Diagnosis

Unilocular (= monothalamous), free to temporarily attached foraminifers showing a large central chamber. Rarely bilocular with two concentric chambers or several chambers built alongside. Apparently, no true plurilocular tests exist, but clusters of unilocular chambers can be encountered (e.g., Tschernyncevella Antropov, Reference Antropov1950; Rauserina Antropov, Reference Antropov1950; Uralinella Bykova, Reference Bykova1952; and various tuberitinoids). Wall thin (Eovolutina Antropov, Reference Antropov1950) to thick (Vicinesphaera Antropov, Reference Antropov1950), dark-microgranular, occasionally bilayered with an inner hyaline-pseudofibrous layer, rarely more differentiated. Apertures are typically emplaced at the extremity of hollow necks connecting the central chamber with the external environment; often also, the walls are finely perforated by very numerous minute foramina; or the apertures are inconspicuous. Wall thin to moderately thick, dark-microgranular, occasionally bilayered with an inner hyaline-pseudofibrous layer, rarely more differentiated (e.g., Tubesphaera Vachard, Reference Vachard1994 and some parathuramminids).

Occurrence

Questionable in the middle Cambrian, rare in the Ordovician–early Silurian, present during the late Silurian–Early Devonian, common during the Middle and Late Devonian, present in the Mississippian, rare in the Pennsylvanian–Permian (except for the tuberitinoids, which remain common during this time interval); very rare in the earliest Triassic, during which only tuberitinids locally subsist (Vachard, Reference Vachard2016a, Reference Vachard2016b, with references therein).

Remarks

Suspected to be micritized envelopes of volvocacean algae by Toomey and Mamet (Reference Toomey and Mamet1979) or acritarchs that underwent an early post-mortem calcification (Kaźmierczak and Kremer, Reference Kaźmierczak and Kremer2005), these taxa remain enigmatic; nevertheless, it seems to be possible to reconstruct their phylogeny as follows (Figs. 6, 7). First, the forms with one or two chambers and a non-perforated dark-microgranular wall (i.e., the eovolutinoids) appear. After that, the wall thickens and becomes ornamented with necks, with the ivanovellids, which can give rise, more or less coevally, to the parathuramminids, uralinellids, and tuberitinoids. Eovolutinids also give rise to the tuberitinoids, whereas the irregularinoids derive either from the eovolutinoids, ivanovellids, or parathuramminids (and in this case, “Parathurammina” mirabilis Saltovskaya, Reference Saltovskaya1981, the diameter of which is 0.80–0.85 mm, may be transitional). The order Parathuramminida encompasses four superfamilies (Vachard, Reference Vachard2016a, and this work: Figs. 6, 7): Parathuramminoidea Rauzer-Chernousova and Fursenko, Reference Rauzer-Chernousova and Fursenko1959 nomen correctum Loeblich and Tappan, Reference Loeblich and Tappan1961; Irregularinoidea Gaillot and Vachard, Reference Gaillot and Vachard2007; Tuberitinoidea Gaillot and Vachard, Reference Gaillot and Vachard2007 emend. Vachard, Reference Vachard2016a; and Calcisphaeroidea Vachard, Reference Vachard2016a.

Figure 6

Superfamilies, families, and genera of the Parathuramminida. 1: Eovolutinidae; 2: Ivanovellidae; 3: Calcisphaeroidea; 4: Tuberitinoidea; 5: Uralinellidae; 6: Parathuramminidae; 7: Parathuramminitidae.

Figure 7

Superfamilies, families, and genera of the Irregularinoidea and Caligelloidea. 8: Irregularinoidea; 9: Earlandioidea; 10: Caligelloidea. 11: Tournayellinidae.

Superfamily Parathuramminoidea Fursenko in Rauzer-Chernousova and Fursenko, Reference Rauzer-Chernousova and Fursenko1959 nomen correctum Loeblich and Tappan, Reference Loeblich and Tappan1961 (as Parathuramminacea) and Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984 (as Parathuramminidea) (non Parathuramminoidea Zadorozhnyi, Reference Zadorozhnyi1987, described as a suborder) emend. Vachard, Reference Vachard2016a.

Diagnosis

Unilocular free foraminifers. Large central chamber, spherical to polygonal. Apertures inconspicuous or absent (Eovolutinidae emend. herein, even if some intercameral connections may exist in Rauserina), perhaps blind (Ivanovellidae) or at the extremity of radiate necks connecting the central chamber with the external environment (Parathuramminidae, Parathurammininae, Parathuramminitinae, and Uralinellidae). Wall thin (e.g., Eovolutina) to thick (e.g., Vicinesphaera), dark-microgranular, occasionally bilayered with an inner hyaline-pseudofibrous layer, rarely more differentiated with possibly three layers. Apertures inconspicuous or absent, some intercameral connections may exist (e.g., Rauserina).

Occurrence

Late Silurian–Mississippian, rare to very rare in the Pennsylvanian–Permian; probably cosmopolitan.

Remarks

This superfamily is composed of four families (Fig. 6): Eovolutinidae Loeblich and Tappan, Reference Loeblich and Tappan1986 (synonym of Rauserinidae Sabirov, Reference Sabirov1987b); Ivanovellidae Chuvashov and Yuferev in Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984 emended herein; Parathuramminidae Bykova in Bykova and Polenova, Reference Bykova and Polenova1955 emend. Vachard, Reference Vachard1994; and Uralinellidae Chuvashov, Yuferev, and Zadorozhnyi in Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984.

Family Eovolutinidae Loeblich and Tappan, Reference Loeblich and Tappan1986 emend. herein

Diagnosis

Small parathuramminoids, with a proportionally broad central, spherical chamber. Apertures inconspicuous or absent. Wall thin to moderately thick, dark-microgranular.

Occurrence

Questionable in the middle Cambrian, rare in the Ordovician–early Silurian (Vachard, Reference Vachard2016a), present during the late Silurian–Mississippian, rare to very rare in the Pennsylvanian–Permian.

Remarks

Eovolutinidae (= Rauserinidae) emend. herein encompasses the eovolutinins (with two concentric chambers), rauserinins (with clusters of unilocular chambers), and vicinesphaerins (strictly unilocular) (e.g., the genera Eovolutina Antropov, Reference Antropov1950; Rauserina Antropov, Reference Antropov1950; Vicinesphaera Antropov, Reference Antropov1950; Archaesphaera Suleimanov, Reference Suleimanov1945 [partim]; Serginella Pronina, Reference Pronina1963; Paralagena Sabirov, Reference Sabirov1986; and ?Tscherdyncevella Antropov, Reference Antropov1950). They are the most primitive parathuramminids due to the presence, among them, of Vicinesphaera Antropov, Reference Antropov1950 as early as in the Cambrian of Kazakhstan and the Early Ordovician of Mexico (Vachard et al., Reference Vachard, Clausen, Palafox, Buitrón, Devaere, Hayart and Régnier2017). The family Eovolutinidae is often confused with the Archaesphaeridae Poyarkov, Reference Poyarkov1979 auctorum, which could therefore have priority; nevertheless, it is more probable that Archaesphaera Suleimanov, Reference Suleimanov1945 is a transverse section of Eotuberitina Miklukho-Maklay, Reference Miklukho-Maklay1958, and therefore is a tuberitinoid rather than a parathuramminoid. However, true Eotuberitina seem to appear in Upper Devonian deposits, and an “Archaesphaera”, such as that of Flügel and Hötzl (Reference Flügel and Hötzl1971, fig. 1.1, 1.2), belongs to another taxon, which are either oblique sections of Eovolutina cutting only the external chamber, or oblique sections of Ivanovella, which do not pass by the external spines.

Diagnosis

Small- to moderate-sized unilocular tests with spherical to polygonal central chamber. Radiate to irregularly arranged protuberances of the wall; either unperforated or when possessing a central neck, the latter does not communicate with the external environment. Inconspicuous apertures. Wall dark-microgranular.

Occurrence

Early Ordovician to Late Devonian in Laurussia, Siberia and eastern Paleotethys (Tian Shan and South China).

Remarks

The Ivanovellidae are partly synonymous with Psammosphaeridae sensu Miklukho-Maklay, Reference Miklukho-Maklay1965 (non Haeckel, Reference Haeckel1894, nec Cushman, Reference Cushman1927). They are composed of Ivanovella Pronina, Reference Pronina1969; Lechangsphaera Lin, Reference Lin1984; Neoivanovella Chuvashov and Yuferev in Dubatolov, Reference Chuvashov and Yuferev1981; Neoarchaesphaera Miklukho-Maklay, Reference Miklukho-Maklay1963 (non 1958); Elenella Pronina, Reference Pronina1969; ?Ratella Kotlyar, Reference Kotlyar1982; and ?Turcmeniella Miklukho-Maklay, Reference Miklukho-Maklay1965. The mazzuelloid microproblematica are probably recrystallized (phosphatized) ivanovellids. Mazzuelloids were interpreted as microfossils with an original phosphatized wall (Kozur, Reference Kozur1984), but a secondary phosphatization is more probable (Hüsken and Eiserhardt, Reference Hüsken and Eiserhardt1997; Kremer, Reference Kremer2005; and general discussion of the problems of phosphatization in Porter, Reference Porter2004 and Zhuralev and Wood, Reference Zhuravlev and Wood2008). Hüsken and Eiserhardt (Reference Hüsken and Eiserhardt1997) advocated for a phosphatization of the organic wall of acritarchs, but it seems that their illustrations (pl. 1, fig. 15, pl. 2, figs. 1–4) most probably correspond to secondarily phosphatized ivanovellids (perhaps Neoarchaesphaera spp.). The material illustrated by Kremer (Reference Kremer2005) seems also to belong to Neoarchaesphaera. Moreover, because the mazzuelloids are known from Late Ordovician to Early Devonian, they have a stratigraphic distribution similar to that of the ivanovellids.

Genus Ivanovella Pronina, Reference Pronina1969

Type species

Ivanovella isensis Pronina, Reference Pronina1969.

Other species

See Chuvashov and Yuferev in Dubatolov (Reference Chuvashov and Yuferev1981) and Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev in Dubatolov (Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1981).

Diagnosis

Test unilocular, with spherical central chamber and radiate necks, prominent at the periphery and not communicating with the external environment. Inconspicuous apertures. Wall dark-microgranular.

Occurrence

Ludlovian–Pridolian of the central and northern Urals. Late Emsian of Gornyi Altai. Middle Devonian–Frasnian of the Tomsk area (SW Siberia). Late Emsian–Frasnian of southwestern Siberia (the Famennian age indicated by Vdovenko et al., Reference Vdovenko, Rauzer-Chernousova, Reitlinger and Sabirov1993, p. 29, is possibly due to a lapsus calami). Discovered in the Givetian of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Ivanovella sp. 1

Figure 10.13

Diagnosis

The test is small; the chamber is subhexagonal; the necks are short and subtriangular.

Occurrence

Only one sample in the Givetian of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Description

Outer diameter=0.08 mm; inner diameter=0.04 mm; test wall thickness=0.01 mm.

Diagnosis

The test consists of an irregularly polygonal chamber; the necks are long, thin and triangular.

Occurrence

Only one sample in the Givetian Feldkogel Limestone of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Description

Outer diameter=0.13 mm; inner diameter=0.08 mm; test wall thickness=0.005 mm.

Diagnosis

The test consists of a polygonal chamber with a thick wall; the necks are long, triangular to thin and occasionally curved.

Occurrence

Rare in the Givetian Feldkogel Limestone of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Description

Outer diameter=0.26 mm; inner diameter=0.12 mm; test wall thickness=0.03 mm.

Holotype

Fig. 10.16 (sample POL11a-38); Institute of Geology, University of Innsbruck, Cat. Nr. P 10139-POL 11a (thin section); early Givetian of Feldkogel Limestone, Polinik Formation, Mount Polinik (Austria).

Diagnosis

An Ivanovella with a central chamber subtrapezoidal to subhexagonal, and numerous thin cylindrical necks.

Occurrence

Givetian of Norilsk region (NW Siberia). ?Frasnian of northern Italy. Discovered in the Givetian Feldkogel Limestone of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Description

Outer diameter=0.21–0.23 mm; inner diameter=0.12–0.14 mm; test wall thickness=0.003–0.005 mm; neck diameter (nd)=0.01–0.02 mm.

Etymology

Named in honor of E.A. Reitlinger who illustrated the taxon.

Remarks

Differs from Parathurammina aperturata by the unilayered wall, the polygonal central chamber, and longer necks; and from the other Ivanovella by thinner wall and necks, and more regularly arranged around the central chamber.

Ivanovella luginensis Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev in Dubatolov, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1981

Figure 10.18, 10.20, 10.21

1981 Ivanovella luginensis Reference Zadorozhnyi and YuferevZadorozhnyi and Yuferev in Dubatolov, p. 56, pl. 1, figs. 5, 9, 10.

1984 Ivanovella luginensis; Reference Zadorozhnyi and YuferevZadorozhnyi and Yuferev, p. 99, pl. 3, figs. 12, 13.

1988 Ivanovella luginensis; Reference Bogush, Zarodozhnyi and IvanovaBogush et al., p. 18.

1990 Ivanovella lunginensis (sic); Reference Bogush and YuferevBogush and Yuferev, p. 22.

Holotype

Axial section (No. 576/8, IGiG SO AN SSSR) from the Frasnian of the oblast of Tomsk, SW Siberia, Russia (Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev in Dubatolov, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1981, pl. 1, fig. 5).

Diagnosis

Small species characterized by numerous necks, irregularly arranged. Necks short to fairly long. Wall relatively thick.

Occurrence

Late Emsian of Altai, and Frasnian of Tomsk area (SW Siberia, Russia). Discovered in the Givetian of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Description

Outer diameter=0.12–0.15 mm (the type material is even smaller: 0.08–0.13 mm); number of necks: 6–15; length of necks=0.03–0.05 mm (with a wall from 0.005 to 0.01 mm); test wall thickness=0.02–0.03 mm.

Diagnosis

Moderate-size species characterized by few abundant necks, irregularly arranged and short to moderate. Wall relatively thin.

Occurrence

Frasnian of western France. Rare in the Givetian of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Description

Outer diameter=0.17 mm; inner diameter=0.09 mm; number of necks: six; length of necks=0.05–0.06 mm; test wall thickness=0.01–0.02 mm.

Type species

Neoarchaesphaera bykovae Miklukho-Maklay, Reference Miklukho-Maklay1965 (= Archaesphaera magna sensu Bykova in Bykova and Polenova, Reference Bykova and Polenova1955 non Suleimanov, Reference Suleimanov1945=Neoarchaesphaera magna Miklukho-Maklay sensu Loeblich and Tappan, Reference Loeblich and Tappan1987).

Other species

See Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev in Dubatolov (Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1981).

Diagnosis

Small-sized Ivanovellidae with an irregular angular-rounded to spherical profile. Central chamber spherical, relatively broad. Fairly abundant papilliform to longer protuberances, as radiate necks, prominent at the periphery and not communicating with the central chamber. Inconspicuous apertures. Wall dark-microgranular.

