico contemporáneo a dicho período comprende 21 sitios adscribibles a momentos postcontacto. Los resultados muestran: a) una representación similar de los taxones faunísticos de rendimiento energético alto y medio en ambos registros; b) una baja representación de taxones faunísticos de menor rendimiento energético; c) una moderada representación de estos últimos en el registro escrito. La información escrita provee además datos de baja visibilidad arqueológica tales como el tipo de actividades de captura y la división del trabajo, lo que genera una visión más completa de la subsistencia de estos cazadores-recolectores fueguinos. En conjunto, se destaca que la metodología de trabajo propuesta, que combina de manera sistemática datos de dos tipos de registros, permite evaluar en qué medida estos se corroboran, completan o contradicen, generando nueva información para entender el comportamiento de los cazadores-recolectores durante el período postcontacto.

This paper aims to compare the archaeological and written (historical-ethnographic sources) record on the subsistence practices of the Shelk'nam-Haush of Tierra del Fuego, from the period of contact with European populations (sixteenth century) to the effective occupation of the land by the Argentinean and Chilean states (end of nineteenth and early twentieth centuries). A total of 58 texts written by 41 authors from AD 1580 onwards have provided 307 relevant quotations that generate a representative record about Shelk'nam-Haush subsistence. The archaeological record contemporary to this period includes 21 post contact sites (dated by radiocarbon dates or by the presence of Western materials). Results show: a) a similar representation of taxa of high and middle energetic return in both records; and b) a low representation of taxa of low energetic return in the archaeological record, and a moderate representation of these resources in the written record. Written information also provides data of low archaeological visibility on procurement activities and labor division, which generates a much more thorough panorama about the subsistence of these Fueguian hunter-gatherers. The research method used in this paper systematically combines data from two types of records allowing for the assessment of their mutual corroboration, completion, or contradiction. This generates new information that can shed light on the practices of hunter-gatherers during the contact period.

Information

Type
Article
Copyright
Copyright © 2018 by the Society for American Archaeology 
Figure 0

Figura 1. Grupos étnicos postcontacto en Tierra del Fuego.

Figure 1

Tabla 1. Sitios en Territorio Shelk'nam-Haush Analizados en este Trabajo.

Figure 2

Figura 2. Sitios arqueológicos analizados en este trabajo.

Figure 3

Figura 3. Sitios con fauna local y alóctona.

Figure 4

Tabla 2. Recursos Presentes en el Registro Arqueológico.

Figure 5

Tabla 3. Actividades Registradas en el Registro Escrito.

Figure 6

Figura 4. Taxones registrados y cantidad de citas y autores por categoría.

Figure 7

Figura 5. Porcentajes de citas que informaron sobre actividades grupales e individuales de caza, recolección y pesca.

Figure 8

Figura 6. Comparación de frecuencias de NCitas y NISP. Gráfico ordenado por porcentaje de NCitas.

Figure 9

Figura 7. Comparación entre NCitas, NAutores, NISP y NSitios. Gráfico de porcentajes, ordenado de acuerdo a la frecuencia de NCitas.

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