Introduction
Schaereria is a small, well-defined genus of crustose lichens. It is characterized chiefly by its distinctive asci, termed Schaereria-type (Hafellner Reference Hafellner1984), which are cylindrical, have a thin, faintly amyloid wall, lack a thickened tholus and contain eight, simple, thin-walled, hyaline ascospores. Furthermore, the paraphyses are extremely lax in water. The genus has posed ongoing questions with respect to its taxonomic position, summarized by Lunke et al. (Reference Lunke, Lumbsch and Feige1996) who trace its history, from being reinstated out of the form genus Lecidea s. lat. by Poelt & Vězda (Reference Poelt and Vězda1977), to being placed in its own family by Hafellner (Reference Hafellner1984). More recently it has been included in molecular studies (e.g. Wedin et al. Reference Wedin, Wiklund, Crewe, Döring, Ekman, Nyberg, Schmitt and Lumbsch2005; Schmull et al. Reference Schmull, Miadlikowska, Pelzer, Stocker-Wörgötter, Hofstetter, Fraker, Hodkinson, Reeb, Kukwa and Lumbsch2011; Miadlikowska et al. Reference Miadlikowska, Kauff, Högnabba, Oliver, Molnár, Fraker, Gaya, Hafellner, Hofstetter and Gueidan2014; Resl et al. Reference Resl, Schneider, Westberg, Printzen, Palice, Thor, Fryday, Mayrhofer and Spribille2015), all of which have essentially emphasized its rather isolated and uncertain phylogenetic placement. Currently the genus remains in the monogeneric family Schaereriaceae and is classified in the Schaereriales (Kraichak et al. Reference Kraichak, Huang, Nelsen, Leavitt and Lumbsch2018). Thallus chemistry and morphology, apothecial pigmentation, and ascospore shape and arrangement in the ascus are the primary characters used to delimit the species.
Since the review of the known species of Schaereria by Kantvilas (Reference Kantvilas1999), which included seven species, there have been additions to the genus from the Falkland Islands (Fryday & Common Reference Fryday and Common2001), temperate North America (Schmull & Spribille Reference Schmull and Spribille2005; Spribille et al. Reference Spribille, Björk, Ekman, Elix, Goward, Printzen, Tønsberg and Wheeler2009) and Antarctica (Øvstedal & Lewis Smith Reference Øvstedal and Lewis Smith2009), bringing the total number for the genus to 11. In this paper, a further new species from Australia is described, a first record of a species originally described from the Northern Hemisphere is reported for Australia (Tasmania), the known ranges of two other species are extended to Tasmania, and a key to the five Australian species is presented.
Material and Methods
This study is based chiefly on collections by the author, housed in the Tasmanian Herbarium (HO), with reference to selected specimens from other herbaria as indicated in the text, and on field studies undertaken in Tasmania and south-eastern mainland Australia. Anatomical observations and measurements are based on thin, hand-cut sections of the thallus, apothecia and pycnidia mounted in water, 10% KOH (K), Lugol's iodine (I), ammoniacal erythrosin and/or lactophenol cotton blue. Ascospore measurements are presented in the format 5th percentile–average–95th percentile, with outlying values in brackets and n signifying the number of observations. Chemical analyses were undertaken by thin-layer chromatography using standard methods (Orange et al. Reference Orange, James and White2010); solvent A was the preferred routine medium. Terminology of apothecial pigments, specifically fucatus-violet, follows Kantvilas (Reference Kantvilas2009).