Occurrence

Early Ordovician of Sonora (Mexico; Vachard et al., Reference Vachard, Clausen, Palafox, Buitrón, Devaere, Hayart and Régnier2017). Silurian of the Urals and Poland. Late Emsian of Gornyi Altai. Late Silurian–Early Devonian Zeravshano-Gissar (Saltovskaya, Reference Saltovskaya1981 as Parathurammina [partim]). Relatively frequent and probably widespread during the Devonian (with e.g., Parathurammina sensu Malakhova, Reference Malakhova1969, pl. 48, figs. 330, 331, pl. 49, fig. 337); Parathurammina? sensu Racki and Soboń-Podgórska (Reference Racki and Soboń-Podgórska1993, text-fig. 9a–c); and “Thurammina without marked projections” sensu Holcová and Slavík (Reference Holcová and Slavík2013, text-fig. 3). Late Devonian of the Urals and western Siberia (Russia) Kok Shaal and Tian Shan (Kyrgyzstan), and southern Fergana (Uzbekistan).

Description

See discussions in Loeblich and Tappan (Reference Loeblich and Tappan1987) and Vdovenko et al. (Reference Vdovenko, Rauzer-Chernousova, Reitlinger and Sabirov1993). Parathurammina spinosa sensu Grozdilova and Lebedeva (Reference Grozdilova and Lebedeva1954, pl. 2, fig. 3) is a Neoarchaesphaera, whereas other specimens figured by Grozdilova and Lebedeva (Reference Grozdilova and Lebedeva1954, pl. 2, figs. 1, 2) belong to Salpingothurammina.

Remarks

In the literature, Neoarchaesphaera has been described under the names Parathurammina (partim); Archaesphaera (partim), Salpingothurammina auctorum, and Calcispheric structure sensu Kaźmierczak and Kremer (Reference Kaźmierczak and Kremer2005, figs. 6B, 7B, C).

Neoarchaesphaera ellipsoidalis (Poyarkov, Reference Poyarkov1969)

Figure 9.9

1969 Parathurammina (Salpingothurammina) ellipsoidalis Reference PoyarkovPoyarkov, p. 89, pl. 1, fig. 9.

1971 Parathurammina ellipsoidalis; Reference Menner and ReitlingerMenner and Reitlinger, p. 29, pl. 8, figs. 1, 3, 6.

1979 Parathurammina (Salpingothurammina) ellipsoidalis; Reference PoyarkovPoyarkov, text-fig. 14.

1981 Parathurammina (Salpingothurammina) ellipsoidalis; Reference PetrovaPetrova, pl. 6, fig. 10.

1981 Parathurammina ellipsoidalis; Reference ZadorozhnyiZadorozhnyi, p. 111 (no. 21 of the table).

1990 Bykovaella ellipsoidalis (Poyarkov); Reference Bogush and YuferevBogush and Yuferev, p. 20.

2008 Parathurammina elipsoidales (sic); Reference AnfimovAnfimov, p. 78.

Holotype

Axial section (No. 225/70; Akademiya Nauk SSSR) from the Givetian of Fergana, Turkmenistan (Poyarkov, Reference Poyarkov1969, pl. 1, fig. 9).

Diagnosis

Small species characterized by numerous necks, irregularly arranged, short to moderate. Wall relatively thin.

Occurrence

Eifelian of the northern Urals; Givetian of Norilsk area (NW Siberia); Givetian–Frasnian of southern Fergana (Uzbekistan); Givetian of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Description

Outer diameter=0.22–0.30 mm (type material: 0.23–0.30 mm); number of necks: 10–14; length of necks=0.17–0.22 mm (with a wall of 0.015–0.045 mm); test wall thickness=0.01–0.03 mm.

Diagnosis

Small species characterized by numerous necks, irregularly arranged and short to moderate. Wall relatively thin, dark-microgranular; a very thick fibrous inner layer is present, but seems to be more diagenetic than eogenetic. The specimen is questionably assigned to Neoarchaesphaera.

Occurrence

Givetian of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Description

Outer diameter=0.13 mm; inner diameter=0.15 mm; number of necks: 6–9; length of necks=0.025 mm (with a wall of 0.008 mm); test wall thickness=0.006 mm. The ontogenetic wall is dark-microgranular; a very thick fibrous inner layer is present, but seems more diagenetic than eogenetic. The specimen is questionably assigned to Neoarchaesphaera.

Type species

Neoarchaesphaera (Elenella) multispinosa Pronina, Reference Pronina1969.

Other species

See Vachard (Reference Vachard1991).

Diagnosis

Small-sized Ivanovellidae with a spherical central chamber, relatively broad. Fairly abundant papilliform to longer protuberances, as radiate necks (or trabecules), prominent at the periphery and not communicating with the central chamber. Inconspicuous apertures. Wall dark-microgranular in the protuberances and grayish in the spaces between the protuberances.

Occurrence

Ludlovian–Pridolian of the Urals (Petrova and Pronina, Reference Petrova and Pronina1980), and late Emsian of northern Spain (Vachard, Reference Vachard1991).

Remarks

Assigned to “algal spore cysts” by Toomey and Mamet (Reference Toomey and Mamet1979), considered as a foraminifer in the Russian literature and by Loeblich and Tappan (Reference Loeblich and Tappan1987) and Vachard (Reference Vachard1991), this genus remains poorly known. In the literature, it corresponds partially to some Archaesphaera and Neoarchaesphaera.

Elenella cf. E. losvica (Petrova, Reference Petrova1981)

Figure 8.5, 8.6, 8.9, 8.15, 8.35

Figure 8

(1–3, 10, 11, 14, 25) Uralinella antiqua Petrova, Reference Petrova1981: (1) sample POL11-11; (2) sample POL11a-1; (3) sample POL11a-28; (10) sample POL11a-27; (11) sample POL11a-27; (14) sample POL11b-16; (25) sample POL 13b-3. (4?, 7, 8, 13, 16, 18?, 24?) Uralinella sabirovi n. sp.: (4) paratype?, sample POL11a-26; (7) paratype, sample POL11a-5; (8) holotype, sample POL11a-3; (13) paratype, sample POL11b-19c; (16) paratype, sample POL11b-23; (18) paratype?, sample POL13a-2; (24) paratype?, sample POL13b-8. (5, 6, 9, 15, 35) Elenella cf. E. losvica (Petrova, Reference Petrova1981); (5) sample POL11-8; (6) sample POL11a-26a; (9) sample POL11a-14a; (15) sample POL11b-19c; (35) sample POL14-6a. (12?, 17, 19, 20, 21?, 22, 27, 28) Elenella polinikensis n. sp.; (12?) paratype?, sample POL11b-14; (17) paratype, sample POL13a-1a; (18) paratype, sample POL13a-2; (19) paratype, sample POL13a-3; (20) holotype, sample POL13b-4; (21?) paratype?, sample POL 13a-5a (see also the morphotaxon Ratella); (22) paratype, sample POL13a-5; (27) sample POL13b-6; (28) paratype, POL13b-11. (23) Elenella sp. 3, sample POL14-9. (26) Paracaligella ex gr. antropovi Lipina, Reference Lipina1955, sample POL11b-14a. (29) Bithurammina? sp., sample POL14-7. (30) Auroria cf. A. singularis Poyarkov, Reference Poyarkov1969, sample POL14-17. (31) Auroria cf. A. triangularis Saltovskaya, Reference Saltovskaya1981, sample POL13a-4. (32, 33) Cribrosphaeroides (Parphia) robusta Miklukho-Maklay, Reference Miklukho-Maklay1965; (32) sample POL13a-1; (33) sample POL13b-1. (34) Uslonia cf. U. incomposita (Petrova, Reference Petrova1981), sample POL13b-12. (36) Auroria? sp. Givetian of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria); sample POL14-8. Scale bars=0.1 mm.

1981 Parathurammina? losvica Reference PetrovaPetrova, p. 89, pl. 7, figs. 13, 14, 16, 17.

1984 Uralinella lozvica (sic); Reference Zadorozhnyi and YuferevZadorozhnyi and Yuferev, p. 97, pl. 3, figs. 3–5.

1987 Uralinella losvica; Reference ZadorozhnyiZadorozhnyi, pl. 2, figs. 21–23.

1988 Uralinella lozvica (sic); Reference Bogush, Zarodozhnyi and IvanovaBogush et al., p. 32.

1990 Uralinella losvica; Reference Bogush and YuferevBogush and Yuferev, p. 22.

2008 Parathurammina lozvica; Reference AnfimovAnfimov, p. 78.

2013 Saltovskajina lozvica; Reference Makarenko and SavinaMakarenko and Savina, p. 128.

2016a Ellenella spp.; Reference VachardVachard, fig. 3.5, 3.6, 3.9, 3.15, 3.35.

Holotype

Axial section (No. 23/1868, UTGU) from the Eifelian of the northern Urals, Russia (Petrova, Reference Petrova1981, pl. 7, fig. 13).

Diagnosis

Small species for the genus, characterized by a moderate number of necks, a relatively broad inner spherical chamber and a polygonal external chamber.

Occurrence

Eifelian–Givetian of the western slope of the middle and northern Urals. Eifelian of the Tomsk area (SW Siberia). Givetian–Frasnian of the southeastern part of the western Siberian Plain. Discovered in the early Givetian of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Description

Outer diameter=0.18–0.21 mm; inner diameter=0.06–0.10 mm; number of necks: (3)–6–8; test wall thickness(s)=0.02–0.05 mm.

Remarks

As for E. losvica, the taxon shares a wall of uralinellid with a shape of parathuramminid; our material slightly differs from E. losvica by the less acute shape of protuberances. As indicated by our synonymy list, the genus assignment and the species spelling vary in the literature.

Holotype

Fig. 8.20 (sample POL13a–4); Institute of Geology, University of Innsbruck, Cat. Nr. P 10141-POL 13a (thin section); early Givetian of Feldkogel Limestone (Polinik Formation); Mount Polinik (Austria).

Diagnosis

Elenella relatively large, spherical, but generally periphically poorly preserved. Central chamber subpolygonal with thick dark-microgranular wall. Necks more regular and thinner than the wall. Peripheral thin, dark-microgranular wall. Intermediary wall grayish recrystallized/filled by microsparite.

Occurrence

Givetian of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Description

Outer diameter=0.16–0.36 mm; inner diameter=0.08–0.17 mm; inner chamber wall thickness=0.01–0.03 mm; outer chamber wall thickness=0.06–0.08 mm; number of necks: 8–14 (their width is 0.01–0.02 mm).

Etymology

After Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Remarks

Similar to the upper Emsian species E. monielli Vachard, Reference Vachard1991, the new species differs by a larger central chamber with a thicker wall, and fewer necks/trabecules within the wall.

Diagnosis

The test is composed of two almost spherical, concentric chambers; the necks are long, thin and occasionally curved.

Occurrence

Givetian of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Diagnosis

Test bilocular, probably attached, at least temporarily. Inner chamber spherical, central or excentered. Outer chamber, larger, polygonal to ellipsoidal or subspherical. Radiate necks crossing through the space between the two chambers and often prominent at the periphery. Aperture inconspicuous or single at the extremity of each neck. Wall dark-microgranular, although this interpretation is often discussed.

Occurrence

Late Silurian (Ludlovian)–latest Viséan of western and central Europe, former USSR (the Urals, Preural, eastern Russian Platform, western Siberia, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan), up to early Tournaisian in South China, Vietnam, and Australia.

Remarks

The family Uralinellidae encompasses the following taxa: Uralinella Bykova, Reference Bykova1952; radiospherid calcispheres forms A and C sensu Veevers (Reference Veevers1970, pl. 46, figs. 1–3, pl. 47, figs. 1–5); Sogdanina Saltovskaya, 1974; Arakavaella Pronina, Reference Pronina1963; Maclayina Saltovskaya, Reference Saltovskaya1981; ?Ivdelina Malakhova, Reference Malakhova1963 (= “well-preserved radiosphaerid calcispheres” sensu Berkyova and Munnecke, Reference Berkyova and Munnecke2010, fig. 3A–D, 3F–I); ?Radiina Reitlinger, Reference Reitlinger1957; and ?Algaeformis Anfimov, Reference Anfimov2012. Contrary to Vachard (Reference Vachard1994), we consider that the latest Viséan genus Sogdanina is not synonymous with the Devonian genus Uralinella because its intermediary layer of the wall is entirely calcified (see for example Sogdanina sp. illustrated by Sanz-Lopez et al., Reference Sanz-Lopez, Vachard and Perret2005, pl. 6, fig. 9, under the name of Uralinella cf. U. augusta Sabirov). Ivdelina and “well-preserved radiosphaerid calcispheres” (sensu Berkyova and Munnecke, Reference Berkyova and Munnecke2010, p. 588) belong either to the Uralinellidae or to the Tuberitinidae. The genus Algaeformis, initially assigned to the Uralinellidae, more probably belongs to the Auroriidae as redefined herein, as well as the genus Radiina.

Genus Uralinella Bykova, Reference Bykova1952

Type species

Uralinella bicamerata Bykova, Reference Bykova1952.

Other species

See Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev (Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984) and Vachard (Reference Vachard1994).

Diagnosis

Uralinellidae with a well-developed, polygonal to subspherical outer chamber. Radiate necks crossing through the space between the two chambers, and markedly prominent at the periphery. Aperture single at the extremity of each neck. Wall dark-microgranular, apparently formed by an inner layer around the inner chamber, and an outer layer at the periphery. Calcified wall of the necks and hollow intermediary spaces secondarily filled by neosparite.

Occurrence

Early Devonian of Tajikistan. Late Devonian of northern Spain. Middle Devonian of the northern and central Urals, western Siberia, Zeravchan Gissar and Turkestan ranges (Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan). Givetian of western France and Morocco. Late Devonian of Molotov area, Bashkorotostan, Tatarstan, Urals, and SW Siberia (Russia), Moravia (Czech Republic), and Belgium. Latest Famennian–early Tournaisian of Greece (Vachard and Clément, Reference Vachard and Clément1994), central Urals (Chuvashov, Reference Chuvashov1965), Tian Shan (Poyarkov, Reference Poyarkov1969), South China (Wang, Reference Wang1987), Vietnam (Doan in Tong et al., Reference Tong, Dang, Nguyen, Nguyen, Nguyen, Nguyen, Ta, Pham and Doan1988) and Australia (Veevers, Reference Veevers1970; Stephens and Sumner, Reference Stephens and Sumner2003).

Uralinella antiqua Petrova, Reference Petrova1981

Figure 8.1–8.3, 8.10, 8.11, 8.14, 8.25

1981 Uralinella antiqua Reference PetrovaPetrova, p. 93, pl. 11, figs. 15–18.

1984 Uralinella antiqua; Reference SabirovSabirov, pl. 2, fig. 6.

1984 Uralinella antiqua; Reference Zadorozhnyi and YuferevZadorozhnyi and Yuferev, p. 97, pl. 3, figs. 6–8.

1985 Uralinella antiqua; Reference ZadorozhnyiZadorozhnyi, pl. 17, fig. 15.

1987 Uralinella antiqua; Reference ZadorozhnyiZadorozhnyi, p. 34, pl. 3, figs. 1, 2.

1988 Uralinella antiqua; Reference Bogush, Zarodozhnyi and IvanovaBogush et al., p. 32.

1990 Uralinella antiqua; Reference Bogush and YuferevBogush and Yuferev, p. 21.

2008 Uralinella antiqua; Reference AnfimovAnfimov, p. 78.

2008 Uralinella antique (sic); Reference TsygankoTsyganko, p. 71, text-fig. 3.

2008 Uranovella antique (sic); Reference TsygankoTsyganko, p. 73.

2013 Uralinella antiqua; Reference Makarenko and SavinaMakarenko and Savina, p. 128.

Holotype

Axial section (No. 92/1868, UTGU) from the Middle Devonian of the northern Urals, Russia (Petrova, Reference Petrova1981, pl. 11, fig. 17).

