Hostname: page-component-74656f9884-j7cmm Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-11-08T02:04:20.748Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Improving the Implementation of Advance Directives in Spain

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 January 2023

Benjamín Herreros ,
Pablo Gella ,
Emanuele Valenti ,
Octavio Márquez ,
Beatriz Moreno  and
Tayra Velasco
Benjamín Herreros*
Affiliation:
European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Pablo Gella
Affiliation:
European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Emanuele Valenti
Affiliation:
University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
Octavio Márquez
Affiliation:
Autonomous University of Mexico State, Toluca, Mexico
Beatriz Moreno
Affiliation:
Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Tayra Velasco
Affiliation:
Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
*
*Corresponding author. Email: benjaminherreros@gmail.com
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Since 2002, legislation in Spain has allowed for the creation and documentation of end-of-life decisionmaking. Over the intervening years, the actual implementation of such documents is very low. Through extensive analysis of the literature, this article explores the current status of the use of and attitudes toward advance directives in Spain and then proposes strategies for improvement in their implementation.

Keywords

Spainend-of-life decisionmakingadvance directive (AD)advance care planning

Information

Type
Departments and Columns
Information
Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics , Volume 32 , Issue 2 , April 2023 , pp. 270 - 275
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press

Introduction

In 2002, Spain passed The Patient Autonomy Act (Act 41/2002)Footnote 1 which establishes the rights and obligations of both patients and health professionals in clinical care relations. This act specifies the ways in which patients can exercise their autonomy, including the right to draw up advance directives (ADs) to express their intentions regarding end-of-life care.

How these ADs are to be managed is a matter left to each of Spain’s regions, according to the “Autonomous Communities” Act 41/2002. The act specifies that the Autonomous Communities must regulate ADs in their territory, with the result that all have implemented their own regulations. In an attempt to ensure that all ADs registered in one region are recognized and honored throughout the country, in 2007, the Royal Decree 124/2007 was passed to establish a National Advance Directives Registry. Thus, the AD of a patient registered in Madrid is honored even if the person in question currently lives elsewhere within the national territory.

However, despite the existence of AD legislation at both the Autonomous Community and national registry levels, their use in clinical practice is infrequent, and the number of citizens who document their intentions regarding advance care planning (ACP) is very low. According to the National AD Registry,Footnote 2 since the enactment of the laws from 2002 to 2007, the number of registered ADs rose from 36,289 in 2007 to 314,011 in 2020. This increase in numbers still represents only 0.66% of the total population.

As would be anticipated, the implementation of the national legislation in Spain has led to an increase in the number of empirical studies on ADs in the last decade.Footnote 3 , Footnote 4 These studies explore the roles of (1) patients, (2) their relatives and patient representatives, and (3) healthcare professionals. Discussed below are the general findings from these studies, followed by our proposal to address the shortcomings revealed.

Knowledge and Perspective of Patients

No matter what the healthcare setting or pathology, patients know little about ADs.Footnote 5 , Footnote 6 , Footnote 7 , Footnote 8 , Footnote 9 Most get their information from the media, which can lead to confusion especially when it comes to topics such as euthanasia or organ donations. Chronically ill patients who are admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) possess a greater degree of knowledge and understanding of their diseases and, therefore, are more disposed to taking part in decisionmaking and drawing up ADs. The literature shows that once informed, people do have a positive attitude about the opportunity to draw up an AD. They believe the document should be included in medical records, which will improve their relationship with healthcare professionals, and give them peace of mind. They state that the key to implementation is education for both patients and professionals, and they commonly prefer that the initiative to provide information should come from doctors, especially family physicians. Another important finding is that most believe that having an AD will not change the attitude of their doctors regarding their care, especially when they are hospitalized.Footnote 10 , Footnote 11 , Footnote 12 , Footnote 13 , Footnote 14 , Footnote 15 , Footnote 16

It is informative to look at the demographics of individuals with ADs in Spain,Footnote 17 , Footnote 18 , Footnote 19 which have proven consistent across time. Most are women between the ages of 50 and 60 years, with an average to high level of education, who are autonomous in daily life and often are chronically ill. A significant number are caregivers of patients at the end of life, and others have developed an interest through involvement with some sort of private entity with a clear ideology regarding the end of life, such as Jehovah’s Witnesses or advocates of the right to decide at the end of life. Their main reason for drawing up ADs is to specify interventions that they do not wish to receive, such as limiting life support, or suggesting which drugs they want to receive in order to relieve pain. In other words, their reasons for establishing an AD involve the fear of dying in poor or undesirable healthcare conditions. They also often hold conversations with relatives in order to discuss their preferences for treatment and care at the end of life and whom they designate as surrogate decisionmakers.