Key to the species of Schaereria in Australia
1 Ascospores ellipsoid………2
Ascospores globose………3
2(1) Thallus containing gyrophoric acid (C+ red in squash); apothecia with blue-green epithecial pigment; ascospores 9−14 × 5−8 μm………S. fuscocinerea
Gyrophoric acid lacking; thallus C− and containing unknown substances; apothecia with brown pigments only; ascospores 10−17.5 × 6−9 μm………S. australis
3(1) Thallus corticolous; epithecium with granules of fucatus-violet pigment………S. dolodes
Thallus saxicolous; fucatus-violet pigment lacking………4
4(3) Thallus granular to squamulose; apothecia superficial, not immersed, basally constricted at maturity; strictly alpine……… ………S. bullata
Thallus crustose-areolate; apothecia semi-immersed, persistently aspicilioid; found in lowland in dry sclerophyll woodland ………S. xerophila
The Species
Schaereria australis Kantvilas sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 847716
Similar to S. porpidioides Fryday & Common with respect to the internal, brown pigmentation of the apothecia and the absence of blue-green apothecial pigments, but differing by the well-developed thallus, smaller apothecia, 0.3−0.7 mm diam., thinner proper exciple, 45−75 μm thick, and smaller ascospores, 10−17.5 × 6−9 μm.
Type: Australia, Tasmania, Ben Lomond, Plains of Heaven, 41°32ʹS, 147°39ʹE, 1500 m, on alpine dolerite boulders, 8 February 2022, G. Kantvilas 238/22 (holotype—HO).
(Fig. 1)
Schaereria australis morphology. A, holotype (Ben Lomond, Tasmania). B, Kantvilas 169/04 (Mt Kosciusko, NSW). Scales = 1 mm. In colour online.
Thallus crustose, areolate, pale to dull grey-brown, forming irregular patches to c. 10 mm wide interrupted by other lichens, ecorticate, but with an outer pale brown layer 20–50 μm thick comprised of the terminal, c. 5 μm wide cells of medullary hyphae that protrude through the photobiont layer; prothallus absent; individual areoles 0.2−0.8 mm wide, to 0.6 mm thick, tightly adnate, contiguous or separated by deep, gaping cracks; medulla I−. Photobiont a unicellular green alga with cells broadly ellipsoid to globose, 8–20 × 6–18 μm.
Apothecia 0.3−0.7 mm wide, at first rather sunken into the thallus, at maturity superficial and broadly adnate, roundish or somewhat deformed and irregularly rhomboid; disc black to brown-black, plane to a little concave, epruinose; proper exciple concolorous with and markedly higher than the disc, persistent, sometimes a little flexuose, in section 45–75 μm thick, at the outer edge olive-brown to reddish brown, K± intensifying, paler within, composed of radiating hyphae that become increasingly short-celled towards the outer edge and form an outermost, parenchymatous layer of c. 5−6 μm wide cells. Hypothecium 25–50(−80) μm thick, hyaline to pale reddish or olive-brown, poorly differentiated from and merging with the exciple. Hymenium 80–125 μm thick, sometimes inspersed with occasional, scattered oil droplets, hyaline apart from an uppermost olive-brown epithecial layer 6–10 μm thick, composed of the terminal pigmented cells of the paraphyses. Paraphyses simple or occasionally furcate in the upper part, straight, 2–2.5 μm wide, with the apices markedly capitate, internally brown pigmented, 4–6(−8) μm wide. Asci 75–110 × 10–15 μm, of the Schaereria-type: narrowly clavate-cylindrical, with the wall weakly amyloid and of ±even thickness throughout; tholus likewise weakly amyloid, not prominently thickened and lacking any internal structures. Ascospores hyaline, thin-walled, broadly ellipsoid, strictly uniseriate, (10−)11−13.3−16(−17.5) × 6−7.6−9 μm (n = 85).
Pycnidia immersed, discernible as black specks on the thallus surface; conidia bacilliform, 5–7 × 1 μm.
Chemistry
Containing traces of an unknown compound, possibly identical to the major unknown in S. bullata, appearing as a colourless spot on developed TLC plates, midway between gyrophoric and norstictic acids; all spot tests of the thallus and medulla negative.
Etymology
The specific epithet alludes to the distribution of the new species in the Southern Hemisphere (Australia and Tasmania).