Diagnosis

Small species for the genus, characterized by a relatively broad inner spherical chamber, a relatively small external polygonal chamber, and a few necks.

Occurrence

Early Devonian of Tajikistan and western Siberia. Eifelian of Tomsk area (SW Siberia). Middle Devonian of the northern and central Urals. Frasnian of SW Siberia. Discovered in the Givetian of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Description

Test outer diameter=0.09–0.18 mm (0.09–0.12 mm; rarely 0.18–0.20 mm for the type material); test inner diameter=0.05–0.12 mm (0.05–0.09 mm for the type material); number of necks: 3–6 (4–5 for the type material); inner diameter of necks=0.005–0.008 mm; test wall thickness=0.005–0.001 mm (0.008–0.013 mm for the type material).

Holotype

Fig. 10.8 (sample POL11a–3); Institute of Geology, University of Innsbruck, Cat. Nr. P 10139-POL 11a (thin section); Givetian of the Feldkogel Limestone (Polinik Formation); Mount Polinik (Austria).

Diagnosis

This species of Uralinella is characterized by the greater number of canals; small size; thin wall, and a festooned profile of the second chamber.

Occurrence

Givetian of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Description

Outer chamber=0.12–0.23 mm; inner chamber=0.06–0.10 mm; number of canals: 9–12, mainly 10; test wall thickness=0.005–0.006 mm, rarely 0.01 mm.

Etymology

Named in honor of A.A. Sabirov, for his contributions to parathuramminid micropaleontology.

Remarks

Differs from U. antiqua by the greater number of canals, and from U. bicamerata and U. parva Sabirov, Reference Sabirov1974 by a smaller size, more canals, and a festooned profile of the second chamber.

Diagnosis

Test free or rarely atttached, unilocular with a globular to polygonal chamber with rare to abundant tubular, mamillate, or subconical projections variously arranged and developed; wall dark-microgranular, occasionally with an inner pseudofibrous layer, or recrystallized and in this case mimicing the agglutinated wall of the homeomorphous Thurammininae. Aperture at the end of the projections, on the surface, or inconspicuous.

Occurrence

?Early Cambrian of Russia (Winchester-Seeto and McIlroy, Reference Winchester-Seeto and McIlroy2006; as Thurammina? sp.); Ordovician–Mississippian; probably cosmopolitan at least during their acme during the Givetian–Frasnian. The last, Mississippian, well-represented genus is Hemithurammina Mamet, Reference Mamet1973 (see Perret and Vachard, Reference Perret and Vachard1977); in younger strata, the parathuramminids are very rare and doubtful (Nguyên, Reference Nguyên1986, pl. 1, fig. 15).

Remarks

Parathuramminidae is synonymous with Thurammininae Miklukho-Maklay, Reference Miklukho-Maklay1963 (partim); Chrysothuramminidae Loeblich and Tappan, Reference Loeblich and Tappan1986; and Dagmarellinae Chuvashov, Yuferev, and Zadorozhnyi in Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984, which is a nomen nudum because Dagmarella is an invalid genus. Parathuramminidae includes two subfamilies: Parathurammininae Bykova in Bykova and Polenova, Reference Bykova and Polenova1955 emend. Vachard, Reference Vachard1994; and Parathuramminitinae Antropov, Reference Antropov1970. The collective morphogenus Parathurammina Suleimanov, Reference Suleimanov1945 was progressively subdivided into numerous genera or subgenera: Salpingothurammina Poyarkov in Purkin et al., Reference Purkin, Poyarkov and Rozhanets1961; Parathuramminites Antropov in Poyarkov, Reference Poyarkov1969; Chrysothurammina Neumann, Pozaryska, and Vachard, Reference Neumann, Pozaryska and Vachard1975; Saltovskajina Sabirov, Reference Sabirov1982b; Cordatella Petrova in Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984; Marginara Petrova in Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984 (nomen correctum Loeblich and Tappan, Reference Loeblich and Tappan1986 for Margarinarae, incorrect name because in the plural); Suleimanovella Yuferev in Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984; Cushmanella Zadorozhnyi in Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984 (pre-occupied); Bykovaella Zadorozhnyi in Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984; Radiosphaerella Yuferev in Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984; Kolongella Zadorozhnyi in Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984; and Polygonella Zadorozhnyi in Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984.

All these taxa were considered to be homeomorphs of the extant agglutinating genus Thurammina Brady, Reference Brady1879, which is, however, undoubtedly known only from Jurassic deposits (e.g., Häusler, Reference Häusler1883; Kaźmierczak, Reference Kaźmierczak1973; Munk, Reference Munk1994; Guilbault et al., Reference Guilbault, Krautter, Conway and Vaughn Barrie2006; Reolid et al., Reference Reolid, Nagy, Rodríguez-Tovar and Olóriz2008; Reolid and Molina, Reference Reolid and Molina2010). Parathurammina sensu stricto is one of these Devonian foraminiferal genera, which shows a dark-microgranular wall in shallow water, transformed into an agglutinating and/or recrystallized wall in deeper waters (Vachard et al., Reference Vachard, Pille and Gaillot2010; Vachard, Reference Vachard2016a). The name Parathurammina is therefore entirely appropriate to replace the Paleozoic Thurammina of the literature. Similarly, other names could be given to the Paleozoic representatives of Saccammina, Rhabdammina, Bathysiphon, etc. A parathuramminid character, which is unusual among the foraminifers, is the presence of double chambers joined together; examples are known in Bithurammina, Bisphaera, Bituberitina, Eovolutina, and various parathuramminidae and uralinellidae (e.g., Grozdilova and Lebedeva, Reference Grozdilova and Lebedeva1954, pl. 2, fig. 9; Reitlinger, Reference Reitlinger1962, pl. 2, fig. 1; Miklukho-Maklay, Reference Miklukho-Maklay1965, pl. 2, fig. 2; Chuvashov, Reference Chuvashov1965, pl. 3, fig. 7; Poyarkov, Reference Poyarkov1969, pl. 3, fig. 10; Brunner, Reference Brunner1975, pl. 2, fig. 7, 1976, pl. 4, fig. 9; Poyarkov, Reference Poyarkov1979, pl. 6, fig. 6; Zukalova, Reference Zukalova1981, pl. 2, figs. 1, 2; Petrova, Reference Petrova1981, pl. 11, figs. 3, 5; Kotlyar, Reference Kotlyar1982, text-fig. 4; Lin and Hao, Reference Lin and Hao1982, pl. 1, fig. 24; Doan in Tong et al., Reference Tong, Dang, Nguyen, Nguyen, Nguyen, Nguyen, Ta, Pham and Doan1988, pl. 1, fig. 4; Vachard and Clément, Reference Vachard and Clément1994, pl. 2, fig. 8). If the external additional chamber is often questionable (except for Parathurammina praetuberculata ramosa Reitlinger, Reference Reitlinger1962, pl. 1, fig. 7), internal chambers are most significant, as for example, in Parathurammina (?) aff. P. dagmarae (sic) sensu Grozdilova and Lebedeva, Reference Grozdilova and Lebedeva1954, pl. 2, figs. 7, 8; and Parathurammina sp. (Grozdilova and Lebedeva, Reference Grozdilova and Lebedeva1954, pl. 2, fig. 9; Reitlinger, Reference Reitlinger1962, pl. 2, fig. 1; and Poyarkov, Reference Poyarkov1969, pl. 3, fig. 10). These forms have been termed Bithurammina Miklukho-Maklay, Reference Miklukho-Maklay1963, even if this taxon remains invalid because its type species, Parathurammina (?) aff. P. dagmarae sensu Grozdilova and Lebedeva, was never correctly re-named (see Miklukho-Maklay, Reference Miklukho-Maklay1965; Ektova, Reference Ektova1968; Poyarkov, Reference Poyarkov1969, Reference Poyarkov1979; Kotlyar, Reference Kotlyar1982; Doan in Tong et al., Reference Tong, Dang, Nguyen, Nguyen, Nguyen, Nguyen, Ta, Pham and Doan1988; Vachard, Reference Vachard1991).

Diagnosis

Test free, moderate to large in size, globular with many papilliform projections; thin wall unilayered dark-microgranular, or bilayered with an additionally inner pseudofibrous layer. One distal, areal aperture at the end of each projection.

Occurrence

Ordovician–early Visean; probably cosmopolitan.

Remarks

Synonym of Parathuramminae (sic) Zadorozhnyi, Reference Zadorozhnyi1987 and Dagmarellinae Chuvashov, Yuferev and Zadorozhnyi in Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984 (nomen nudum; see earlier), this subfamily encompasses the genera: Parathurammina Suleimanov, Reference Suleimanov1945; Bykovaella Zadorozhnyi in Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984; Kolongella Zadorozhnyi in Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984; and ?Bithurammina Miklukho-Maklay, Reference Miklukho-Maklay1965 non 1963.

Genus Parathurammina Suleimanov, Reference Suleimanov1945

Type species

Parathurammina dagmarae Suleimanov, Reference Suleimanov1945.

Other species

Parathurammina arguta Pronina, Reference Pronina1960; P. eodagmarae Reitlinger, Reference Reitlinger1954; P. graciosa Pronina, Reference Pronina1960; P. kokschaalica Ektova, Reference Ektova1968; P. magna Antropov, Reference Antropov1950; P. oldae Suleimanov, Reference Suleimanov1945; P. parabreviradiosa Saltovskaya, Reference Saltovskaya1981; P. paradagmarae Grozdilova and Lebedeva, Reference Grozdilova and Lebedeva1954; P. uralica Petrova, Reference Petrova1981; ?P. cordata Pronina, Reference Pronina1960; ?P. eoarguta Sabirov, Reference Sabirov1984; ?P. marginara Pronina, Reference Pronina1960; ?P. tamarae Petrova, Reference Petrova1981 (eventually with a median layer, more or less diaphanothecal, within the external dark layer, supposed characteristic of Cordatella and/or Marginara); ?Thurammina adamsi Conkin and Conkin, Reference Conkin and Conkin1964; ?T. arcuata Moreman, Reference Moreman1930; ?T. arenacorna Gutschick, Weiner, and Young, Reference Gutschick, Weiner and Young1961; ?T. echinata Dunn, Reference Dunn1942; ?T. elegans Dunn, Reference Dunn1942; ?T. elliptica Moreman, Reference Moreman1930; ?T. foerstei Dunn, Reference Dunn1942 (= Amphitremoidea according to Nestell and Tolmacheva, Reference Nestell and Tolmacheva2004); ?T. globosa Ireland, Reference Ireland1939; ?T. hexagona Dunn, Reference Dunn1942: ?T. ?hexactinellida Dunn, Reference Dunn1942; ?T. irregularis Moreman, Reference Moreman1930; ?T. inflata Dunn, Reference Dunn1942; ?T. jubata Dunn, Reference Dunn1942; ?T. lawrencensis Ireland, Reference Ireland1956; ?T. limbata Dunn, Reference Dunn1942; ?T. limbata var. disciformis Dunn, Reference Dunn1942; ?T. magna Dunn, Reference Dunn1942; ?T. melleni Dunn, Reference Dunn1942; ?T. papillata Moreman, Reference Moreman1930; ?T. papillata var. monticulifera Ireland, Reference Ireland1939; ?T. parvituba Dunn, Reference Dunn1942 (= Amphitremoidea according to Nestell and Tolmacheva, Reference Nestell and Tolmacheva2004); ?T. phasela Moreman, Reference Moreman1930; ?T. polygona Ireland, Reference Ireland1939; ?T. pustulosa Gutschick, Weiner, and Young, Reference Gutschick, Weiner and Young1961; ?T. quadrata Dunn, Reference Dunn1942; ?T. sphaerica Ireland, Reference Ireland1939; ?T. subpapillata Ireland, Reference Ireland1939; ?T. tubulata Moreman, Reference Moreman1930; and ?T. micropapillata Blumenstengel, Reference Blumenstengel1961, perhaps belong to Parathurammina, even if the microstructure of their wall remains unknown.

Diagnosis

Test free, moderate to large in size, globular with many papilliform projections; thin wall dark-microgranular with an inner pseudofibrous layer. One distal, areal aperture at the end of each projection.

Occurrence

Ordovician–Mississippian; cosmopolitan.

Remarks

Parathurammina s.s. is partially synonymous with Thurammina (partim), ?Cordatella (partim), ?Marginara (partim), and ?Guangxithurammina Lin et al., Reference Lin, Li and Sun1990. The genus Chrysothurammina Neumann, Pozaryska, and Vachard, Reference Neumann, Pozaryska and Vachard1975 differs from Parathurammina because the pseudofibrous layer of the wall that surrounds the inner chamber also penetrates the necks.

Parathurammina graciosa Pronina, Reference Pronina1960

Figures 9.4, 9.6, 9.7, 9.15, 9.19–9.23, 9.27, 9.28?, 10.2

Figure 9

(1, 8) Paracaligella ex gr. antropovi Lipina, Reference Lipina1955: (1) longitudinal section of a tubular chamber resembling Irregularina, sample POL 3-7; (8) more regular longitudinal section, sample POL 11b-25. (2) Earlandia sp. 1, small curved longitudinal section, sample POL11a-30. (3) Neoarchaesphaera? sp., sample POL11a-20. (4, 6, 7, 15, 19, 21–23, 27, 28?) Parathurammina graciosa Pronina, Reference Pronina1960: (4) sample POL11a-24; (6) sample POL3-1a; (7) with Bykovaella breviradiosa (Reitlinger, Reference Reitlinger1962), sample POL11-2; (15) sample POL11-1; (19) sample POL11-7; (21) sample POL11-9; (22) pseudofibrous, inner layer well visible here, sample POL11a-4; (23) sample POL 11a-10; (27) sample POL11a-14; (28) sample POL11a-39. (5) Earlandia sp. 2. Broader, rectilinear, slightly tapering test, sample POL11a-31. (9) Neoarchaesphaera ellipsoidalis (Poyarkov, Reference Poyarkov1969), sample POL11a-29. (10) Suleimanovella cf. S. totaensis (Petrova, Reference Petrova1981), sample POL11a-16. (11, 12) Paracaligella sp. 2: (11) sample POL 13b-9; (12) sample POL13b-14. (13, 14, 18) Parathurammina cf. P. uralica Petrova, Reference Petrova1981: (13) sample POL3-1; (14) sample POL3-2; (18) sample POL11b-12a. (16, 17, 24, 25) Bykovaella aperturata (Pronina, Reference Pronina1960) emend. Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984: (16) sample POL11-3; (17) sample POL11-6; (24) POL11a-12; (25) sample POL11a-6a. (20) ?Bithurammina aff. B. sphaerica Ektova, Reference Ektova1968, sample POL.14-33. (26) Parathurammina arguta Pronina, Reference Pronina1960, sample POL11a-6. Scale bars=0.1 mm.