Knowledge and Perspectives of Relatives and Patient Representatives

Few AD studiesFootnote 20 have been carried out on relatives or patient representatives in Spain. Those focusing on relatives or representatives of patients in intensive care and emergency care are most notable. The studies showed a positive attitude toward ADs, and, although they had very little knowledge about documents and patients’ wishes, they were interested in being given more information. One study found that having a relative or friend admitted to an ICU causes people to think more about ADs.Footnote 21 Relatives of chronically ill patients, most commonly women and younger people, showed better knowledge of illness and ADs than did the patients themselves.Footnote 22

There is only one studyFootnote 23 conducted on patient representatives, which was carried out on Catalonia’s AD Registry. The most common profile of representatives that emerged from the study involved women between the ages of 50 and 70 whose relationship with the patient was usually that of a spouse or a child. At least 66.9% of the representatives indicated that the healthcare team read the ADs, 82.2% believed that the patient’s will was honored, and 59% stated that professionals asked for their opinions as the patient’s representative. Moreover, 69.2% believed the patients had a comfortable death. In general, the representatives believed that having an AD led to more respectful care when facing death. They considered ADs to be flexible and practical, and pointed out their usefulness in helping to agree on decisions, honoring the patient’s wishes, limiting and preventing unwanted treatments, avoiding and shortening unnecessary suffering, and reassuring the patient. At the same time, they believed that there should be more information given on specific problems. The difficulties they mentioned included (1) potential disagreements between the doctor and the wishes stated in the document and (2) issues concerning delays in beginning palliative care.

Knowledge and Perspective of Healthcare Professionals

The reports of studies carried out on healthcare professionals, primarily doctors and nurses in different fields of medicine, showed a positive attitude toward the potential usefulness of ADs to both professionals and the patients’ families and representatives.Footnote 24 , Footnote 25 , Footnote 26 , Footnote 27 Although very supportive of AD dissemination and development, they nonetheless had a widespread lack of basic knowledge about ADs in terms of their design, binding nature, and implementation procedure.Footnote 28 , Footnote 29 Interestingly, although professionals expressed a willingness to draw up their own ADs, very few had done so.

A common feature apparent throughout the reported studies was the need for more training for healthcare professionals,Footnote 30 , Footnote 31 , Footnote 32 regarding the decisionmaking process at the end of life, delivering bad news, mourning, approaching palliative care, coping with suffering, and the planning of shared patient care. All issues are typically included in ADs. As a result, most Spanish professionals have never informed their patients about ADsFootnote 33 , Footnote 34 and do not know whether patients admitted to their care have filed ADs. Furthermore, they seldom know how to consult the proper AD registry. This lack of knowledge is common to all hospital units,Footnote 35 , Footnote 36 , Footnote 37 including those (the ICUFootnote 38 and internal medicine wards11) in which patients are often incapacitated, with the resulting risk that their advance wishes may be violated.

The ease with which ADs can be accessed varies across Autonomous Communities. For example, in Catalonia, the inclusion of ADs in the patient’s medical record improves end-of-life care and compliance with patients’ wishes. In contrast, in other Autonomous Communities, such as Madrid, ADs cannot be found in medical records and can only be accessed by checking an online platform. Such registries require a password, periodic renewal of which usually expires, because ADs are rarely consulted. It is a cumbersome and logistically difficult procedure for professionals.