Remarks
The combination of a crustose, areolate thallus, absence of blue-green apothecial pigments, brown-capitate paraphyses and ellipsoid ascospores characterizes this species and readily distinguishes it from all others in the genus. It is most similar to S. porpidioides Fryday & Common from the Falkland Islands, sharing with that species identical apothecial pigmentation, brown-capitate paraphyses and uniseriate, ellipsoid ascospores (Fryday & Common Reference Fryday and Common2001). However, there are many characters that clearly distinguish these two species, with S. porpidioides having considerably larger apothecia (up to 2 mm wide) with a very thick, flexuose margin (up to c. 100 μm thick) and an often pruinose disc, a highly reduced thallus and somewhat larger ascospores ((14–)15–17(–20) × (8.5–)10–12(–13.5) (Fryday & Common Reference Fryday and Common2001); 13−15.5−19 × 7−9.2−13 μm, n = 40 (this study)). The new species is also very distinct when compared to the other Australian species of the genus. With its crustose-areolate thallus and alpine habitat, S. fuscocinerea is superficially most similar but it contains gyrophoric acid and blue-green and violet apothecial pigments. The other Australian species all contain the same brownish apothecial pigments as S. australis but have globose ascospores as well as other distinguishing features (see Key, above).
The distinctive Schaereria-type ascus has been well illustrated by previous authors (Hafellner Reference Hafellner1984; Kantvilas Reference Kantvilas1999; Schmull & Spribille Reference Schmull and Spribille2005) and is not depicted again here.
Distribution and ecology
Schaereria australis is an uncommon species known from the Mt Kosciusko area in the Australian Alps in New South Wales, and from Tasmania's Central and Ben Lomond Plateaux. It occurs on exposed, hard, siliceous, alpine boulders (dolerite in Tasmania, granite in Australia) within a rich association of mainly crustose lichens, including Lambiella circumgrisea (Kantvilas) Kantvilas, Lecanora polytropa (Ehrh.) Rabenh., Protoparmelia badia (Hoffm.) Hafellner, Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC. and Umbilicaria cylindrica (L.) Delise ex Duby.
Additional specimens examined
Australia: New South Wales: Kosciuszko National Park, Charlottes Pass, 36°24ʹS, 148°19ʹE, 1800 m, 2004, G. Kantvilas 169/04 (HO). Tasmania: Adam Peak, 41°44ʹS, 146°41ʹE, 1300 m, 2009, G. Kantvilas 12/09 (HO); Ben Lomond, unnamed summit c. 500 m S of Little Hell, 41°32′S147°40′E, 1530 m, 2022, G. Kantvilas 552/22 (HO).
Comparative material of Schaereria porpidioides studied
Falkland Islands: West Falkland: Mt Adam, H. A. Imshaug 41048 & R. C. Harris (HO, E, isotypes). East Falkland: Mt Usborne, H. A. Imshaug 40073 & R. C. Harris (BM).
Schaereria bullata Kantvilas
Lichenologist 31, 232 (1999); type: Tasmania, Legges Tor, 41°32ʹS, 147°39ʹE, on skeletal soil or directly on flat rock surfaces in alpine boulder field, 1570 m, 28 April 1998, G. Kantvilas 103/98 (holotype—HO!).
(Fig. 2C)
Morphology of Australian Schaereria species. A, S. dolodes. B, S. dolodes detail, showing incipient soralia (arrowed). C, S. bullata. D, S. fuscocinerea. E, S. xerophila. F, S. xerophila detail, showing aspicilioid apothecia. Scales = 1 mm. In colour online.
Thallus granular-squamulose, dark brown to grey-brown, forming irregular patches to 30 mm across, ±ecorticate but overlain by an epinecral layer c. 10 mm thick, loosely adnate to the substratum, lacking a prothallus; squamules 0.1−1 mm wide, 200−500 μm thick, convex to strongly bullate, crowded and fusing together. Photobiont a unicellular green alga with ±globose cells, 8−13 μm wide, encased in a gelatinous sheath 1−2 μm thick.