1960 Parathurammina graciosa Reference ProninaPronina, p. 47, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2.

1969 Parathurammina graciosa; Reference MalakhovaMalakhova, pl. 51, figs. 350, 351, 355.

1969 Parathurammina cf. graciosa; Reference MalakhovaMalakhova, pl. 48, fig. 329, pl. 51, fig. 361.

1969 Parathurammina (Salpingothurammina) graciosa; Reference PoyarkovPoyarkov, table 19.

1971 Parathurammina graciosa; Reference Menner and ReitlingerMenner and Reitlinger, p. 29, pl. 8, fig. 5.

1979 Parathurammina graciosa; Reference Lavrusevich, Lavrusevich and SaltovskayaLavrusevich et al., p. 322.

1979 Parathurammina (Salpingothurammina) graciosa; Reference PoyarkovPoyarkov, text-fig. 14.

1981 Parathurammina graciosa; Reference PetrovaPetrova, pl. 8, figs. 4, 5, 8.

1985 Parathurammina graciosa; Reference ZadorozhnyiZadorozhnyi, p. 126, 131?, pl. 17, fig. 1, pl. 18, figs. 1, 2.

1990 Parathurammina graciosa; Reference Bogush and YuferevBogush and Yuferev, p. 20.

2008 Parathurammina graciosa; Reference AnfimovAnfimov, p. 78.

2011 Parathurammina graciosa; Reference AnfimovAnfimov, p. 16.

2014 Parathuramminide; Reference MörtlMörtl, text-fig. 33b.

Holotype

Axial section (No. 476/3 Museum of the Geological Direction of the Urals) from the early Givetian of the central Urals, Russia (Pronina, Reference Pronina1960, pl. 1, fig. 1).

Diagnosis

Relatively large species characterized by a large central chamber, and numerous necks, asymmetrically arranged. Necks short, with a narrow central channel, entirely cylindrical (i.e., with neither proximal nor distal enlargement). Wall thin, bilayered, dark-microgranular, and hyaline-microgranular.

Occurrence

Middle Eifelian–early Givetian of eastern slope of the central Urals. Givetian of northern and southwestern Siberia and Zeravshano-Gissar (Tajikistan). Frasnian of SW Siberia (Bogush et al., Reference Bogush, Bochkarev and Yuferev1975). Discovered in the Givetian of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Description

Test outer diameter=0.15–0.31 mm (type material: 0.09–0.27 mm); central chamber diameter=0.12–0.20 mm; number of necks: 11–13; length of necks=0.004–0.13 mm (for a wall thickness of 0.008 to 0.01 mm); test wall thickness=0.003–0.007 mm (type material: 0.004–0.007 mm).

Holotype

Axial section (No. 3/1868; Geological Museum of the Urals UTGU) from the Eifelian of the northern Urals, Russia (Petrova, Reference Petrova1981, pl. 6, fig. 3).

Diagnosis

Relatively large species characterized by numerous necks, asymmetrically arranged. Necks short, with a narrow central channel, entirely cylindrical (i.e., without proximal or distal enlargement). Wall thin, bilayered, dark-microgranular, and hyaline-microgranular.

Occurrence

Eifelian of the northern and central Urals. Doubtful in the late Eifelian of Belgium. Givetian of SW Siberia. Givetian of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Description

Outer diameter=0.17–0.40 mm (type material: 0.13–0.24 mm); inner diameter=0.14–0.30 mm; length of necks=0.03–0.04 mm (for a wall of 0.01–0.02 mm); test wall thickness=0.015–0.04 mm (type material: 0.015–0.03 mm).

Remarks

This species might be a homeomorph of Bykovaella irregulariformis (Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984) and/or B. oblisa (Petrova, Reference Petrova1981), but it has a bilayered wall and consequently belongs to Parathurammina. In this genus, P. uralica is the most similar species compared to our taxon.

Parathurammina arguta Pronina, Reference Pronina1960

Figures 9.26, 10.7 (partim), 10.9, 10.10

1960 Parathurammina arguta Reference ProninaPronina, p. 7, pl. 1, fig. 5.

1969 Parathurammina arguta; Reference PoyarkovPoyarkov, table 12.

1979 Parathurammina arguta; Reference Lavrusevich, Lavrusevich and SaltovskayaLavrusevich et al., p. 323.

1979 Parathurammina (Parathurammina) arguta; Reference PoyarkovPoyarkov, text-fig. 13.

1981 Parathurammina (Parathurammina) aperturata; Reference PetrovaPetrova, pl. 7, figs. 9–11.

1985 Parathurammina arguta; Reference ZadorozhnyiZadorozhnyi, p. 127, pl. 17, fig. 6.

2013 Parathurammina arguta; Reference Makarenko and SavinaMakarenko and Savina, p. 128.

2014 Parathuramminide; Reference MörtlMörtl, text-fig. 33a.

Holotype

Axial section (No. 476/8 Museum of the Geological Direction of the Urals) from the early Givetian of the central Urals, Russia (Pronina, Reference Pronina1960, pl. 1, fig. 5).

Diagnosis

Relatively large species characterized by numerous necks, regularly, radially arranged. Necks short, papilliform. Wall thin, bilayered, dark-microgranular and clear-pseudofibrous.

Occurrence

Eifelian–early Givetian of the central Urals and Givetian of the northern Urals (Pronina, Reference Pronina1960; Petrova, Reference Petrova1981), Zeravshano-Gissar (Lavrusevich et al., Reference Lavrusevich, Lavrusevich and Saltovskaya1979), and Siberia (Zadorozhnyi, Reference Zadorozhnyi1985, Reference Zadorozhnyi1987). Givetian of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Description

Outer diameter=0.27–0.50 mm (type material: 0.34–0.52 mm); inner diameter=0.15–0.37 mm; number of necks: 13–15; length of necks=0.01–0.06 mm (for a wall of 0.015 mm); test wall thickness=0.01 mm (type material: 0.01 mm).

Type species

Parathurammina aperturata Pronina, Reference Pronina1960.

Other species

Parathurammina breviradiosa Reitlinger in Varsanofieva and Reitlinger, Reference Reitlinger1962; P. argensis Sabirov, Reference Sabirov1987a; P. bykovae Poyarkov in Purkin et al., Reference Purkin, Poyarkov and Rozhanets1961; P. crassitheca Antropov, Reference Antropov1950; P. dagmarae var. crassitheca Antropov, Reference Antropov1950; P. iniqua Pronina, Reference Pronina1970; Polygonella irregulariformis Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984; Parathurammina irregularis Pronina, Reference Pronina1960; P. khavsakiensis Sabirov, Reference Sabirov1987a; P. macilenta Pronina, Reference Pronina1970; P. mirabilis (sic mirabile) Saltovskaya, Reference Saltovskaya1981; P. praeaperturata Saltovskaya, Reference Saltovskaya1981; P. turgida Chuvashov, Reference Chuvashov1965.

Diagnosis

Test free, moderate in size, globular with many tubular projections; thin wall dark-microgranular. One areal aperture at the end of each projection.

Occurrence

Late Silurian, Early–Middle Devonian, Late Devonian (Frasnian–early Famennian), early Tournaisian of Russian Platform, the Urals, western Siberia, Tian Shan (Tajikistan), South China, Spain, western and northern France, ?Germany (see Vachard, Reference Vachard1991). Discovered in the Givetian of Austria.

Remarks

Many Bykovaella of the literature have been designated by Parathurammina (partim), Thurammina (partim), Salpingothurammina (partim), and Polygonella (partim).

Bykovaella aperturata (Pronina, Reference Pronina1960) emend. Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984

Figure 9.16, 9.17, 9.24, 9.25

1928 Calcisphères de La Villedé, formes épineuses; Reference MilonMilon, fig. 35.1, 35.2, 35.4, 35.6 (non 35.3, 35.5, 35.7, 35.8), pl. 2, fig. 1a, 1a’.

1960 Parathurammina aperturata; Reference ProninaPronina, p. 47, pl. 1, fig. 3.

1969 Parathurammina aperturata; Reference PoyarkovPoyarkov, p. 87, pl. 1, figs. 2, 5.

1969 Parathurammina aperturata; Reference MalakhovaMalakhova, pl. 49, figs. 337, 338, pl. 50, fig. 344, pl. 52, fig. 359.

non1971 Parathurammina aperturata; Reference Menner and ReitlingerMenner and Reitlinger, p. 29, pl. 8, figs. 2, 7–9 (= Elenella reitlingerae n. sp.).

1977 Parathurammina aperturata; Petrova, p. 4, text-figs. 1, 2.

1979 Parathurammina aperturata; Reference PoyarkovPoyarkov, p. 44, pl. 5, fig. 2.

1979 Parathurammina aperturata; Reference Lavrusevich, Lavrusevich and SaltovskayaLavrusevich et al., p. 322.

1979 Parathurammina (Salpingothurammina) aperturata; Reference PoyarkovPoyarkov, p. 96, text-fig. 14.

1979 Parathurammina apertura (sic); Reference Dubreuil and VachardDubreuil and Vachard, p. 241.

non 1981 Parathurammina aperturata; Reference SaltovskayaSaltovskaya, p. 107, pl. 2, fig. 6, pl. 3, figs. 6, 8 (= Neoarchaesphaera).

1984 Bykovaella aperturata; Reference Zadorozhnyi and YuferevZadorozhnyi and Yuferev, p. 79, pl. 1, figs. 3–5.

1985 Bykovaella aperturata; Reference ZadorozhnyiZadorozhnyi, p. 126, pl. 17, fig. 2, pl. 18, fig. 3.

1987 Bykovaella aperturata; Reference ZadorozhnyiZadorozhnyi, p. 16, pl. 1, figs. 4–7.

non 1987 Parathurammina aperturata; Reference Loeblich and TappanLoeblich and Tappan, pl. 207, fig 17.

1988 Bykovaella aperturata; Reference Bogush, Zarodozhnyi and IvanovaBogush et al., p. 5.

1990 Bykovaella aperturata; Reference Bogush and YuferevBogush and Yuferev, p. 20.

1991 Parathurammina crassitheca Antropov; Reference VachardVachard, p. 261, pl. 1, fig. 25.

1994 Parathurammina aperturata; Reference VachardVachard, p. 20, text-fig. 12.6.

1994 Parathurammina crassitheca; Reference VachardVachard, p. 20, text-fig. 12.5 only (non pl. 1, figs. 2, 12–23, nec pl. 2, figs. 1, 7) (with 40 references in synonymy).

2002 Bykovaella aperturata; Reference KalvodaKalvoda, p. 26, text-fig. 11.

2008 Bykovaella aperturata; Reference TsygankoTsyganko, p. 70, text-fig. 3.

2009 Parathurammina du groupe P. dagmarae Suleimanov; Reference Mamet and PréatMamet and Préat, pl. 1, figs. 12, 15, 17 (non figs. 11, 14, 16=other species of Bykovaella, nec fig. 13=Kolongella).

2011 Parathurammina aperturata; Reference AnfimovAnfimov, p. 16.

2013 Parathurammina aperturata; Reference SabirovSabirov, p. 115, text-fig. 1.

2013 Parathurammina aperturata; Reference Makarenko and SavinaMakarenko and Savina, p. 128.

Holotype

Axial section (No. 476/6 Museum of the Geological Direction of the Urals) from the early Givetian of the central Urals, Russia (Pronina, Reference Pronina1960, pl. 1, fig. 3).

Diagnosis

Relatively large species characterized by numerous necks, regularly, radially arranged. Necks long with a narrow central channel, entirely cylindrical (i.e., without either proximal or distal enlargement). Wall thin.

Occurrence

Eifelian–early Givetian of the central and southern Urals (Pronina, Reference Pronina1960); Eifelian of the Tomsk area (SW Siberia; Makarenko and Savina, Reference Makarenko and Savina2013). Givetian of western France (Milon, Reference Milon1928, re-interpreted here; Dubreuil and Vachard, Reference Dubreuil and Vachard1979), Zeravshano-Gissar (Lavrusevich et al., Reference Lavrusevich, Lavrusevich and Saltovskaya1979), southern Fergana (Tian Shan; Poyarkov, Reference Poyarkov1969; Saltovskaya, 1981), Siberia (Menner and Reitlinger, Reference Menner and Reitlinger1971; Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984; Zadorozhnyi, Reference Zadorozhnyi1985, Reference Zadorozhnyi1987; Bogush and Yuferev, Reference Bogush and Yuferev1990), Germany (Flügel and Hötzl, Reference Flügel and Hötzl1971), South China (Lin and Hao, Reference Lin and Hao1982), and Belgium (Mamet and Préat, Reference Mamet and Préat2009). Givetian of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Description

Outer diameter=0.30–0.35 mm (type material: 0.18–0.34 mm); inner diameter=0.22–0.25 mm; number of necks: 15–16; length of necks=0.01–0.07 mm (with a wall of 0.007–0.015 mm); test wall thickness=0.005 mm (type material: 0.005–0.01 mm).

Remarks

Bykovaella crassitheca (Antropov, Reference Antropov1950) differs only by a thicker wall (0.02–0.025 mm) and a Frasnian age.

Bykovaella breviradiosa (Reitlinger, Reference Reitlinger1962)

Figures 9.7, 10.3

Figure 10

(1, 10) Parathurammina cf. P. uralica Petrova, Reference Petrova1981: (1) sample POL11b-13; (10) sample POL13a-2b. (2) Parathurammina graciosa Pronina, Reference Pronina1960, sample POL11a-21. (3) Bykovaella breviradiosa (Reitlinger, Reference Reitlinger1962), sample POL11b-19b. (4–8) Bykovaella bykovae (Poyarkov in Purkin et al., Reference Purkin, Poyarkov and Rozhanets1961): (4) sample POL13a-5; (5) sample POL13a-6; (6) sample POL13a-8; (7) right, with P. arguta (left), sample POL11b-5; (8) sample POL11b-19. (7, 9, 10) Parathurammina arguta Pronina, Reference Pronina1960; (7) (with Bykovaella bykovae), sample POL11-2; (9) sample POL13a-1; (10) sample POL13a-7. (11) Kolongella cf. K. pojarkovi Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984, sample POL11b-21. (12) Salpingothurammina sp. 1, sample POL13a-3. (13) Ivanovella sp. 1, sample POL11a-9. (14) Ivanovella sp. 2, sample POL11a-10b. (15) Ivanovella sp. 3, sample POL11-5. (16, 17, 22?) Ivanovella reitlingerae n. sp.: (16) holotype, sample POL11a-38; (17) paratype, sample POL11a-40; (22) paratype?, sample POL11a-2. (18, 20, 21) Ivanovella luginensis Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev in Dubatolov, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1981: (18) sample POL11b-18a; (20) sample POL11b-21b; (21) sample POL11a-9a. (19) Ivanovella sp. 4, sample POL11a-8. (23) Salpingothurammina cf. S. kakvensis (Petrova, Reference Petrova1981), sample POL13a-3a. (24) Bithurammina aff. B. sphaerica Ektova, Reference Ektova1968, sample POL11a-34. (25) Suleimanovella sp. 2., sample POL4c. (26, 27) Suleimanovella sp. 3: (26) sample POL11b-12; (27) sample POL13b-10. (28–32) Radiosphaerella poyarkovi n. sp.: (28) holotype, sample POL11b-24; (29) paratype, sample POL11a-25a; (30) paratype, sample POL11a-22; (31) paratype, sample POL11a-17; (32) paratype, sample POL11a-11. (33) Marginara? sp., sample POL14-24. (34) Parathuramminites sp., sample POL14-1. (35, 36) Bykovaella cf. B. macilenta (Pronina, Reference Pronina1970): (35) sample POL14-21; (36) sample POL14-20. (37) Vasicekia? sp., sample POL3-6. Scale bars=0.1 mm.