In addition to poor training and the cumbersome bureaucracy of the implementation procedure, the research assessments pointed out the following common problems: (1) insufficient time to complete ADs, (2) failure to consider ADs a part of their job, (3) disagreements between patient instructions and the opinions of relatives or doctors, (4) instructions not in accordance with good clinical practice guidelines, (5) fear of legal action, (6) patient prejudice about ADs, and (7) difficulty discussing death with the patients themselves. It is worth noting that in contrast to the view of patients professionals thought patients should take the initiative to initiate the discussion about ADs, not the professionals themselves.

Summary of the Current Situation and Proposal for Future Improvement

Studies on ADs in Spain carried out on health professionals, patients, and their relatives showed that, despite major legislative development, there is still a great lack of knowledge regarding the document and its implementation. The process is excessively cumbersome, and it tends to have little relevance in decisionmaking. This can lead to situations in which patients’ ADs may not be adhered to. This remains true, although among professionals and citizens there is an increasing interest in ADs and, in general, they have a positive attitude toward both ADs and ACP. In order to increase the utility and improve the availability of ADs and ACP, the authors suggest several strategies. After analyzing the available bibliography on ADs in Spain, and after detecting both deficiencies and problems, the following strategies are suggested for improvement in implementing the advance decisions reached by patients. Common to all is the importance of increasing the amount of information available, in the society at large as well as to particular populations for whom it might be most relevant.

Improvements in Education and Public Awareness

It makes no sense to regulate documentation of end-of-life planning if no one knows anything about them or how to have one drawn up and registered. Having the population at large, initiating the discussion with their healthcare providers or institutions is as useful as having those discussions initiated by healthcare providers and indicating to a provider a willingness to consider an AD or ACP may also contribute to wider social acceptance. Primary care is the ideal place to start talking about the care they might wish to receive in the future, but this dialogue may also take place in other settings such as nursing homes, palliative care, or special services. And, although it is useful to identify groups of patients like the chronically or terminally ill and the elderly who have a potential interest in ADs, young healthy individuals may also find themselves in extreme situations in which they may no longer be able to make their own decisions.

Document Improvement

Inconsistencies in requirements of and access to ADs among the various Autonomous Communities can make general information hard to provide. Fast, adequate procedures should be established in the Spanish health system to facilitate AD use, with appropriate ways for users to draw them up in a simple way, specific procedures for primary and specialist care, and user-friendly instructions and tools. When ADs are included in the medical record, as in Catalonia, they are more easily integrated into regular clinical relationships. A state-wide expectation of a specific period of validity or reviews after a certain time period would allow the ongoing adaptation of the documents to the individual’s values, needs, and preferences as their health situation changes. And it is important to name a patient representative (or several) who knows the individual’s preferences when the document is drawn up. This representative may be able to clear up doubts and act as a person of reference in confusing situations or in circumstances not specified in the document. Creating an AD must be performed with the advice of health professionals, and professionals must record the document in the medical record and assure they are considered in decisionmaking.

From AD to ACP

Finally, despite any potential improvements which may be implemented, there are problems with ADs that cannot be solved. They are static documents that are sometimes difficult to interpret, and they can be difficult to find and to consult. An ACP is a more effective and comprehensive way to respect patient wishes, and the authors recommend this more expansive discussion, which may include the drafting of an AD, to healthcare professionals and the community at large.

References

Notes

1. Basic Law 41/2002 of 14 November, governing the autonomy of the patient and rights and obligations with regard to clinical information and documentation; available at https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2002-22188 (last accessed 14 Mar 2020).

2. Spanish register of advanced directives; available at https://www.mscbs.gob.es/ciudadanos/rnip/doc/Documentos-2020/Declarantes_con_Instruccion_Previa_Activa_por_Comunidad_Autonoma_y_grupos_de_edad_Enero_2020.pdf (last accessed 14 Mar 2020).

3. Simon Lorda P, Tamayo Velazquez MI, Barrio Cantalejo IM. Advance directive in Spain. Perspectives from a medical bioethicist’s approach. Bioethics 2008;22(6):346–54.

4. Flordelís Marco F. Testamentos vitales en las historias clínicas. Trabajo Social y Salud. 2000; 37: 85–104.

5. Santos de Unamuno C. Documento de voluntades anticipadas: actitud de los pacientes de atención primaria. Aten Primaria 2003;32:32–5.