Apothecia 0.5−1 mm wide, superficial and basally constricted, never adnate, roundish to a little irregular when crowded together; disc black-brown to black, persistently plane, sometimes verruculose when old; proper exciple ±concolorous with the disc, prominent and persistent, ±inrolled, in section dark brown to reddish brown, K+ dull brown at the outer edge, pale brown to hyaline within, basally c. 80 μm thick, laterally 55–140 μm thick, composed of roundish cells 6–9 μm diam. Hypothecium 60–160 μm thick, hyaline to pale brown. Hymenium 85–120 μm thick, not inspersed, hyaline, I+ blue, overlain by a reddish brown to yellowish brown epithecial layer. Paraphyses simple or occasionally furcate in the upper part, 1.5–2.5 μm thick, with apices moniliform, usually expanded to 3.5–4.5 μm, typically faint to deep brown. Asci 80–110 × 10–13 μm. Ascospores globose, strictly uniseriate, (6.5–)7–8.7–10(–11) μm diam.
Pycnidia immersed; conidia cylindrical, 3–6 × 0.5–1 μm.
Chemistry
Containing unknown substances; all spot tests negative.
Remarks
For further discussion of this species, see Kantvilas (Reference Kantvilas1999). It is distinguished from the Northern Hemisphere's S. cinereorufa, which also has a brown, ±squamulose thallus, mainly by the absence of blue-green epithecial pigments. Furthermore, S. cinereorufa also contains gyrophoric acid, albeit in trace amounts. Amongst the Australian members of the genus, there are no species with which S. bullata could be confused, and it is readily distinguished by the superficial, basally constricted apothecia and globose ascospores. The most similar taxon is S. dolodes, which shares these characters but is corticolous, has a less well-developed thallus and contains fucatus-violet as an additional apothecial pigment. In the field, S. bullata is very easily recognized, with perhaps the only morphologically similar species being small members of the Pannariaceae that occur in similar habitats (e.g. Siphulastrum mamillatum (Hook. f. & Taylor) D. J. Galloway and Parmeliella ligulata P. M. Jørg. & D. J. Galloway), although these taxa are clearly minutely lobate at the thallus margins and contain cyanobacteria.
Distribution and ecology
Schaereria bullata is widespread in alpine Tasmania, where it occurs exclusively on dolerite. It grows on exposed rocks, overgrowing tufts of the moss Andreaea, on very thin soil or directly on the rock surface (see Kantvilas Reference Kantvilas1999).
Selected specimens examined
Australia: Tasmania: Anderson Bluff, South Picton Range, 43°13ʹS, 146°35ʹE, 1090 m, 1999, G. Kantvilas 18/99 (HO); Mt Gould, 41°59ʹE, 146°03ʹE, 1470 m, 2004, G. Kantvilas 5/04 (HO); Mersey Crag, 41°46ʹS, 146°20ʹE, 1420 m, 2010, G. Kantvilas 58/10 (HO); Hartz Peak, 43°15ʹS, 146°46ʹE, 1250 m, 2014, G. Kantvilas 501/14 (GZU, HO); Fisher Bluff, c. 2.5 km E of summit, 41°43ʹS, 146°21ʹE, 2022, G. Kantvilas 402/22 (HO).
Schaereria dolodes (Nyl. ex Hasse) Schmull & T. Sprib.
Lichenologist 37, 528 (2005).—Lecidea dolodes Nyl. ex Hasse, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24, 447 (1897).
Thallus areolate to minutely subsquamulose, chestnut brown, ±ecorticate, overlain by an epinecral layer c. 10 mm thick, loosely attached to the substratum, lacking a prothallus; areoles 0.2–0.5 mm wide, to c. 100 μm thick, convex, contiguous to imbricate, with occasional, scattered, incipient, pale yellowish green soralia. Photobiont a unicellular green alga with ±globose cells, 7–17 μm wide, encased in a gelatinous sheath 1–2 μm thick.
Apothecia 0.4–1 mm wide, superficial and basally constricted, never adnate, roundish to a little irregular when crowded together; disc black, concave at first, soon becoming plane; proper exciple ±concolorous with or paler than the disc, sometimes brownish grey towards the base, prominent and persistent, ±inrolled, in section opaque brown, 40–140 μm thick at the base and sometimes extending a ‘foot’ into the thallus, laterally 40–80 μm thick, with both brown and violet, K+ turquoise pigments, the latter ±dissolving in K, composed of roundish cells 5–6 μm diam. Hypothecium 50–90 μm thick, hyaline. Hymenium 80–120 μm thick, not inspersed, hyaline, I+ blue, overlain by a diffuse or lumpy, violet, K+ turquoise epithecial layer. Paraphyses simple or sparingly branched, 1.5–2 μm thick, with apices hyaline, sometimes moniliform and expanded to 3–4 μm. Asci 70–85 × 9–12 μm. Ascospores globose, strictly uniseriate, 6–7.1–8.5(–9) μm diam.
