Single element antenna

Figure 1 describes the initial geometry of the single antenna element and its S-parameter, the L-shaped branch of the antenna can resonate at 3.5 GHz, while the rectangular patch of the antenna can resonate at 5.5 GHz. The S ₁₁ (<−10 dB) range of the antenna is 3.23 to 3.92 GHz and 4.43 to 7.17 GHz, which can meet the required frequency range of 3.5 and 5.5 GHz.

Fig. 1.

The structure and S-parameter of single antenna. (a) Single antenna structure (b) S ₁₁ of the single antenna.

Four-element MIMO antenna

An illustration of the geometry of the provided MIMO antenna is exhibited in Fig. 2. It is fed by a coplanar waveguide and printed on a 0.1 mm thick LCP substrate which has a relative dielectric constant = 2.9 and loss tangent = 0.002. It comprises four vertically placed radiation elements and an orthogonal branch is located at the center of the four units to reduce unnecessary coupling, which connects the ground between them. The two resonate points are realized by radiation units comprising a rectangular monopole and an L-shaped branch. All elements are fed by CPW. The following are the final values of simulation and optimization of the different geometric parameters using HFSS: W = 60 mm, W ₁ = 10 mm, W ₂ = 5 mm, W _d = 8.3 mm, L = 60 mm, L ₁ = 14 mm, L ₂ = 13 mm, L ₃ = 50 mm.

Fig. 2.

The introduced MIMO antenna. (a) Geometrical details (b) Fabricated antenna.

Isolation structure analysis

A diagram of the decoupling structure design process is exhibited in Fig. 3. Ant-1 is comprised of four elements vertically arranged to each other without isolation branches. Ant-2 adds an orthogonal branch placed in the center which connects the ground of different elements based on Ant-1.

Fig. 3.

Design process. (a) Ant-1 (b) Ant-2.

Figure 4 depicts the simulated scattering parameters of both Ant-1 and Ant-2. Because the placement of four elements is centrosymmetric, the verdict of S ₁₁ = S ₂₂ = S ₃₃ = S ₄₄, S ₁₂ = S ₁₄ = S ₂₃ = S ₃₄ = S ₄₃ = S ₃₂ = S ₄₁ = S ₂₁ and S ₁₃ = S ₂₄ = S ₄₂ = S ₃₁ can be obtained. Due to orthogonality, the perpendicular arrangement of the antenna elements has degraded the coupling between adjacent elements. However, S ₃₁ is higher than −15 dB in the low-frequency part. The addition of the isolation branch significantly has decreased the values of S ₃₁, which means the coupling of two diagonally placed elements has reduced. Even though isolation branches cause coupling between orthogonal antenna elements, S ₂₁ still meets working requirements. By adding the isolation branch, the operating band (S ₁₁ < −10 dB) covers 3.05–3.71 and 3.89–6.72 GHz, while the values of S ₂₁ and S ₃₁ are all less than −21 dB. At the same time, the branch connects the ground of different antenna units so that each port can obtain the same voltage. According to Fig. 5, the distinction of current distribution between Ant-1 and Ant-2 at different frequencies indicates that the mutual coupling current decreases significantly after adding the isolation branch.

Fig. 4.

Simulated S-parameters. (a) S ₁₁ (b) S ₂₁ and S _31.

Fig. 5.

Current distributions. (a) Ant-1 at 3.5 GHz (b) Ant-2 at 3.5 GHz (c) Ant-1 at 5.5 GHz (d) Ant-2 at 5.5 GHz.

S-parameter

The introduced four-element flexible antenna was manufactured and tested. In Fig. 6, both simulated and tested S-parameter curves are compared. The antenna operated in 3.156–3.84 GHz (19.55%) and 4.638–6.348 GHz (31.13%), covering 5G, WLAN and WiMAX. Figure 6(b) manifests the isolation measured on the operating frequency band is less than −21 dB. Compared to the simulated results, the actual measurement follows a similar trend. In addition, slight variations in curves can be attributed to fabrication errors, the loss of antenna test connector, and a change in the shape of the substrate.

Fig. 6.

Simulated and measured S-parameters. (a) S ₁₁ (b) S ₂₁ and S _31.

Radiation patterns

As depicted in Fig. 7, the radiation patterns were simulated and measured at 3.5 and 5.5 GHz, in E-plane and H-plane respectively. Taking into account the symmetrical design, only the case where Port 1 is used as the excitation source and the other Ports as load has been tested. The simulated and measured co-polarization patterns are normalized. The 2-D patterns exhibit that both resonance points emit bidirectional radiation in E-plane while emitting omnidirectional radiation in H-plane. At these frequencies, the cross-polarization is generally lower than the co-polarization except for a few degrees. The measurement results are distorted because there is large interference in the 2-D Microwave Anechoic Chamber. At the same time, no power amplifier is used for the antenna, which also leads to a certain deviation between the simulated pattern and the measured one.

Fig. 7.

Radiation patterns. (a) 3.5 GHz (b) 5.5 GHz.