6. López Rey A, Romero Cano M, Tébar Morales JP, Mora García C, Fernández Rodríguez O. Conocimiento y actitudes de la población ante el documento de voluntades anticipadas. Enfermería Clínica 2008;18:115–19.

7. Angora Mazuecos F. Voluntades anticipadas vs. instrucciones previas o testamento vital en atención primaria. Revista Clínica de Medicina de Familia 2008;2:14–18.

8. Serrano Teruel R, López R, Illana Rodríguez J, Alfonso Cano C, Sánchez López MI, Leal Hernández M. Documento de instrucciones previas. ¿Conocido por nuestros pacientes? Educación Médica 2015;16:177–83.

9. Martínez Almazán E, Altadill Ardit A, García Navarro JA. Disposiciones previas: experiencia piloto en una residencia de ancianos. Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología 2002;37:203–9.

10. Molina J, Pérez M, Herreros B, Martín MD, Velasco M. Conocimiento y actitudes ante las instrucciones previas entre los pacientes de un hospital público de la Comunidad de Madrid. Revista Clínica Española 2011;211:450–4.

11. Pérez M, Herreros B, Martín MD, Molina J, Guijarro C, Velasco M. Evolución del conocimiento y de la realización de instrucciones previas en los pacientes ingresados en medicina interna. Revista de Calidad Asistencial 2013;28:307–12.

12. Domínguez Lorenzo C, García Verde I, Alonso Pérez MA, Muelas González S. Conocimiento y utilización del documento de instrucciones previas por los pacientes en programa de cuidados paliativos. Medicina Paliativa 2011;18:4–7.

13. Miró G, Pedrol E, Soler A, Serra-Prat M, Yébenes JC, Martínez R, et al. Conocimiento de la enfermedad y de los documentos de voluntades anticipadas en el paciente seropositivo para el VIH. Medicina Clínica 2006;126:567–72.

14. Antolin A, Sánchez M, Llorens P, Martín Sánchez FJ, González Armengol J, Ituño JO, et al. Conocimiento de la enfermedad y del testamento vital en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca. Revista Española de Cardiología 2010;63:1410–18.

15. Sánchez Tomero JA, Rodríguez Jornet A, Balda S, Cigarrán S, Herrero JC, Maudell F, et al. Evaluación de la opinión de los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en diálisis respecto al fin de la vida y la planificación anticipada de cuidados. Nefrología 2011;31:449–56.

16. Palero Castelló C. Documento de instrucciones previas y afrontamiento del proceso de morir en el enfermo renal crónico terminal en hemodiálisis. Perspectiva antropológica. Seden 2009; 1:36–40.

17. Antolín A, Jiménez S, González M, Gómez E, Sánchez M, Miró O. Características y uso del documento de voluntades anticipadas en un hospital terciario. Revista Clínica Española 2014;214:296–302.

18. Nebot C, Ortega B, Mirab JJ, Ortiz L. Morir con dignidad, Estudio sobre voluntades anticipadas. Gaceta Sanitari 2010;24:437–45.

19. Del Pozo K, López Torres J, Simarro MJ, Navarro B, Rabanales J, Gil V. Características sociosanitarias de quienes formalizan el documento de voluntades anticipadas. Semergen 2014;40:128–33.

20. Solsona Durán JF. Voluntades anticipadas: una herramienta para anticipar acontecimientos y facilitar la asistencia urgente. Emergencias 2007;19:239–40.

21. Arauzo V, Trenado J, Busqueta G, Quintana S. Grado de conocimiento sobre la ley de voluntades anticipadas entre los familiares de los pacientes ingresados en un servicio de medicina intensiva. Medicina Clínica 2010;134:448–51.

22. Antolin A, Ambrós A, Mangirón P, Alves D, Sánchez M, Miró O. Grado de conocimiento del documento de voluntades anticipadas por el enfermo crónico que acude a urgencias. Revista Clínica Española 2010;210:379–88.