1962 Parathurammina breviradiosa Reference ReitlingerReitlinger, p. 52, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2.

1965 Parathurammina breviradiosa; Reference ChuvashovChuvashov, p. 19, pl. 1, figs. 4–6.

1969 Parathurammina breviradiosa; Reference PoyarkovPoyarkov, table 12.

1969 Parathurammina breviradiosa; Reference MalakhovaMalakhova, pl. 51, fig. 356.

1979 Parathurammina breviradiosa; Reference PoyarkovPoyarkov, pl. 3, fig. 4.

1979 Parathurammina (Parathurammina) breviradiosa; Reference PoyarkovPoyarkov, text-fig. 13.

1981 Parathurammina breviradiosa; Reference PetrovaPetrova, pl. 8, fig. 19.

1981 Parathurammina breviradiosa; Reference ZadorozhnyiZadorozhnyi, p. 111 (no. 3 of the table).

?1981 Parathurammina magna Antropov; Reference ZukalovaZukalova, pl. 1, fig. 2.

1984 Parathurammina breviradiosa; Reference Zadorozhnyi and YuferevZadorozhnyi and Yuferev, p. 77, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2.

1987 Parathurammina breviradiosa; Reference ZadorozhnyiZadorozhnyi, p. 14, pl. 1, figs. 1–3.

1988 Parathurammina breviradiosa; Reference Bogush, Zarodozhnyi and IvanovaBogush et al., p. 22.

1989 Parathurammina dagmarae Suleimanov; Reference Préat and MametPréat and Mamet, pl. 6, fig. 5 only (non figs. 4, 6=Parathuramminites).

1990 Parathurammina breviradiosa; Reference Lin, Li and SunLin et al., p. 124, pl. 3, figs. 1–4.

1990 Parathurammina breviradiosa; Reference Bogush and YuferevBogush and Yuferev, p. 20.

1994 Parathurammina breviradiosa; Reference VachardVachard, text-fig. 12.1.

?1999 Parathurammina du groupe P. dagmarae Suleimanov (= Salpingothurammina breviradiosa [Reitlinger]) (sic); Reference Mamet, Préat and LehmamiMamet et al., pl. 5, figs. 13, 14.

2005 Late Devonian calcisphere; Reference Kaźmierczak and KremerKaźmierczak and Kremer, fig. 6F.

2008 Parathurammina breviradiosa; Reference AnfimovAnfimov, p. 80.

2013 Parathurammina breviradiosa; Reference Makarenko and SavinaMakarenko and Savina, p. 128.

2014 Parathuramminide; Reference MörtlMörtl, text-fig. 33b.

Holotype

Axial section (No. 3456/2 Geological Institute Nauk, Akademiya Nauk SSSR) from the Frasnian of the central Urals, Shezhym oblast, Russia (Reitlinger, Reference Reitlinger1962, pl. 1, fig. 1).

Diagnosis

Relatively moderate species, characterized by a few necks, irregularly arranged, short to medium-sized, with a narrow central channel, and with a distal enlargement. Wall thin.

Occurrence

Eifelian of the Tomsk area (SW Siberia). Givetian of the northern Urals (Petrova, Reference Petrova1981), and perhaps Moravia (Zukalova, Reference Zukalova1981) and Morocco (Mamet et al., Reference Mamet, Préat and Lehmami1999). Late Devonian of Siberia (Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984; Bogush and Yuferev, Reference Bogush and Yuferev1990), Frasnian of the northern Urals, early Famennian of the central Urals (Chuvashov, Reference Chuvashov1965). Late Famennian of SW Siberia (Bogush and Yuferev, Reference Bogush and Yuferev1990). Discovered in the Givetian of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Description

Outer diameter=0.20–0.40 mm (type material: 0.20–0.48 mm); inner diameter=0.13–0.41 mm; number of necks: 4–9; length of necks=0.70–0.90 mm (with a wall of 0.007–0.015 mm); test wall thickness=0.003–0.006 mm.

Holotype

Axial section (No. 3935, VNIGRI) from the Givetian of Makarovskii raion, Russia (Poyarkov in Purkin et al., Reference Purkin, Poyarkov and Rozhanets1961, pl. 1, fig. 1).

Diagnosis

Large species characterized by relatively numerous necks, irregularly arranged. Necks short to long with a broad central channel, and with proximal and distal enlargements. Wall relatively thin.

Occurrence

Eifelian of the Tomsk area (SW Siberia) and the northen Urals. Givetian of Fergana, Tian Shan, Zeravshano-Gissar, SW Siberia, the central Urals, Germany, western and northern France, and ?Moravia. Givetian of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Description

Outer diameter=0.23–0.60 mm (type material: 0.28–0.47 mm); inner diameter=0.16–0.55 mm; number of necks: 13–16; length of necks=0.07–0.13 mm (with a wall of 0.015–0.045 mm); test wall thickness=0.013–0.016 mm (type material: 0.012–0.03 mm).

Remarks

Givetian and Frasnian Parathurammina specimens assigned to P. dagmarae more probably belong to Bykovaella bykovae, whereas true P. dagmarae only appear in the Famennian (Poyarkov, Reference Poyarkov1969, Reference Poyarkov1979).

Bykovaella cf. B. macilenta (Pronina, Reference Pronina1970)

Figure 10.35, 10.36

1970 Parathurammina macilenta Reference ProninaPronina, p. 106, pl. 30, fig. 5.

1994 Parathurammina bykovae (Poyarkov); Reference VachardVachard, p. 22, pl. 2, figs. 1, 2.

2013 Parathurammina macilenta; Reference SabirovSabirov, text-fig. 1.

Holotype

Axial section (No. 2/1060; Museum of the Geological Direction of the Urals, UTGU) from the Givetian of the northern Urals, Russia (Pronina, Reference Pronina1970, pl. 30, fig. 5).

Diagnosis

Very large species characterized by relatively numerous papillae, short and irregularly arranged. Wall thin.

Occurrence

Givetian of the central Urals and western France. Givetian of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Description

Outer diameter=0.45–0.70 mm (type material: 0.50–0.95 mm); inner diameter=0.36–0.65 mm, number of papillae: 8–14; tests wall thickness=0.006–0.012 mm (type material: 0.015–0.022 mm).

Remarks

Bykovaella turgida (Chuvashov, Reference Chuvashov1965), poorly known, probably belongs to the same group of species.

Type species

Parathurammina kolongensis Pronina, Reference Pronina1969.

Other species

See Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev (Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984).

Diagnosis

Test unilocular. Central chamber spherical. Infundibuliform, radiate necks, prominent at the periphery and not communicating with the central chamber. Apertures at the extremities of the necks. Wall dark-microgranular.

Occurrence

Late Silurian–Middle Devonian, eastern slope of the Urals and southwestern Siberia. Late Eifelian of Belgium. Givetian of El Bisani sections (Sonora, Mexico; D.V. unpublished data). Discovered in the early Givetian of the Carnic Alps.

Kolongella cf. K. pojarkovi Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984.

Figure 10.11

1984 Suleimanovella (Kolongella) pojarkovi Reference Zadorozhnyi and YuferevZadorozhnyi and Yuferev, p. 89, pl. 2, figs. 6, 7.

1985 Suleimanovella (Kolongella) pojarkovi; Reference ZadorozhnyiZadorozhnyi, p. 126, pl. 17, fig. 4, pl. 18, fig. 4.

1987 Suleimanovella (Kolongella) pojarkovi; Reference ZadorozhnyiZadorozhnyi and Yuferev in Zadorozhnyi, p. 27, pl. 2, figs. 9–11.

1988 Suleimanovella (Kolongella) pojarkovi; Reference Bogush, Zarodozhnyi and IvanovaBogush et al., p. 31.

1990 Suleimanovella (Kolongella) pojarkovi; Reference Bogush and YuferevBogush and Yuferev, p. 21.

2008 Parathurammina pojarkovi; Reference AnfimovAnfimov, p. 78.

2009 Parathurammina du groupe P. dagmarae Suleimanov; Reference Mamet and PréatMamet and Préat, fig. 1.13 (non fig. 1.11, 1.12, 1.14–1.17=Bykovaella spp.).

2009 Parathurammina crassitheca Antropov; Reference Mamet and PréatMamet and Préat, fig. 1.18 (non fig. 1.19=Parathurammina uralica).

?2013 Parathurammina aff. pojarkovi (Reference Zadorozhnyi and YuferevZadorozhnyi and Yuferev); Reference Makarenko and SavinaMakarenko and Savina, p. 128.

Holotype

Axial section (No. 619/18; Geological Institute of Novosibirsk) from the Givetian of Tomsk oblast, SW Siberia, Russia (Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984, pl. 2, fig. 6).

Diagnosis

Moderate species characterized by numerous short necks (17), irregularly arranged. Wall relatively thin.

Occurrence

Eifelian of SW Siberia. Givetian of SW Siberia and the central Urals. Late Eifelian of Belgium. Givetian of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Description

Outer diameter=0.32 mm (type material: 0.13–0.28 mm); inner diameter=0.29 mm; number of necks: 17; test wall thickness=0.007 mm (type material: 0.004-0.012 mm).

Type species

Bithurammina dagmarae Miklukho-Maklay, Reference Miklukho-Maklay1965 (= Parathrammina? aff. P. dagmarae Grozdilova and Lebedeva, Reference Grozdilova and Lebedeva1954).

Other species

Bithurammina sphaerica Ektova, Reference Ektova1968; ?B. angulata Kotlyar, Reference Kotlyar1982.

Diagnosis

Test bilocular (or unilocular with daughter-cell?). Inner chamber and outer chamber spherical, similar to Parathurammina ex gr. dagmarae, with radiate, papilliform protuberances. No apertures at the inner chamber, apertures of outer chamber at extremity of each neck. Wall dark-microgranular, but possibly bilayered as in Parathurammina.

Occurrence

Late Early Devonian of northern Spain (Vachard, Reference Vachard1991). Givetian of Vietnam (Doan in Tong et al., Reference Tong, Dang, Nguyen, Nguyen, Nguyen, Nguyen, Ta, Pham and Doan1988), Zeravshano-Gissar (Lavrusevich et al., Reference Lavrusevich, Lavrusevich and Saltovskaya1979), and Austria (this paper). Late Devonian of the Pre-Urals, Urals, Russian Platform, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, ?Famennian of Ukraine, ?Tournaisian of NW Mexico (as Foraminifera? sensu Brunner, Reference Brunner1976, pl. 4, fig. 9) and SW Siberia (Kazennov et al., Reference Kazennov, Bogush and Benediktova1975, pl. 1, figs. 13, 14).

Remarks

As defined by its type species, Bithurammina is probably a development stage of Parathurammina sensu stricto; however, some other atypical species of Bithurammina can entail the same stages in the genus Salpingothurammina; as, for example, B. sphaerica Ektova, Reference Ektova1968 and the material described herein; whereas other ones, like B. angulata Kotlyar, Reference Kotlyar1982, are more difficult to interpret. These stages of development are apparently opposed to assignment of the parathuramminids to the foraminifers, but are more consistent with daughter-cells of volvocales evokated by Kaźmierczak (Reference Kaźmierczak1976).

Bithurammina aff. B. sphaerica Ektova, Reference Ektova1968

Figures 8.29?, 9.20?, 10.24

?1968 Bithurammina sphaerica Reference EktovaEktova, p. 98, pl. 34, figs. 2–4.

2016a Bithurammina? sp.; Reference VachardVachard, fig. 3.29.

Holotype

Axial section (No. 1-3a/8283.Ts.GM, Leningrad/Sankt Petersburg) from the the Famennian of Kok-Shaal, Kyrgyzstan (Ektova in Markosvskyi, Reference Ektova1968, pl. 34, fig. 2).

Diagnosis

Test unilocular. Inner chamber apparently spherical. Outer chamber spherical with radiate necks, prominent at the periphery and communicating with the outer chamber. Inconspicuous apertures at the inner chamber. Wall relatively thin.

Occurrence

Famennian of the Kok Shaal Range (Kyrgyzstan). Givetian of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Description

Test outer diameter=0.20 mm (type material: 0.14–0.16 mm); inner chamber diameter=0.07 mm (type material=0.07–0.08 mm); test wall thickness=0.007 mm (type material: 0.006–0.011 mm).

Diagnosis

Test free, globular to polygonal, with few or fairly abundant, papillate prominences; thick to medium-sized, wall dark-microgranular, unilayered wall. One areal aperture at the end of each projection.

Occurrence

Late Silurian–Mississippian; probably cosmopolitan.

Remarks

Parathuramminitinae is a senior synonym of Cushmanellinae Yuferev, Chuvashov, and Zadorozhnyi in Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984. It is composed of the following genera: Parathuramminites Antropov in Poyarkov, Reference Poyarkov1969; Salpingothurammina Poyarkov in Purkin et al., Reference Purkin, Poyarkov and Rozhanets1961 (= Saltovskajina Sabirov, Reference Sabirov1982b); Suleimanovella Yuferev in Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984; Radiosphaerella Yuferev in Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984; and ?Polygonella Yuferev in Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984.

Genus Parathuramminites Antropov in Poyarkov, Reference Poyarkov1969

Type species

Parathurammina cushmani Suleimanov, Reference Suleimanov1945.

Other species

Parathurammina cushmani var. minima Antropov, Reference Antropov1950; P. clivosa Pronina, Reference Pronina1963; P. devonica Vissarionova, Reference Vissarionova1950; P. insolita Sabirov, Reference Sabirov1978; P. kolongensis Pronina, Reference Pronina1969; P. (Parathuramminites) micula Petrova, Reference Petrova1981; P. monstrata Chuvashov, Reference Chuvashov1965; P. obnata Chuvashov, Reference Chuvashov1965; P. polygona Pronina, Reference Pronina1963; P. regularis Chuvashov, Reference Chuvashov1965; P. suleimanovi forma concisa Chuvashov, Reference Chuvashov1965; Parathuramminites mutilatus Anfimov, Reference Anfimov2012; P. stellaeformis Anfimov, Reference Anfimov2012 nom. correct. (sic: stelliformis); P. subrus Anfimov, Reference Anfimov2012; P. minutus Anfimov, Reference Anfimov2012; ?Parathurammina crassa Pronina, Reference Pronina1970; ?P. guangxiensis Lin, Li, and Sun, Reference Lin, Li and Sun1990; ? P. praetuberculata Reitlinger, Reference Reitlinger1954; ?Thurammina delicata Ireland, Reference Ireland1939.

Diagnosis

Test free, globular to polygonal, with few papillate prominences, almost not prominent; thick wall dark-microgranular. One areal aperture at the end of each projection.

Occurrence

Late Silurian–Mississippian; probably cosmopolitan.

