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Vasospastic angina following COVID-19 vaccine-related myocarditis: an underlying cause of chest pain

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 January 2023

Atsushi TanakaOpen the ORCID record for Atsushi Tanaka[Opens in a new window],
Shoji Fukuoka and
Hazumu NagataOpen the ORCID record for Hazumu Nagata[Opens in a new window]
Atsushi Tanaka
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
Shoji Fukuoka
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
Hazumu Nagata*
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
*
Author for correspondence: H. Nagata, Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan. Tel: +81-92-642-5421; Fax: +81-92-642-5435. E-mail: nagata.hazumu.286@m.kyushu-u.ac.jp
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Abstract

We present a 13-year-old boy who had recurrent chest pain with elevated cardiac enzymes and abnormal ST segments in electrocardiogram 36 hours after the second dose of BNT162b2 vaccination. Cardiac MRI and coronary angiography with acetylcholine provocation confirmed myocarditis and vasospastic angina, respectively. Coronary vasospasm may play a pivotal role in the chest pain in COVID-19 vaccine-related myocarditis.

Keywords

COVID-19 vaccinemyocarditiscoronary vasospasmvasospastic angina

Information

Type
Brief Report
Information
Cardiology in the Young , Volume 33 , Issue 6 , June 2023, pp. 1015 - 1017
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Copyright
© The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press

Case

A 13-year-old boy with a medical history of IgA vasculitis was referred to our hospital because of recurrent chest pain and persistent low-grade fever. Early morning chest pain suddenly occurred at rest 36 hours after his second dose of BNT162b2 vaccination, and it continued for a few minutes. His intermittent chest pain persisted for 3 days. At referral 3 days after vaccination, body temperature was 38°C and vital signs were stable. Laboratory tests revealed elevated cardiac enzyme: creatinine kinase 1003 U/L, troponin I 15,805 pg/mL. C-reactive protein was 2.68 mg/dL, and brain natriuretic peptide was 22.3 pg/mL. The electrocardiogram during chest pain showed marked ST elevation in I, II, aVF, V3-V6 (Fig 1a), and then it improved with the remission of chest pain (Fig 1b). There was no cardiomegaly on the chest X-ray. The transthoracic echocardiography demonstrated slightly reduced motion of the posterior wall with generally preserved cardiac function (ejection fraction 61%). Cardiac MRI showed subepicardial linear late gadolinium enhancement (Fig 2a) and high-intensity signal in T2W black blood with fat suppression at the posterolateral wall and apical wall (Fig 2b). These findings determined the diagnosis of acute myocarditis. Polymerase chain reaction test for SARS-CoV-2 was negative, and the degree of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG was 1397.1 AU/mL. Coronary angiography showed no anomalous coronary artery. Coronary angiography with acetylcholine provocation test demonstrated diffuse vasospasm of both coronary arteries with 50–75% stenosis (Fig 2c and d) with temporary complete atrioventricular block and ST elevation in V2–V5. These findings and the characteristic chest pain suggested the presence of vasospastic angina. Intravenous immunoglobulin for myocarditis was administered, and oral calcium blocker for vasospastic angina was initiated. After these treatments, cardiac enzymes decreased gradually. The patient was discharged home 8 days after the COVID-19 vaccination without any neurological complications. He has no longer presented with chest pain.

Figure 1.

(a) Electrocariogram during chest pain. ST elevation was shown in I, II, aVF, V3-V6. (b) Electrocardiogram at the remission of chest pain. ST elevation improved.

Figure 2.

(a, b) Cardiac MRI showed positive late gadolinium enhancement. (white arrows and white arrow heads) (c) Right coronary angiogram (d) left coronary angiogram Achetilcholine provocation test demonstrated diffuse vasospasm of both coronary arteries. (white arrows and white arrow heads).

Discussion

COVID-19 vaccine-related myocarditis is diagnosed based on the symptoms and laboratory and image findings, accounting for 12.6 cases per million with second-dose mRNA vaccine. Reference Bozkurt, Kamat and Hotez1 Symptoms include chest pain, dyspnoea, palpitation, and syncope. Elevated troponin, abnormal electrocardiogram or rhythm monitoring, abnormal ventricular systolic function, and cardiac magnetic resonance findings are used as diagnostic tools. The median onset age and hospitalisation length were 15.8 years and 2 days, respectively. Reference Truong, Dionne and Muniz2 Although chest pain was the major symptom in 99.3%, most of which occurred 2 days after the second dose of vaccination, the mortality rate was extremely low. Reference Truong, Dionne and Muniz2 Several recent studies demonstrated the molecular mimicry between the spike protein and human peptide protein or reaction to adjuvant, nanoparticles, or other components of the vaccine as the mechanism of myocarditis, Reference Truong, Dionne and Muniz2,Reference Vojdani and Kharrazian3 although it is not fully understood.

On the other hand, vasospastic angina is characterised by night or early morning chest pain persisting for several to about 15 minutes. 4 It was endorsed by abnormal electrocardiogram findings suggesting myocardial ischaemia and acetylcholine provocation test at coronary angiogram. 4 The pathophysiology of vasospastic angina includes vascular endothelial dysfunction and vascular smooth muscle abnormality, resulting in unresponsiveness of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. 4

A previous study demonstrated the strong association between myocarditis, especially caused by human parvovirus B19, and coronary vasospasm. Reference Yilmaz, Mahrholdt and Athanasiadis5 It was suggested that coronary vasospasm played an important role in the appearance of atypical chest pain in clinically suspected and biopsy-proven myocarditis. They assumed that myocarditis might cause severe endothelial dysfunction with decreased bioavailability of nitric oxide leading to coronary vasospasm.

Our current case met the diagnostic criteria for COVID-19 vaccine-related myocarditis contemporary with vasospastic angina. It was assumed that vasospastic angina occurred following COVID-19 vaccine-related myocarditis. The chest pain never recurred after the initiation of calcium blocker. Vasospastic angina might contribute to the development of chest pain, the major clinical symptom in COVID-19 vaccine-related myocarditis.

Acknowledgements

None.

Financial support

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Conflicts of interest

None.

References

Bozkurt, B, Kamat, I, Hotez, PJ. Myocarditis with COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. Circulation 2021; 144: 471–484.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Truong, DT, Dionne, A, Muniz, JC, et al. Clinically suspected myocarditis temporally related to COVID-19 vaccination in adolescents and young adults: suspected myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination. Circulation 2022; 145: 345–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vojdani, A, Kharrazian, D. Potential antigenic cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 and human tissue with a possible link to an increase in autoimmune diseases. Clin Immunol 2020; 217: 108480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
JCS Joint Working Group. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of patients with vasospastic angina (Coronary spastic angina) (JCS 2013). Circ J 2014; 78: 2779–2801.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yilmaz, A, Mahrholdt, H, Athanasiadis, A, et al. Coronary vasospasm as the underlying cause for chest pain in patients with PVB19 myocarditis. Heart 2008; 94: 1456–1463.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Figure 0

Figure 1.(a) Electrocariogram during chest pain. ST elevation was shown in I, II, aVF, V3-V6. (b) Electrocardiogram at the remission of chest pain. ST elevation improved.

Figure 1

Figure 2.(a, b) Cardiac MRI showed positive late gadolinium enhancement. (white arrows and white arrow heads) (c) Right coronary angiogram (d) left coronary angiogram Achetilcholine provocation test demonstrated diffuse vasospasm of both coronary arteries. (white arrows and white arrow heads).