23. Busquets JM, Hernando P, Font R. Los documentos de voluntades anticipadas. La opinión de los representantes. Revista de Calidad Asistencial 2016;31(6):373–9.

24. Lauzirika N. Los médicos de atención primaria, eslabón clave en los testamentos vitales. El médico 2007;XI: 14–20, 49.

25. Fajardo Contreras MC, Valverde Bolivar FJ, Jiménez Rodríguez JM, Gómez calero A, Huertas Hernández F. Grado de conocimiento y actitudes de los profesionales ante el documento de voluntades anticipadas: diferencias entre distintos profesionales y provincias de una misma autonomía. Semergen 2015;41:139–48.

26. Jiménez Rodríguez JM, Farouk Allam M. Conocimiento, actitud y planificación de la voluntad vital anticipada en el Distrito Sanitario Guadalquivir de la provincia de Córdoba. Medicina General y de Familia 2015;4:114–18.

27. Mateos Rodríguez AA, Huerta arroyo A, Benito Vellisca MA. Instrucciones previas: actitud de los profesionales de emergencias. Emergencias 2007;19:241–4.

28. Simón Lorda P, Tamayo Velázquez MI, González Rubio MJ, Ruíz Díaz P, Moreno González J, Rodríguez González MC. Conocimientos y actitudes del personal de enfermería acerca de las voluntades anticipadas en 2 áreas sanitarias de Andalucía. Enfermería Clínica 2008;18:11–17.

29. Simón Lorda P, Tamayo Velázquez MI, Vázquez Vicente A, Durán Hoyos A, Pena González J, Jiménez Zurita P. Conocimientos y actitudes de los médicos en dos áreas sanitarias sobre las voluntades vitales anticipadas. Atención Primaria 2008;40:61–8.

30. Navarro Bravo B, Sánchez García M, Andrés Pretel F, Júarez Casalengua I, Cerda Díaz R, Párraga Martínez I, et al. Declaración de voluntades anticipadas: estudio cualitativo en personas mayoras y médicos de Atención Primaria. Atención Primaria 2011;43:11–17.

31. Sepúlveda Sánchez JM, Morales Asencio JM, Morales Gil IM, Canca Sánchez JC, Crespillo García E, Timonet Andreu EM. El derecho a morir con dignidad en un hospital de agudos: un estudio cualitativo. Enfermería Clínica 2014;24:211–18.

32. Valle Sánchez A, Farrais Villalba S, González Romero PM, Galindo Barragán S, Rufino Delgado MT, Marco García MT. Documento de voluntades anticipadas: opinión de los profesionales sanitarios de Atención Primaria. Semergen 2009;35:111–14.

33. Santos C, Forn MA, Pérez R, Corrales A, Ugarriza L, Sales C. ¿Estamos preparados los médicos de familia para ayudar a nuestros pacientes a hacer El testamento vital? Revista de Calidad Asistencial 2007;22:262–5.

34. Champer Blasco A, Caritg Monfort F, Marquet Palomer R. Conocimiento y actitudes de los profesionales de los equipos de atención primaria sobre el documento de voluntades anticipadas. Atención Primaria 2010;42:463–9.

35. Dorribo Masid M, Rodríguez Barreiro S, Gándara Quintanas CM, Sanz Smith FJ, López Álvarez XM, Rodríguez Rivera A. Conocimiento de los documentos de instrucciones previas en el servicio de emergencias de Galicia. Cadernos de Atención Primaria 2015;21:121–5.

36. Toro Flores R, Silva Mato A, Piga Rivero A, Alfonso Galán MT. Conocimiento y actitudes de médicos y enfermeras sobre las instrucciones previas. Atención Primaria 2013;45:404–8.

37. Franco Tovar B, Da Silva Gamma ZA, Saturno Hernández PJ. Conocimiento de las preferencias de los pacientes terminales en los hospitales públicos de la Región de Murcia. Revista de Calidad Asistencial 2011;26:152–60.

38. Velasco Sanz TR, Rayón Valpuesta E. Instrucciones previas en cuidados intensivos: competencias de los profesionales sanitarios. Medicina Intensiva 2016;40:154–62.