This book provides a comprehensive overview of the complex and evolving relationship between energy and the environment through the lens of international economic law. Based on legal frameworks governing trade, investment, and the environment, the book identifies complex policy issues where energy-related measures intersect with global sustainable development goals. Key topics discussed in the book are national sovereignty over natural resources, energy subsidies, regulations for the development of green technology, investment disputes in the energy sector, and trade standards for clean energy. It lays down essential principles of international environmental law that cut across the energy–environment interplay. These principles are resource sovereignty, sustainable development, polluters’ liability, precautionary measures, common but differentiated responsibilities, and environmental impact assessments. One of the major strengths of this book lies in the balanced exploration of state sovereignty and global environmental responsibility. Even though sovereignty is the core of international law, and resource sovereignty recognizes the right of peoples and nations over their natural wealth for developmental purposes, countries also need to ensure the duty not to pollute across borders. The book also points out the cautions that countries should be aware of when providing subsidies to green energy sectors such as local content requirements or export promotion elements. Another essential point of the book for practical implication, is that because the development and commercialization of new technologies require time, governments can support decarbonization efforts and the advancement of clean energy technologies by offering research and development subsidies, without the concern that these subsidies will lead to anti-subsidy investigations from other nations. Although the book addresses the harmonization of standards in the environmentally friendly energy sector, several challenges warrant deeper consideration. These include diverging national interests whereby developed countries often push for strict environmental standards while developing countries prioritize economic growth. Regulatory differences and the principle of sovereignty, which allow states to set their standards, also hinder harmonization. Additionally, varying technological capacities and development stages make it difficult to apply uniform standards. The book is a part of the research works of Sherzod Shadikhodjaev, a recognized expert in international economic law, whose work consistently centres on how this legal field intersects with contemporary global challenges. Given that the World Trade Organization (WTO)’s legal framework was established over three decades ago, it now struggles to address modern trade dynamics. Issues such as sustainable development, technological advancements, and the resurgence of protectionist policies highlight the need for substantial updates to these legal texts. His research serves as a catalyst, encouraging further scholarly engagement in order to adapt WTO rules to meet the demands of the twenty-first century.