Remarks

Parathuramminites is sometimes attributed to Antropov, 1967, but this publication in reality was published in 1970 (see Vdovenko et al., Reference Vdovenko, Rauzer-Chernousova, Reitlinger and Sabirov1993). Between 1967 and 1970, the genus name was validly introduced by Poyarkov (Reference Poyarkov1969), who correctly attributed it to Antropov; hence, the taxonomy adopted herein is: Parathuramminites Antropov in Poyarkov, Reference Poyarkov1969. It corresponds to Parathurammina (partim), Cushmanella Zadorozhnyi in Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984 (this latter genus has the same type species as Parathuramminites and moreover it is pre-occupied; see Loeblich and Tappan, Reference Loeblich and Tappan1987), Salpingothurammina Poyarkov in Purkin et al., Reference Purkin, Poyarkov and Rozhanets1961 (partim), and Saltovskajina Sabirov, Reference Sabirov1982b (partim).

Parathuramminites? sp.

Figure 10.34

Diagnosis

Test ovoid, without prominences with necks limited to the thickness of the wall.

Occurrence

Givetian of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Description

Outer diameter=0.22 mm; inner diameter=0.16 mm; number of necks: 8; diameter of apertures: 0.017 mm; test wall thickness=0.03 mm.

Remarks

This form resembles some illustrations of Parathuramminites cushmani, but apparently differs from the holotype of this species.

Type species

Parathurammina suleimanovi Lipina, Reference Lipina1950.

Other species

Parathurammina ovalis Brazhnikova and Vdovenko, Reference Brazhnikova and Vdovenko1971; P. paulis Bykova, Reference Bykova1952; Suleimanovella (Kolongella) pojarkovi Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984; P. quadrata Brazhnikova and Vdovenko, Reference Brazhnikova and Vdovenko1971; P. suleimanovi var. stellata Lipina, Reference Lipina1950; P. (Salpingothurammina) totaensis Petrova, Reference Petrova1981; P. triangula Brazhnikova and Vdovenko, Reference Brazhnikova and Vdovenko1971; ?Thurammina minuscula Pokorny, Reference Pokorny1951, and ?T. strikeri Conkin and Conkin, Reference Conkin and Conkin1964.

Diagnosis

Small-sized Parathuramminidae with a very irregular angular profile, a spherical cavity, fairly abundant papilliform protuberances, very short canals, and a thick, dark-microgranular wall.

Occurrence

Devonian–Mississippian, cosmopolitan.

Remarks

Suleimanovella morphologically and microstructurally corresponds to Parathurammina (partim), P. (Salpingothurammina) (partim), P. (Parathuramminites) (partim), and Suleimanovella (Kolongella) (partim).

The subgenus Kolongella of Suleimanovella was rarely described, but probably really exists (see this work and Mamet and Préat, Reference Mamet and Préat2009 as Parathurammina crassitheca [pl. 1, figs. 18, 19]).

Suleimanovella cf. S. totaensis (Petrova, Reference Petrova1981)

Figure 9.10

1981 Parathurammina (Salpingothurammina) totaensis Reference PetrovaPetrova, p. 88, pl. 8, figs. 7, 10, 11, 15.

?1981 Palachemonella beckmanni Flügel and Hötzl; Reference Zadorozhnyi and YuferevZadorozhnyi and Yuferev, p. 55, pl. 1, fig. 7.

1985 Suleimanovella (Suleimanovella) totaensis; Reference ZadorozhnyiZadorozhnyi, p. 126, pl. 17, fig. 11.

?1988 Palachemonella beckmanni; Reference Bogush, Zarodozhnyi and IvanovaBogush et al., p. 21.

1990 Suleimanovella (Suleimanovella) totaensis; Reference Bogush and YuferevBogush and Yuferev, p. 21.

2008 Parathurammina totaensis; Reference AnfimovAnfimov, p. 78.

2013 Parathurammina totaensis; Reference Makarenko and SavinaMakarenko and Savina, p. 128.

Holotype

Axial section (No. 35/1868; Museum UTGU) from the Eifelian of the northern Urals, Russia (Petrova, Reference Petrova1981, pl. 8, fig. 7).

Diagnosis

Triangular test with triangular inner chamber. Some necks are ended by rounded parts, and are apparently blind (see also Irregularina angulata Poyarkov, Reference Poyarkov1969, pl. 3, fig. 6).

Occurrence

Eifelian of the central and northern Urals. Eifelian, Givetian, and Frasnian of Tomsk oblast (SW Siberia). Givetian of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Description

Outer diameter=0.13 mm (type material: 0.10–0.18 mm); inner diameter=0.05 mm (type material: 0.06–0.09 mm); test wall thickness=0.01 mm (type material=0.01 mm).

Diagnosis

Rhomboidal to subspherical tests, rhombic to ovate inner chamber. Very short prominences.

Occurrence

Givetian of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Description

Outer diameter=0.07–0.08 mm; inner diameter=0.04–0.05 mm; test wall thickness=0.01 mm.

Diagnosis

Subrhombic to ovate tests and inner chambers. Slightly prominent necks relatively well-developed for the genus (morphologically, this taxon is possibly transitional between Suleimanovella and Salpingothurammina, due to its necks).

Occurrence

Givetian of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Description

Outer diameter=0.15–0.17 mm; inner diameter=0.08–0.10 mm; wall thickness=0.01 mm.

Type species

Parathurammina tuberculata Lipina, Reference Lipina1950.

Other species

?Parathurammina bella Reitlinger in Bogush and Yuferev, Reference Bogush and Yuferev1962; P. (Salpingothurammina) elegans Poyarkov, Reference Poyarkov1969; P. gekkeri Antropov, Reference Antropov1950; P. horrida Chuvashov, Reference Chuvashov1965; P. hunanensis Lin and Hao, Reference Lin and Hao1982; P. ivdelensis Pronina, Reference Pronina1970; P. kazankaensis Pronina, Reference Pronina1970; P. lipinae Antropov, Reference Antropov1950; P. miklukhomaclayi Saltovskaya, Reference Saltovskaya1974; P. pachysphaerica Bogush and Yuferev, Reference Bogush and Yuferev1962; P. paratuberculata Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev in Dubatolov, Reference Chuvashov and Yuferev1981; P. scitula Chuvashov, Reference Chuvashov1965; P. shishkatica Sabirov, Reference Sabirov1978; P. spinosa Lipina sensu Grozdilova and Lebedeva Reference Grozdilova and Lebedeva1954; P. spinosa kakvensis Petrova, Reference Petrova1981; P. stellaeformis Grozdilova and Lebedeva, Reference Grozdilova and Lebedeva1954; P. subquadrata Sabirov, Reference Sabirov1978; P. subvasta Bykova in Bykova and Polenova, Reference Bykova and Polenova1955; P. tansaica Marfenkova, Reference Marfenkova1991 (nomen nudum); ?Thurammina congesta Gutschick, Weiner, and Young, Reference Gutschick, Weiner and Young1961; ?T. coronata Dunn, Reference Dunn1942; T. diforamens Ireland, Reference Ireland1956; ?T. furcata Gutschick and Treckman, Reference Gutschick and Treckman1959; ?T. phialaeformis Crespin, Reference Crespin1958; ?T. quadritubulata Dunn, Reference Dunn1942; ?T. triradiata Gutschick and Treckman, Reference Gutschick and Treckman1959; ?T. tubulata fixa Langer, Reference Langer1969; ?T. sp. A sensu Blumenstengel, Reference Blumenstengel1961; ?T. sp. B sensu Blumenstengel, Reference Blumenstengel1961; ?T. sp. 1 sensu Holcová, Reference Holcová2004; ?T. sp. 2 sensu Holcová, Reference Holcová2004; and ?Pseudoastrorhiza obtusiconus Langer, Reference Langer1969.

Diagnosis

Medium-sized Parathuramminidae with an irregular angular–rounded profile, fairly abundant papilliform to longer apertural protuberances, broad chamber, and thickness of the wall and around the necks is almost equidimensional. Wall thin to thick, unilayered, dark-microgranular.

Occurrence

Early Ordovician of Sonora, Mexico (Vachard et al., Reference Vachard, Clausen, Palafox, Buitrón, Devaere, Hayart and Régnier2017). Relatively frequent in the Devonian–Tournaisian of western Siberia, Italy, Czech Republic, western France, the northern, central, and southern Urals, and southern Fergana; probably up to the Visean (see Vachard et al., Reference Vachard, Haig and Mory2014); ?Pennsylvanian of Kansas, ?Permian of Australia.

Remarks

See discussions in Loeblich and Tappan (Reference Loeblich and Tappan1987), Vdovenko et al. (Reference Vdovenko, Rauzer-Chernousova, Reitlinger and Sabirov1993), and Vachard et al. (Reference Vachard, Haig and Mory2014). The differences with Saltovskajina seem to be specific and not generic; hence, we synonymized both genera herein. In the literature, Salpingothurammina was designated under the names Saltovskajina Sabirov, Reference Sabirov1982b; Parathurammina (partim); Thurammina (partim) auctorum; Irregularina (partim); Polygonella (partim); Bykovaella (partim); Ivanovella (partim); Guangxithurammina Lin et al., Reference Lin, Li and Sun1990 (partim); Suleimanovella (partim); Parathuramminites (partim); Cordatella (partim), Marginara (partim); and Radiosphaerella (partim).

Salpingothurammina sp. 1

Figure 10.12

Diagnosis

Test spherical with numerous, radiate, triangular necks, wall thick.

Occurrence

Givetian of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Description

Outer diameter=0.36 mm; inner diameter=0.18 mm; number of necks: 13; test wall thickness=0.02 mm.

Holotype

Axial section (No. 7/1868; UTGU Museum) from the Middle Devonian of the central Urals (Petrova, Reference Petrova1981, pl. 1, fig. 8).

Diagnosis

Small species characterized by 5–6 long necks, irregularly arranged. Wall relatively thin.

Occurrence

?Early Eifelian–Givetian of SW Siberia and the central and northern Urals. ?Givetian of Morocco. Givetian–Frasnian of SW Siberia. Givetian of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Description

Outer diameter=0.26 mm (type material: 0.12–0.15 mm); inner diameter=0.12 mm; number of necks: 5–6; test wall thickness=0.015–0.03 mm.

Type species

Parathurammina radiosphaerica Bogush and Yuferev, Reference Bogush and Yuferev1962.

Other species

Parathurammina radiata Antropov, Reference Antropov1950; P. spinosa Lipina, Reference Lipina1950; P. tuberculata sensu Poyarkov, Reference Poyarkov1969; ?Palachemonella beckmanni sensu Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev in Dubatolov, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1981 non Flügel and Hötzl, Reference Flügel and Hötzl1971.

Diagnosis

Medium-sized Parathuramminidae with very thin wall and very long necks, wall unilayered dark-microgranular.

Occurrence

Eifelian of the Tomsk area, SW Siberia (Makarenko and Savina, Reference Makarenko and Savina2013). Givetian of Austria (this study). Givetian–Frasnian of South China. Givetian–Tournaisian of Tian Shan (Kyrgyzstan). Frasnian–Famennian of Poland, eastern part of Russian Platform, the Urals, SW Siberia, and southern Fergana. Late Devonian–Tournaisian of western and northeastern Siberia (Gagiev and Bogush, Reference Gagiev and Bogush1990).

Remarks

Radiosphaerella has been designated as Parathurammina (partim); Salpingothurammina (partim); Suleimanovella (partim); Archaelagena Howchin, Reference Howchin1888 (partim); and acritach sensu Kaźmierczak and Kremer, Reference Kaźmierczak and Kremer2005, fig. 6D.

Radiosphaerella poyarkovi new species

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F5040BBB-AA4E-43FB-AD04-3D110B66FAF8

Figure 10.28–10.32

?1954 Archaelagena shesmae (Antropov); Reference Grozdilova, Lebedeva, Lipina, Malakhova, Mikhailova, Chermnykh, Postoyalko, Simonova, Sinitsyna and ShcherbakovaGrozdilova and Lebedeva, p. 27, pl. 2, fig. 6.

?1960 Archaelagena borealis (sic borealia) Reference ProninaPronina, p. 52, pl. 1, fig. 12.

?1969 Parathurammina (Salpingothurammina) tuberculata Lipina; Reference PoyarkovPoyarkov, p. 94, pl. 2, fig. 4.

1969 Archaelagena shesmae (Antropov); Reference PoyarkovPoyarkov, p. 137, table 66, pl. 8, figs. 2–4.

1969 Archaelagena borealis (sic borealia); Reference PoyarkovPoyarkov, p. 138, table 66, pl. 8, figs. 5, 6.

1979 Archaelagena shesmae; Reference PoyarkovPoyarkov, pl. 4, fig. 8.

?1982 Parathurammina horrida Chuvashov; Reference Lin and HaoLin and Hao, p. 93, pl. 1, fig. 2.

?1982 Parathurammina paulis Bykova; Reference Lin and HaoLin and Hao, p. 93, pl. 1, figs. 10, 11.

1988 Archaelagena shesmae; Doan in Reference Tong, Dang, Nguyen, Nguyen, Nguyen, Nguyen, Ta, Pham and DoanTong et al., p. 144, pl. 1, fig. 2.

?1999 Parathurammina spinosa (Williamson, Reference Williamson1880) (= Parathurammina spinosa Lipina) (sic); Reference Mamet, Préat and LehmamiMamet et al., pl. 5, fig. 11.

Holotype

Fig. 10.28 (POL11b-24); Institute of Geology, University of Innsbruck, Cat. Nr. P 10140-POL 11b (thin section); Givetian Feldkogel Limestone (Polinik Formation) of Mount Polinik (Austria).

Diagnosis

A species of Radiosphaerella characterized by a few necks communicating with each angle of the subpentagonal inner chamber.

Occurrence

?Eifelian–early Givetian of the Urals. ?Givetian of Morocco. Givetian and Frasnian of southern Fergana. Frasnian of Vietnam. Famennian of Russian Platform. Discovered in the Givetian of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Description

Outer diameter=0.10–0.17 (0.35 mm); inner diameter=0.07–0.11 mm; number of necks: 1–4 (5?); test wall thickness=0.007–0.01 mm.

Etymology

Named in honor of B.V. Poyarkov.

Remarks

Differs from Parathurammina radiosphaerica by fewer necks (up to seven for P. radiosphaerica) for similar measurements.

?Family Marginaridae Loeblich and Tappan, Reference Loeblich and Tappan1986

Diagnosis

Test globular, with numerous papilliform protuberances at surface. Trilayered wall with a diaphanothecal (?) median layer. Apertures at the end of the protuberances.

Occurrence

Givetian–Famennian of the former SSSR.

Remarks

Only two genera are included in this family: Marginara Petrova in Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, 1984, and Cordatella Petrova in Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, 1984.

Genus Marginara Petrova in Zarodzhonyi and Yuferev, 1984

Type species

Parathurammina tamarae Petrova, Reference Petrova1981.

Diagnosis

Parathuramminid-like tests with three layers in the wall.

Occurrence

Givetian of the former SSSR.

Remarks

The initial name Marginarae Petrova in Zarodzhonyi and Yuferev, 1984, which is a Latin plural, was emended according to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, 1999, article 11), which asks for singular names, into Marginara by Loeblich and Tappan (Reference Loeblich and Tappan1986, Reference Loeblich and Tappan1987). The original microstructure is discussed, in relation to specimens recrystallized to apatite-quartz (Chuvashov et al., Reference Chuvashov, Anfimov, Soroka and Yaroslavtseva2012) in the late Eifelian–Givetian of the central Urals.

