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Pluralité sans relativité : le contextualisme pragmatique du dernier Wittgenstein

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 November 2026

Yiyang Bai*
Affiliation:
Philosophie, Institut des sciences juridique et philosophique de la Sorbonne (ISJPS), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, Paris, France
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Résumé

De nombreux commentateurs estiment que la dernière philosophie de Ludwig Wittgenstein débouche sur un relativisme, ou tend à l’alimenter. Pour cette raison, plusieurs la rejettent ; même les wittgensteiniens les plus fidèles concèdent souvent, tout en le jugeant bénin, un certain relativisme dans ses écrits tardifs. Cet article se propose pourtant de montrer qu’aucune forme de relativisme n’est réellement assumée par Wittgenstein, dès lors que l’on tient compte de son contextualisme pragmatique. Il reconnaît plutôt la pluralité de formes de vie. Cette pluralité ne saurait être assimilée au relativisme.

Abstract

Abstract

Many commentators contend that Ludwig Wittgenstein’s later philosophy leads to relativism, or at least nourishes it. Hence, some dismiss his work, and even devoted Wittgensteinians often concede — while deeming it harmless — the presence of a certain relativistic strain in his late writings. This article argues, however, that Wittgenstein embraces no form of relativism once his pragmatic contextualism is properly understood. Rather, he acknowledges the plurality of forms of life, and that acknowledgement permeates the ordinary–language perspective that characterizes his later philosophy. Plurality, therefore, must not be conflated with relativism.

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This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that no alterations are made and the original article is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press or the rights holder(s) must be obtained prior to any commercial use and/or adaptation of the article.
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© The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Canadian Philosophical Association/L’Association canadienne de philosophie