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Incremental yield of adding anterior nares to axilla/groin for Candidozyma auris surveillance among hospitalized patients

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 June 2026

Akiho Iizawa
Affiliation:
Rush University Medical Center
Mckenzi King
Affiliation:
Rush University Medical Center
Laura Rusie
Affiliation:
Rush University Medical Center
Ellen Gough
Affiliation:
Rush University Medical Center
Sarah Sansom
Affiliation:
Rush University
Alison Peterson
Affiliation:
RML Specialty Hospital
Lisa Duffner
Affiliation:
RML Specialty Hospital
Nidhi Undevia
Affiliation:
RML Specialty Hospital
Michelle Funk
Affiliation:
Chicago Department of Public Health
christy zelinski
Affiliation:
Chicago Department of Public Health
Mabel Frias
Affiliation:
Cook County Department of Public Health
Mary Hayden
Affiliation:
Rush University Medical Center
Michael Lin
Affiliation:
Rush University Medical Center

Abstract

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Background: Previous studies demonstrated that the addition of anterior nares to axilla/groin skin testing substantially improved the detection of Candidozyma auris colonization (Proctor et al., Nature Medicine, 2021; Sansom et al., CID, 2024), but these observations were limited by small sample sizes and reflected mostly nursing home residents. We aimed to assess the benefit of adding nares testing to axilla/groin testing among hospitalized patients participating in C. auris point prevalence surveys (PPSs). Methods We conducted a prospective observational study at three long-term acute care hospitals (LTACHs) in the Chicago region, one of which also included distinct inpatient rehabilitation floors. Facilities participated in quarterly public health-led C. auris PPSs from May 2024 to October 2025. Patients underwent swab sampling at two sites: composite bilateral axillae/groin (swab 1) and bilateral anterior nares (swab 2). Samples were processed at a central laboratory for C. auris detection by PCR using a validated assay with enzymatic preprocessing and automated DNA extraction. Primary analyses were restricted to patients with results available from both sampling sites; a positive C. auris test from either body site was considered the reference standard. Analyses were performed using R v4.5.2 (www.r-project.org) and Stata/SE v18.0 (Stata Corp., College Station, TX). Results Across 18 PPSs, 769 of 867 (89%) eligible patients participated. The overall C. auris prevalence was 46% (317/685) among LTACH patients and 15% (13/84) among rehabilitation patients. Among all patients who tested positive for C. auris, 64% were in Contact Precautions for any reason at time of PPS and 34% were previously known to be C. auris colonized. After excluding 16 patients who were missing a body site specimen, 753 patients were eligible for analysis (670 LTACH, 83 rehabilitation). Among 320 patients with C. auris detected at any body site, 301 were detected by axilla/groin screening (94% sensitivity; 95% confidence interval 91% to 96%) and 234 (73%) tested positive at the anterior nares for C. auris. Inclusion of nares swabbing identified 19 additional patients who would have been missed by axilla/groin screening alone, corresponding to an incremental increase of 6%. Conclusion Among LTACH and rehabilitation patients, C. auris colonization was common and PPSs identified a substantial number of patients not previously known to be colonized. The incremental benefit of adding nares screening was modest compared to axilla/groin screening alone. Testing more body sites can identify more C. auris colonized patients, but facilities should balance benefit versus cost of expanded screening approaches.

Information

Type
Emerging Pathogens
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BY
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America