Marginara? sp.

Figure 10.33

Diagnosis

Large species (the maximal diameter of M. tamarae is 0.60 mm; Zadorozhnyi, Reference Zadorozhnyi1987).

Occurrence

Givetian of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Description

Outer diameter=0.70 mm; inner diameter=0.60 mm; number of necks: 13; test wall thickness=0.05 mm. A spherical inclusion/chamber measures 0.25 mm in diameter.

Diagnosis

Globular to elongate and lobate tests medium- to large-sized for parathuramminids. Wall dark-microgranular, very rarely bilayered with an inner hyaline-microgranular layer (latest Famennian–Tournaisian Bisphaeridae; see for example Herbig and Mamet, Reference Herbig and Mamet2006, pl. 3, fig. 6). More complex wall microstructures (Auroriidae) are not well understood. Very fine to coarse, numerous apertures through the wall (Uslonia; Cribrosphaeroides), or a supposed terminal aperture (Apertauroria).

Occurrence

Llandoverian of central and northern Urals–early Tournaisian; genera either cosmopolitan or restricted to the Tethys and Ural oceans. As mentioned above, we reject the assignment of the middle Permian Bisphaera? improvisa to the irregularinoids.

Remarks

The superfamily is composed of five families: Irregularinidae Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984; Usloniidae Conil and Longerstaey in Conil et al., Reference Conil, Longerstaey and Ramsbottom1980; Cribrosphaeroididae Sabirov in Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984 nom. correct. Sabirov, Reference Sabirov1987b; Auroriidae Loeblich and Tappan, Reference Loeblich and Tappan1986; and Bisphaeridae Sabirov, Reference Sabirov1987b. The irregularinoid genus Bisphaera Birina, Reference Birina1948 was recently synonymized with the algal or cyanobacterial genus Thaumatoporella Pia (Schlagintweit et al., 2013), as well as the radiolarian Trochodiscus Haeckel (Afanavieva and Amon, 2011). The discussions about this genus and the irregularinoids in general are therefore very difficult. Middle Permian Bisphaera? improvisa Nestell and Nestell, Reference Nestell and Nestell2006, as indicated by these authors, is questionable; in our opinion, it corresponds more to the “Algen Sporen” or cortoid grains described by Flügel (Reference Flügel2004). Similarly, some Parastegnammina or Corbiella are other cortoid grains (see Vachard, Reference Vachard1994), whereas some “Irregularina” sensu Schlagintweit et al., 2013 correspond more to fenestrae and other microcavities.

Family Usloniidae Conil and Longerstaey in Conil et al., Reference Conil, Longerstaey and Ramsbottom1980

Subfamily Usloniinae Miklukho-Maklay, Reference Miklukho-Maklay1963

Diagnosis

Test relatively large, elongate, irregular, sometimes ramified, with more or less coarsely perforated, dark-microgranular wall.

Occurrence

Early Devonian–Frasnian (first, Uralian–Tethyan; then, cosmopolitan during the Frasnian).

Remarks

Synonyms of Usloniinae are: Groupe 4 sensu Vachard, Reference Vachard1976; Cribrosphaerinae Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984 (partim); Irregularininae Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984 (partim, and nomen correctum herein for Irregularinae); Irregularinidae Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984 sensu Vachard, Reference Vachard1991 and Reference Vachard1994 (partim); and Kalijanellinae Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984.

Genus Uslonia Antropov, Reference Antropov1959

Type species

Uslonia permira Antropov, Reference Antropov1959.

Other species

Uslonia permira (sic: Uslonia polymorpha in Miklukho-Maklay, Reference Miklukho-Maklay1965); Cribrosphaera novita Pronina, Reference Pronina1960; Uslonia orientalis Miklukho-Maklay, Reference Miklukho-Maklay1965 not 1963; Vermiporella myna Wray, Reference Wray1967; Kalijanella incomposita Petrova, Reference Petrova1981; Kalijanella karpinensis karpinensis Petrova, Reference Petrova1981; and K. karpinensis giganteus Petrova, Reference Petrova1981.

Diagnosis

Test elongate, free or temporarily attached. Slightly undulating wall with two or three large necks with an aperture at each extremity. Wall dark-microgranular, porous.

Occurrence

Eifelian and Givetian of the western slope of the northern and central Urals, Russian Platform, eastern and western slopes of the southern Urals and western Siberian Platform. Shandinsky horizon of Salair (SW Siberia). Givetian of Belgium (Mamet and Préat, Reference Mamet and Préat2009), western France (Milon, Reference Milon1928; Vachard, Reference Vachard1994), Germany (Flügel and Hötzl, Reference Flügel and Hötzl1971; May, Reference May1992; Kröck, Reference Kröck2016), Poland (Racki and Soboń-Podgórska, Reference Racki and Soboń-Podgórska1993), and Morocco (Mamet et al., Reference Mamet, Préat and Lehmami1999). Discovered in the Givetian of the Carnic Alps (Austria). Middle–Late Devonian of West Canada (Toomey et al., Reference Toomey, Mountjoy and MacKenzie1970). Late Devonian of the Urals, eastern part of Russian Platform, Kazakhstan (Kara Tau), Kok-Shaal, southern Fergana, Norilsk area, southwestern Siberia, former “central Asia” (Turkmenistan), England, ?Italy, South China and Australia (Wray, Reference Wray1967). The specimen from the late Famennian of Omolon (NE Siberia), illustrated by Conil in Shilo et al. (Reference Shilo, Bouckaert, Afanasjeva, Bless, Conil, Erlanger, Gagiev, Lazarev, Onoprienko, Poty, Razina, Simakov, Smirnova, Streel and Swennen1984, pl. 16, fig. 1), is most probably an Irregularina or a deformed Bisphaera, as well as the Uslonia sp. of Brunner (Reference Brunner1975, p. 23, pl. 2, fig. 7), as well as that of Mamet (Reference Mamet1976, pl. 57, figs. 3, 4). Unlike Loeblich and Tappan (Reference Loeblich and Tappan1987), the earliest Serpukhovian genus Pachythurammina Vachard, Reference Vachard1977, totally differs by its spherical morphology, much smaller size, and calcisphaerid wall.

Remarks

Uslonia may be synonymized with “Calcisphères” sensu Milon, Reference Milon1928 (partim); Vermiporella auctorum (partim); Kalijanella Petrova, Reference Petrova1981; Cribrosphaeroides sensu Chuvashov, Reference Chuvashov1965 (partim), Flügel and Hötzl, Reference Flügel and Hötzl1971 (partim), Mamet et al., Reference Mamet, Préat and Lehmami1999, Timokhina and Klets (Reference Timokhina and Klets2002), and Anfimov, Reference Anfimov2008 (partim); Kaljanella (sic) sensu Anfimov, Reference Anfimov2008 and Reference Anfimov2011; and Cribrosphaeroides? sensu Mamet and Préat, Reference Mamet and Préat2013. Uslonia is clearly a junior synonym of Kalijanella due to its Givetian age, elongate and irregular shape, and coarse perforated dark-microgranular wall. Recently, Kalijanella was generally used (e.g., Vachard, Reference Vachard1994; Anfimov, Reference Anfimov2008, Reference Anfimov2011), but Uslonia was re-introduced, with good reason, by Mamet and Préat (Reference Mamet and Préat2009, pl. 5, fig. 5). Misinterpretions about Uslonia probably resulted in the fact that this genus was indicated with “no aperture observed” by Loeblich and Tappan (Reference Loeblich and Tappan1987), while this genus was synonymized with Cribrosphaeroides sensu Chuvashov (Reference Chuvashov1965) by Zadorozhnyi (Reference Zadorozhnyi1987). Uslonia, Corbiella Antropov, Reference Antropov1950, and Parastegnammina Poyarkov, Reference Poyarkov1969 were erroneously interpreted as cortoid grains by Vachard (Reference Vachard1994). If Parastegnammina really is a cortoid, Uslonia and Corbiella are two skeletons and probably synonyms of Kalijanella and Irregularina Vissarionova, Reference Vissarionova1950, respectively. Uslonia sensu Brunner (Reference Brunner1975, pl. 2, fig. 7) also differs from true Uslonia and are probably synonymous of Irregularina cf. I. karlensis illustrated on the same plate (Brunner, Reference Brunner1975, pl. 2, fig. 2). The reconstruction in 3D of Racki and Soboń-Podgórska (Reference Racki and Soboń-Podgórska1993, text fig. 1) was puzzling and surrealistic. As indicated by Mamet and Préat (Reference Mamet and Préat2009), the Devonian Vermiporella, especially, V. myna Wray, Reference Wray1967, in reality belongs to Uslonia, a genus that, in our opinion, has nothing in common with Vermiporella.

Uslonia cf. U. incomposita (Petrova, Reference Petrova1981)

Figure 8.34

?1971 Cribrosphaeroides simplex (Reitlinger); Reference Flügel and HötzlFlügel and Hötzl, pl. 1, fig. 7 (only).

1981 Kalijanella incomposita Reference PetrovaPetrova, p. 90, pl. 11, figs. 1–5.

1987 Kalijanella incomposita; Reference ZadorozhnyiZadorozhnyi, p. 40, pl. 3, fig. 9.

1987 Pachythurammina incomposita; Reference Loeblich and TappanLoeblich and Tappan, p. 192, pl. 209, figs. 5, 6.

1993 Kalijanella incomposita; Sabirov in Reference Vdovenko, Rauzer-Chernousova, Reitlinger and SabirovVdovenko et al., p. 35, pl. 7, fig. 3.

2011 Kaljanella (sic) incomposita; Reference AnfimovAnfimov, p. 78.

2016a Uslonia sp.; Reference VachardVachard, fig. 3.34.

Holotype

Axial section (No. 77/1868; UTGU Museum) from the Middle Devonian of the central Urals (Petrova, Reference Petrova1981, pl. 1, fig. 1).

Diagnosis

Our specimen is similar to that illustrated by Zadorozhnyi (Reference Zadorozhnyi1987, pl. 3, fig. 9), by its measurements, more than to the type material of Petrova (Reference Petrova1981).

Occurrence

Eifelian–Givetian of the northern and central Urals. Shandinsky horizon of Salair (SW Siberia). Givetian of Germany. Discovered in the Givetian of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Description

Test length=0.70 mm (type material: 0.38–1.20 mm); outer diameter=0.45 mm; test wall thickness=0.04 mm (type material: 0.012–0.045 mm).

Diagnosis

Test relatively large, globular with more or less coarsely perforated, dark-microgranular wall.

Occurrence

Silurian–Tournaisian and Uralian–Tethyan.

Remarks

The following taxa are synonyms of the family Cribrosphaeroidae: Stegnammininae Moreman, Reference Moreman1930 (partim); Bisphaeridae Sabirov, Reference Sabirov1987b (partim); Cribrosphaeridae Sabirov in Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984; and Cribrosphaerinae Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984.

Type species

Cribrosphaera simplex Reitlinger, Reference Reitlinger1954.

Other species

Cribrophaeroides simplex donica Brazhnikova and Rostovceva, Reference Brazhnikova and Rostovceva1966; Cribrosphaera crassa Pronina, Reference Pronina1960; C. ovalis Poyarkov in Purkin et al., Reference Purkin, Poyarkov and Rozhanets1961; Cribrosphaeroides enormis Pronina, Reference Pronina1963; C. incomptus Chuvashov, Reference Chuvashov1965; C. turcmenica Miklukho-Maklay, Reference Miklukho-Maklay1965; C. (Cribrosphaeroides?) rariporus Poyarkov, Reference Poyarkov1969; C. semicircularis Pronina in Petrova and Pronina, Reference Petrova and Pronina1980; C. irregularis irregularis Pronina in Petrova and Pronina, Reference Petrova and Pronina1980; C. irregularis serotinus Petrova, Reference Petrova1981; C. (Cribrohemisphaeroides) apertus Pronina in Petrova and Pronina, Reference Petrova and Pronina1980; C. multiformis Saltovskaya, Reference Saltovskaya1981; C. instabilis Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev in Dubatolov, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1981; C. parasimplex Lin and Hao, Reference Lin and Hao1982; C. urmitanica Sabirov in Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984; C. beatus Sabirov, Reference Sabirov1984; C. tschukalikensis Sabirov, Reference Sabirov1984; and ?C. (Cribrosphaeroides) grandiporus Poyarkov, Reference Poyarkov1969 (type of Cribrauroria Vachard, Reference Vachard1994).

Diagnosis

Cribrosphaeroididae globular, almost spherical, with coarse perforations in the wall, C. (Cribrosphaeroides), or finer perforations in the wall, C. (Parphia).

Occurrence

Llandoverian–Ludlovian of the Urals (Pronina, Reference Pronina1963; Petrova and Pronina, Reference Petrova and Pronina1980). Early Devonian of northern Spain, Tajikistan, western Siberia, and Salair. Eifelian of SW Siberia and Tian Shan. Late Eifelian of the central Urals. Givetian of the northern and central Urals, western Siberia, Tian Shan, western and northern France, Belgium, Germany, Moravia, and the Carnic Alps (this work). Late Devonian of the central Urals, southern France (Vachard, Reference Vachard1974a, Reference Vachardb), Czech Republic, Moravia, northern Turkey (Zonguldak: Dil, Reference Dil1976, pl. 1, figs. 6, 7), western Siberia, Tian Shan, and South China. Early Tournaisian of Donbass (Ukraine) and Tian Shan.

Remarks

“Calcisphères” sensu Milon, Reference Milon1928 (partim); Cribrosphaera Reitlinger, Reference Reitlinger1954 (pre-occupied); Bisphaera Birina, Reference Birina1948 (partim); and Cribrosphaerella sensu Toomey and Mamet (Reference Toomey and Mamet1979: lapsus calami) all belong to Cribrosphaeroides. According to Toomey and Mamet (Reference Toomey and Mamet1979), Vachard (Reference Vachard1994), Schlagintweit et al. (2013), and Kröck (Reference Kröck2016), Cribrosphaeroides could be an incertae sedis alga.

Subgenus Parphia Miklukho-Maklay, Reference Miklukho-Maklay1965

Type species

Cribrosphaeroides (Parphia) robusta Miklukho-Maklay, Reference Miklukho-Maklay1965.

Diagnosis

Test globular, moderate-sized wall, dark-microgranular with numerous fine microperforations.

Occurrence

Middle Devonian of Tukmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Urals, and Morocco. Late Devonian of Tukmenistan and the Urals.

Cribrosphaeroides (Parphia) robusta Miklukho-Maklay, Reference Miklukho-Maklay1965

Figure 8.32, 8.33

1965 Parphia robusta Reference Miklukho-MaklayMiklukho-Maklay, p. 32, pl. 1, figs. 4, 5, 6?

1969 Cribrosphaeroides (Parphia) robusta; Reference PoyarkovPoyarkov, p. 122, pl. 6, fig. 10.

?1971 Sphaerella? sp.; Reference Flügel and HötzlFlügel and Hötzl, p. 378, fig. 3.9.

?1971 Radiosphaera sp; Reference Flügel and HötzlFlügel and Hötzl, p. 379, fig. 3.6, 3.7.