Pycnidia immersed; conidia cylindrical, 4–5.5 × 1 μm.
Chemistry
Containing traces of unknown substances; all spot tests negative.
Remarks
Schaereria dolodes is the sole corticolous member of the genus to be recorded for the Southern Hemisphere, and as such has no species with which it could be confused in the Australian lichen biota. There are three other corticolous species known from cool temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere but these all differ unequivocally from S. dolodes. Schaereria parasemella (Nyl.) Lumbsch and S. corticola Muhr & Tønsberg both contain gyrophoric acid, have a blue-green apothecial pigment and ellipsoid ascospores; furthermore, the former can be lichenicolous (on Biatora in the case of the type) whereas the latter is sorediate. Schaereria brunnea Björk et al. contains fatty acids, has only brown apothecial pigments and ellipsoid ascospores (Schmull & Spribille Reference Schmull and Spribille2005; Spribille et al. Reference Spribille, Björk, Ekman, Elix, Goward, Printzen, Tønsberg and Wheeler2009). The violet pigment (fucatus-violet of Kantvilas (Reference Kantvilas2009)) is particularly noteworthy and distinctive, especially due to its vivid turquoise reaction in K. It is occasional in the saxicolous S. fuscocinerea and also known from several species of Mycoblastus and other lichens.
The single Tasmanian specimen corresponds well with published descriptions (Schmull & Spribille Reference Schmull and Spribille2005) and reference material of this species. However, a small part of the collection displays the incipient development of soredia (Fig. 2B), the significance of which cannot be evaluated at this stage.
Distribution and ecology
This species was first described from California and has a broad distribution northward to southern British Columbia (Schmull & Spribille Reference Schmull and Spribille2005). The sole Tasmanian specimen was removed from a collection of Lepra gymnospora (Kantvilas) I. Schmitt et al. (syn. Pertusaria gymnospora Kantvilas), which was distributed by Weber (Reference Weber1976) as No. 479 to numerous world herbaria. Multiple other exemplars of this collection have been examined but the Schaereria was not observed on any of them. The Tasmanian Herbarium holds numerous additional collections of L. gymnospora from the same locality, and these are also not associated with S. dolodes. The author has visited the locality himself and searched for the lichen without success. The Tasmanian collection of S. dolodes is recorded as occurring on dead wood, soil and rotten leaves in sheltered areas of rainforest. The associated Lepra gymnospora is a common lichen in scrubby rainforest and subalpine heathland, occurring over epiphytic or ground-dwelling bryophytes, on peat-encrusted bases of trees and shrubs, or directly on bark.
Specimen examined
Australia: Tasmania: forest around Lake Judd, 42°59ʹS, 146°25ʹE, 640 m, 1973, G. C. Bratt 73/900 p.p. (HO).
Comparative material also examined
USA: Idaho: Boomer Co., NW side of town of Sandpoint along Mickinnick Trail, 48°18.612ʹN, 116°34.456ʹW, 767 m, 2006, T. Spribille 21564 (HO).
Schaereria fuscocinerea (Nyl.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux
Bull. Soc. Bot. Centre-Ouest, Nouv. Sér., num. spec. 7, 829 (1985).—Lecidea fuscocinerea Nyl., Bot. Notiser 11-12, 177 (1852).
(Fig. 2D)
Thallus crustose, areolate, dull grey, forming small patches to c. 30 mm wide, ecorticate but overlain by an epinecral layer c. 10 mm thick, tightly adnate to the substratum, lacking a prothallus; areoles rather angular, 0.2–0.5 mm wide, to 250 μm thick, plane to slightly convex, separated by deep cracks. Photobiont a unicellular green alga with ±globose cells, 8–20 μm wide, encased in a gelatinous sheath 1–2 μm thick.