ECC and DG of antenna

As a basic parameter, envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) is used in MIMO system to estimate the correlation degree between different antenna elements, which can be calculated as follows [Reference Ikram, Nguyen-Trong and Abbosh18]:

(1)$$\rho _{\rm e}( {i, \;j, \;N} ) = \left\vert {\displaystyle{{\sum\nolimits_{n = 1}^N {S_{i, n}^\ast S_{n, j}} } \over {{\left\vert {\prod\nolimits_{k = i, j} {\left({1-\sum\nolimits_{n = 1}^N {S_{k, n}^\ast S_{n, k}} } \right)} } \right\vert }^{1/2}}}} \right\vert ^2$$

The antenna must have a relatively high efficiency to maintain the validity of equation (1). By using the following equation (2), then, we can also calculate the ECC more accurately based on the far-field radiation:

(2)$$\rho _{\rm e}( {i, \;j} ) = \displaystyle{{{\left\vert {\iint_{4\pi } {\mathop {F_i}\limits^\to ( {\theta , \;\phi } ) } \cdot \mathop {F_j}\limits^\to ( {\theta , \;\phi } ) d\Omega } \right\vert }^2} \over {\iint_{4\pi } {{\left\vert {\mathop {F_i}\limits^\to ( {\theta , \;\phi } ) } \right\vert }^2d\Omega \cdot } \iint_{4\pi } {{\left\vert {\mathop {F_j}\limits^\to ( {\theta , \;\phi } ) } \right\vert }^2d\Omega } }}$$

At the same time, diversity gain (DG) is also crucial when evaluating MIMO antenna characteristics. The DG can be calculated as [Reference Tian, Lau and Ying19]:

(3)$$DG = 10\sqrt {1-ECC^2} $$

Generally, in the working band, the ECC value should not exceed 0.5, while the DG is larger than 9.5, which can be used in practice. Figure 8 demonstrates that the presented antenna possesses a good ECC less than 0.12, exceeding the requirement by a wide margin.

Fig. 8.

ECC the of introduced antenna.

In Fig. 9, DG curves during 2–8 GHz show a high value of DG, better than 9.93.

Fig. 9.

DG of the introduced antenna.

Gain

Figure 10 shows the peak gain of simulation and measurement covering 3.0–6.0 GHz. In these results, the measured peak gain is about 4 dB for 3.5 GHz and 4.8 dB for 5.5 GHz. Besides, the gain of measurement displays a lower level compared with that of simulation, due to the uncertainty of the environment and the difference of measurement.

Fig. 10.

Simulated and measured gain.

TARC (total active reflection coefficient)

TARC is another vital indicator, predicting the performance of MIMO system, which can be expressed as [Reference Dkiouak, Zakriti and El Ouahabi20]:

(4)$$TARC = N^{{-}1/2}\sqrt {\sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^N {{\left\vert {\sum\nolimits_{k = 1}^N {S_{ik}e^{\,j\theta_{k-1}}} } \right\vert }^2} } $$

In this expression, θ stands for the excited phase angle. Seven phase angles from 0° to 180° are picked to analyze the properties of the proposed four-element antenna. Figure 11 depicts the values of measured TARC between 2.0 to 8.0 GHz. The measured TARC is less than −10 dB over the functioning bands, indicating that the MIMO antenna has stable characteristics and allowable performance.

Fig. 11.

Measured curves of TARC in different degrees.

Flexibility analysis

The performance of a flexible MIMO antenna under bending conditions is an important metric. The S-parameters of this presented four-port flexible antenna are tested when the antenna is fixed on various cylinders with two curvatures (R = 30 mm and R = 45 mm) along E-plane or H-plane, respectively. Figure 12 depicts the results of return loss and isolation in different conditions. After bending, the antenna retains its original bandwidth. In the low-frequency band, the isolation of measurement is less than −23 dB, while that does not exceed −15 dB in the high-frequency part, which meets the practical standards. The curves of S ₂₁, S ₃₁ and S ₄₁ show the proposed four-element antenna exhibits good isolation at bowed conditions.

Fig. 12.

S-parameters in different bending conditions. (a) S ₁₁ (b) S ₂₁ and S _31.

Effects of human body

Since the proposed antenna is a potential candidate for IoT and wearable fields, it is necessary to study the interaction between it and human tissue. The Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is a vital parameter towards quantifying the effects of antenna radiation on humans. A human tissue model made up of four layers is designed by HFSS. Figure 13 depicts the model and Table 1 contains its associated parameters.

Fig. 13.

The human body approaching the antenna model.

Table 1.

Characteristics of different tissues of the human body

Parameter H represents the distance from the tissue model to an antenna. It is described in Table 2 that maximum SAR values of the presented antenna were attained in various conditions. The simulated values all meet the European Union Standard (2 W/kg/10 g).

Table 2.

Maximum SAR values on various conditions

When the antenna is worn on the arm, chest and thigh, the tested results of scattering parameters are depicted in the following Fig. 14, which indicates that the presented four-element antenna is still in compliance with the working requirements.

Fig. 14.

The tested performance on human body.