Apothecia 0.15–0.5 mm wide, immersed at first, at length adnate, roundish to rather angular; disc black, concave to plane; proper exciple concolorous with the disc, very thin to ±excluded, in section dull brown, basally 30–60 μm thick, laterally much reduced, to c. 20 μm thick and poorly differentiated from adjacent tissues. Hypothecium 20–40 μm thick, hyaline. Hymenium 90–120 μm thick, inspersed with occasional oil droplets, hyaline, I+ blue, overlain by a bluish green, N+ crimson epithecial layer, inspersed with occasional, violet, K+ vivid green granules. Paraphyses simple, 2(–2.5) μm thick, with apices not markedly thickened but often coated in pigment. Asci 75–95 × 12–15 μm. Ascospores ellipsoid to oblong, biseriate in the upper part of the asci, uniseriate below, (9–)10–11.5–13(–14) × 5–6.3–7.5(–8) μm.
Pycnidia immersed; conidia cylindrical, 6–9 × 1.5–2 μm.
Chemistry
Gyrophoric acid; inferred from the C+ red reaction of thallus squashes under the microscope (material too scant to analyze by TLC).
Remarks
Further descriptive data for this species is provided by Rambold (Reference Rambold1989) and Gilbert & Hawksworth (Reference Gilbert, Hawksworth, Smith, Aptroot, Coppins, Fletcher, Gilbert, James and Wolseley2009). Despite its small size, the single Tasmanian specimen displays the salient features of the species: gyrophoric acid in the thallus, a blue-green epithecium and ellipsoid ascospores, features that readily distinguish it from numerous, superficially similar, small crustose lichens from unrelated genera such as Buellia, Lecanora s. lat. and Lecidea s. lat. that occur in the same habitat. The violet granules are fucatus-violet pigment as seen in S. dolodes. It is also similar to S. australis, which is distinguished mainly by its brown epithecium and the absence of gyrophoric acid.
Distribution and ecology
Schaereria fuscocinerea is widely distributed in cold climates in both hemispheres and was first recorded for mainland Australia by Rambold (Reference Rambold1989). This is the first Tasmanian report, based on a single, small specimen with relatively immature apothecia. In Tasmania, it was recorded on the island's highest plateau, at 1500 m, growing on an exposed dolerite boulder. The habitat is extremely rich in crustose lichens, notably from the genera Porpidia, Poeltiaria, Lambiella and Rhizocarpon, and S. fuscocinerea formed tiny islands amongst these thalli. Its distribution on the Australian mainland is likewise mostly alpine.
Selected specimens examined
Australia: Tasmania: Ben Lomond, c. 750 m SE of Giblin Peak, 41°32ʹS, 147°40ʹE, 1530 m, 2022, G. Kantvilas 298/22 (HO). Australian Capital Territory: Mt Murray, 35°41ʹ26ʺS, 148°47ʹ35ʺE, 2013, P. M. McCarthy 4287 (HO).
Selected comparative material also examined
USA: Colorado: Clear Creek County, 1.9 km W of Silver Plume, 39°41ʹ30ʺN, 105°44ʹW, 1977, R. A. Sanderson & J. Poelt (H. Hertel: Lecideaceae Exsicc. 218) (HO).—Ireland: County Kerry: V.C. 2, Dingle Peninsula, 1978, J. Poelt (H. Hertel: Lecideaceae Exsicc. 136) (HO).—Finland: Korppoo, Jurmo, 59°50ʹN, 21°36ʹE, 3 m, 1989, H. Hertel 36870 (H. Hertel: Lecideaceae Exsicc. 240) (HO).
Schaereria xerophila Rambold & H. Mayrhofer
In Rambold, Biblioth. Lichenol. 34, 313 (1989); type: Australia, Queensland, Nathan Gorge, Cabbagetree Crossing, 25°27ʹS, 150°09ʹE, 200 m, 31 August 1985, R. W. Rogers 7848 (holotype—MEL!).
Thallus crustose, areolate, olive-brown, forming irregular, rather discontinuous thalli to c. 40 mm across, with a thin cortex c. 10 μm thick comprised of the terminal, pigmented cells of vertically orientated hyphae, overlain by an epinecral layer c. 10 mm thick, ±loosely attached to the substratum, lacking a prothallus; areoles irregular, 0.4–1 mm wide, to 0.5 mm thick, convex and unevenly lumpy, separated by deep cracks. Photobiont a unicellular green alga with ±globose cells, 7–20 μm wide, encased in a gelatinous sheath 1–2 μm thick.
Apothecia 0.2–0.5 mm wide, aspicilioid, immersed at first, remaining persistently sunken into the thallus surface or broadly adnate, roundish; disc brown-black to black, persistently concave; proper exciple concolorous with the disc, persistent, frequently enveloped by thalline tissue and the apothecia appearing lecanorine, in section red-brown at the outer edge, ±hyaline within, basally 20–60 μm thick, laterally much reduced, to c. 20 μm thick and poorly differentiated from adjacent tissues. Hypothecium 20–40 μm thick, hyaline. Hymenium 80–100 μm thick, not inspersed, hyaline, I+ blue, overlain by a deep reddish brown, K+ dull olive-brown epithecial layer. Paraphyses simple, 1.5–2.5 μm thick, with apices usually furcate, markedly capitate, internally brown, 4–6 μm wide. Asci 60–80 × 8–11 μm. Ascospores globose, strictly uniseriate, 6–7.5–9(–9.5) μm diam.
Conidiomata not found.
Chemistry
No substances detected by TLC but, due to the scant material, analyses are ambiguous; all spot tests negative.
Remarks
For further descriptive data, see Rambold (Reference Rambold1989). The distinctive, aspicilioid apothecia (Fig. 2F), sunken into a well-developed brown thallus, are unique for the genus, and there are no superficially similar species known in the Australian lichen biota. Anatomically, the brown apothecial pigmentation, globose ascospores, capitate paraphyses and absence of identifiable lichen substances suggest a close relationship to S. dolodes and S. bullata.
Distribution and ecology
Originally described from south-eastern Queensland, where it appears to be uncommon, this species is recorded here for Tasmania for the first time. Its habitat, on exposed rocks in dry sclerophyll forest, is widely distributed in temperate Australia, and the disjunct known distribution of S. xerophila suggests that it could be more widespread but has been overlooked. The Tasmanian collection was from a boulder of Tertiary laterite in open, eucalypt-dominated dry sclerophyll forest. This rock type is unusual for Tasmania and at this locality supported a very diverse lichen biota that included Caloplaca lateritia (Taylor) Zahlbr., Carbonea latypizodes (Müll. Arg.) Knoph & Rambold, Lecanora galactiniza Nyl., Rinodina teniswoodiorum Elix & Kantvilas and Xanthoparmelia mougeotina (Nyl.) D. J. Galloway. The site and its unusual biota are discussed by Baker et al. (Reference Baker, Grove, De Salas, Byrne, Cave, Bonham, Moore and Kantvilas2019), where the Schaereria is referred to as a putative undescribed species.
Specimens examined
Australia: Tasmania: Wind Song Property, Ronnies Spur, 42°21ʹS, 147°55ʹE, 30 m, 2018, G. Kantvilas 113/18 (HO). Queensland: next to Warrego Hwy, 4 km E of Wallumbilla, 26°35ʹ51ʺS, 149°16ʹ37ʺE, 2014, R. W. Rogers 12484 (BRI).
Acknowledgements
Some of the critical material that underpins this study was collected during the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery's (TMAG) ‘Expeditions of Discovery’ programme, and I thank its sponsors, notably Jane and Tom Teniswood (Wind Song), The Friends of TMAG, Penny Clive (Detached, Hobart) and Julia Farrell (Federal Group, Australia) for their support. For generously providing comparative material of S. dolodes, I am much indebted to Toby Spribille. I again thank Jean Jarman for the photographs.
Author ORCID
Gintaras Kantvilas, 0000-0002-3788-4562.