1979 Cribrosphaeroides (Parphia) robusta; Reference PoyarkovPoyarkov, pl. 8, fig. 4.

1979 Cribrosphaeroides robustus; Reference YuferevYuferev, pl. 1, fig. 8.

1979 Cribrosphaeroides robustus; Reference Lavrusevich, Lavrusevich and SaltovskayaLavrusevich et al., p. 322.

1981 Cribrosphaeroides robustus; Reference PetrovaPetrova, pl. 13, figs. 1, 2.

1981 Cribrosphaeroides robusta; Reference ZadorozhnyiZadorozhnyi, p. 112 (no. 56 of the table).

1982a Cribrosphaeroides robusta; Reference SabirovSabirov, p. 92, fig. 2.III.b.

1987 Parphia robusta Reference Loeblich and TappanLoeblich and Tappan, p. 195, pl. 211, figs. 6, 7.

1990 Cribrosphaeroides robustus; Reference Gagiev and BogushGagiev and Bogush, text-fig. 3.

1994 Cribrosphaeroides (Parphia) robusta; Reference Vachard, Zahraoui and CattaneoVachard et al., p. 7, pl. 1, fig. 1.

2014 Parathuramminide. Reference MörtlMörtl, text-fig. 33f .

2016a Cribrosphaeroides sp.; Reference VachardVachard, fig. 3.32, 3.33.

Holotype

Axial section (No. 30; Leningrad/Sankt Petersburg University) from the Late Devonian of Turkmenistan (Miklukho-Maklay, Reference Miklukho-Maklay1965, pl. 1, fig. 4).

Diagnosis

Two specimens have the same parameters as Parphia robusta.

Occurrence

Middle Devonian of Turkmenistan, Tian Shan, Urals, and western Siberia. Givetian of Morocco. ?Givetian Zerevshano-Gissar (Tajikistan) and Germany. Early Famennian of northeastern Siberia. Late Famennian of the eastern slope of the central Urals. Early Tournaisian of northeastern Siberia (Omolon Massif). Discovered in the Givetian of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Description

Outer diameter=0.57–0.60 mm; inner diameter=0.55–0.56 mm; wall thickness=0.017–0.02 mm.

Diagnosis

Test globular to ellipsoidal, medium-sized, with a spherical to trapezoidal central chamber, wall dark-microgranular bilayered with an inner thin, dark-microgranular layer, numerous coarse microperforations, and a thick, caniculicate, gray outer layer.

Occurrence

Middle Devonian of Moravia, western Siberia, Tian Shan, Urals, Germany, Morocco. Late Devonian of Moravia, Tukmenistan, Urals, and northeastern Siberia.

Remarks

The family is composed of Auroria Poyarkov, Reference Poyarkov1969, Apertauroria Sabirov in Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984, and Cribrauroria Vachard, Reference Vachard1994.

Genus Auroria Poyarkov, Reference Poyarkov1969

Type species

Auroria singularis Poyarkov, Reference Poyarkov1969.

Other species

Auroria ferganensis ferganensis Poyarkov, Reference Poyarkov1969; A. ferganensis crassa Poyarkov, Reference Poyarkov1969; A. ferganensis globula Poyarkov, Reference Poyarkov1969; A. ferganensis parva Petrova, Reference Petrova1981; A. delineata Petrova, Reference Petrova1981; A. triangularis Saltovskaya, Reference Saltovskaya1981; A. (A.) gissarica Sabirov in Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984; A. (A.) lentisiformis Sabirov in Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984; and A. (A.) sphaerica Sabirov in Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, Reference Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev1984.

Diagnosis

Test unilocular, free, irregularly globular. Internal chamber polygonal to ovoid. Insconpicuous apertures (except for the internal layer of the wall). Bilayered wall, inner layer thin, dark-microgranular, finely porous; external layer apparently spongy, gray, with dark bifurcated pillars or canalicules.

Occurrence

Middle Devonian of the central and northern Urals, Salair, southern Fergana, and Moravia. Middle–Late Devonian of southern Tian Shan, Zeravshano-Gissar, Urals, southwestern Siberia, Moravia, western France (Ancenis Basin), and southern France (Causse de Laurens). ?Tournaisian of Kazakhstan (Marfenkova, Reference Marfenkova1991, pl. 1, fig. 20). Discovered in the Givetian of the Carnic Alps.

Auroria cf. A. singularis Poyarkov, Reference Poyarkov1969

Figure 8.30

1969 Auroria singularis Reference PoyarkovPoyarkov, p. 115, pl. 6, figs. 1–3.

1969 Auroria cf. singularis; Reference PoyarkovPoyarkov, pl. 6, fig. 11.

1979 Auroria singularis; Reference Lavrusevich, Lavrusevich and SaltovskayaLavrusevich et al., p. 323.

1979 Auroria singularis; Reference Dubreuil and VachardDubreuil and Vachard, p. 241.

1981 Auroria ex gr. singularis; Reference SaltovskayaSaltovskaya, p. 111, pl. 4, fig. 9.

?1981 Auroria ferganensis Poyarkov; Reference SaltovskayaSaltovskaya, p. 111, pl. 4, fig. 11.

1981 Auroria singularis; Reference PetrovaPetrova, p. 96, pl. 9, figs. 1–4.

1981 Auroria singularis; Reference ZadorozhnyiZadorozhnyi, p. 112 (no. 51 of table).

1981 Auroria singularis; Reference ZukalovaZukalova, pl. 4, fig. 3.

1984 Auroria singularis; Reference ZukalovaZukalova, table 1.

1984 Auroria singularis; Reference SabirovSabirov, pl. 2, fig. 2.

1985 Auroria singularis; Reference ZadorozhnyiZadorozhnyi, pl. 17, fig. 7.

1987 Auroria singularis; Reference ZadorozhnyiZadorozhnyi, p. 38, pl. 3, fig. 8.

1987 Auroria singularis; Reference Loeblich and TappanLoeblich and Tappan, pl. 210, figs. 16–18.

1993 Auroria singularis; Sabirov in Reference Vdovenko, Rauzer-Chernousova, Reitlinger and SabirovVdovenko et al., p. 35, pl. 7, fig. 1.

1999 Auroria singularis; Reference Mamet, Préat and LehmamiMamet et al., pl. 5, figs. 6, 7.

2008 Auroria singularis; Reference AnfimovAnfimov, p. 78.

2008 Auroria singularis; Reference ChuvashovChuvashov, p. 180.

2009 Auroria singularis; Reference Mamet and PréatMamet and Préat, pl. 5, fig. 4.

2016a Cribrosphaeroides sp.; Reference VachardVachard, fig. 3.32, 3.33.

Holotype

Axial section (No. 226/26) from the Givetian of Fergana, Kyrgyzstan (Poyarkov, Reference Poyarkov1969, pl. 6, fig. 1).

Diagnosis

The dimensions correspond to A. singularis, but the pillars/canalicules apparently are not bifurcated.

Occurrence

Early Devonian of Tajikistan. Eifelian–Givetian of the northern and central Urals, western Siberia and Zeravshano-Gissar. Givetian of southern Fergana and Moravia. Early Givetian of Belgium (Mamet and Préat, Reference Mamet and Préat2009). Givetian of western France (Dubreuil and Vachard, Reference Dubreuil and Vachard1979). Early Givetian of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Description

Outer diameter=0.45 x 0.32 mm (type material: 0.37–0.88 x 0.37–0.84 mm); inner diameter=0.26 x 0.20 mm (type material: 0.16–0.71 x 0.16–0.45 mm); wall thickness=0.05–0.10 mm (type material: 0.03–0.12 mm). The dimensions correspond to A. singularis, but the pillars/canalicules apparently are not bifurcated.

Holotype

Axial section (No. 320/61, Institut Geologii AN TadzhSSR) from the Middle Devonian of Zeravshano-Gissar, Tajikistan (Saltovskaya, Reference Saltovskaya1981, pl. 4, fig. 10).

Diagnosis

Parameters seem to correspond with the type material of this species; nevertheless, the inner surface of our specimens is more irregular.

Occurrence

Eifelian of western Siberia. ?Middle Devonian of Zeravshano-Gissar. ?Givetian of Germany. ?Givetian of Moravia. ?Frasnian of Zeravshano-Gissar. Early Givetian of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Description

Outer diameter=0.60–0.66 mm (type material: 0.25–0.42 mm); inner diameter=0.42–0.60 mm (type material: 0.20–0.31 mm); test wall thickness=0.07–0.09 mm (type material: 0.028–0.045 mm).

Diagnosis

A single oblique section is questionable, but displays some characters of Auroria.

Occurrence

Early Givetian of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Description

Outer diameter=0.66–0.70 mm; inner diameter=0.30–0.38 mm; test wall thickness=0.07–0.13 mm.

Diagnosis

Tests regularly cylindrical (Earlandiina) to irregularly tubular (Caligellina). Generally, they are bilocular with a spherical or polygonal proloculus followed by a chamber, undivided or with pseudosepta. Tikhinella with complete septa is transitional to the Eonodosariina. Wall dark-microgranular on the shallow platforms, recrystallized and convergent with the Astrorhizata Hyperamminidae in deeper environments. Aperture terminal simple (Earlandiina) or inconspicuous apertures (Caligellina).

Occurrence

Ordovician–Cretaceous; cosmopolitan.

Remarks

Earlandinitida Reitlinger and Sabirov in Vdovenko et al., Reference Vdovenko, Rauzer-Chernousova, Reitlinger and Sabirov1993 is a junior synonym. Earlandiida is subdivided into three suborders: Earlandiina Vachard, Reference Vachard2016a; Caligellina Vachard, Reference Vachard2016a; and Eonodosariina Vachard, Reference Vachard2016a.

Suborder Earlandiina Vachard, Reference Vachard2016a

Superfamily Earlandioidea Loeblich and Tappan, Reference Loeblich and Tappan1982

Family Earlandiidae Cummings, Reference Cummings1955 emend. Vachard, Reference Vachard1994

Diagnosis

Test free, bilocular, elongate, undivided or with pseudosepta, or very rarely true septa (Tikhinella). Wall calcareous, secreted, dark-microgranular. Aperture terminal, round, simple, at the extremity of the tubular chamber.

Occurrence

Ordovician–Cretaceous; cosmopolitan.

Remarks

Junior synonyms are Earlandinitidae Loeblich and Tappan, Reference Loeblich and Tappan1984, and Paratikhinellidae Loeblich and Tappan, Reference Loeblich and Tappan1984.

Genus Earlandia Plummer, Reference Plummer1930.

Type species

Earlandia perparva Plummer, Reference Plummer1930.

Diagnosis

Earlandiidae undivided, rectilinear, cylindrical to tapering with more or less prominent proloculus.

Occurrence

Silurian (upper Ludlovian; Pronina, Reference Pronina1968; Petrova and Pronina, Reference Petrova and Pronina1980; Sabirov, Reference Sabirov1987a)–Cretaceous (e.g., Arnaud-Vanneau, Reference Arnaud-Vanneau1980; Altıner, Reference Altıner1991), cosmopolitan (Gaillot and Vachard, Reference Gaillot and Vachard2007).

Remarks

Junior synonyms of Earlandia are Quasiearlandia Brazhnikova in Brazhnikova and Vdovenko, Reference Brazhnikova and Vdovenko1973; Biorbis Strank, Reference Strank1983; Gigasbia Strank, Reference Strank1983; Aeolisaccus Elliott, Reference Elliott1958 (partim); Hyperammina Brady, Reference Brady1878 (partim); and Decastronema Golubic, Radoicic, and Lee, Reference Golubic, Radoicic and Lee2006 (partim). The genus Hyperammina sensu lato is a homeomorph among the Astrorhizata.

Earlandia sp.1

Figure 9.2

Description

A small curved longitudinal section of this genus.

Occurrence

Givetian of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Description

Length=0.13 mm; outer diameter=0.03 mm; wall thickness=0.01 mm.

Diagnosis

Broader, rectilinear, slightly tapering test.

Occurrence

Givetian of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Description

Length=0.26 mm; outer diameter=0.07 mm; wall thickness=0.007 mm.

Type species

Paracaligella antropovi Lipina, Reference Lipina1955.

Diagnosis

Test elongate with irregularly curved growth, probably endofaunal, irregularly pseudoseptated. Wall dark-microgranular. Aperture probably terminal simple.

Occurrence

Late Silurian–late Serpukhovian of the Paleotethys; rare in Siberia, Japan, and North America (see Vachard, Reference Vachard1994).

Remarks

As illustrated by Vachard and Cózar (Reference Vachard and Cózar2004), Caligella has a more granular wall and a more irregular shape (therefore, it can partially correspond to Irrregularina Vissarionova, Reference Vissarionova1950; especially, Irregularina paradoxica Lin, Li, and Sun, Reference Lin, Li and Sun1990). Eocaligella Pronina in Petrova and Pronina, Reference Petrova and Pronina1980 is similar in shape to Paracaligella with a wall microstructure more similar to Caligella. Eotikhinella has diaphragms in the tubular chamber. Areniconulus and Serpenulina theoretically have an agglutinated wall. Glubkoevella Pronina, Reference Pronina1970, which apparently has a proloculus, may constitute the transition between Earlandia and Caligella. This taxon was initially described as a subgenus of Paracaligella by Pronina (Reference Pronina1970). The family Caligellidae encompasses the following genera: Caligella Antropov, Reference Antropov1950 (partim); Eotikhinella Pronina in Petrova and Pronina, Reference Petrova and Pronina1980 (partim); Eocaligella Pronina in Petrova and Pronina, Reference Petrova and Pronina1980 (partim); ?Areniconulus Eisenack, Reference Eisenack1969; and ?Serpenulina Chernyk, Reference Chernykh1967.

Paracaligella ex gr. antropovi Lipina, Reference Lipina1955

Figures 8.26, 9.1, 9.8

1955 Paracaligella antropovi Reference LipinaLipina, p. 26, pl. 2, figs. 15–17, 20.

?1960 Paracaligella antropovi; Reference LipinaLipina, p. 19, text-figs. 2, 4, 5, 7, 9 (most probably, due to the stratigraphical distribution, this is a Paracaligelloides).

1962 Paracaligella antropovi; Reference Bogush and YuferevBogush and Yuferev, p. 97, pl. 1, fig. 35.

1964 Paracaligella antropovi; Reference Aizenverg and BrazhnikovaAizenverg and Brazhnikova, pl. 1, fig. 13a, b.

1964 Caligella antropovi; Reference Loeblich and TappanLoeblich and Tappan, text-fig. 229:5.

1965 Paracaligella antropovi; Reference ChuvashovChuvashov, p. 38, pl. 5, fig. 13.

1966 Paracaligella antropovi; Reference Brazhnikova and RostovcevaBrazhnikova and Rostovceva, p. 18, pl. 5, figs. 5–7, 9.

1969 Caligella antropovi; Reference PoyarkovPoyarkov, p. 141, pl. 8, figs. 21, 22.

1970 Paracaligella antropovi; Reference Bogush, Buchmina and DomnikovaBogush et al., pl. 1, fig. 8.

1970 Paracaligella antropovi; Reference Bogush and YuferevBogush and Yuferev in Obut, pl. 1, fig. 23.

1971 Paracaligella antropovi; Reference Brazhnikova and VdovenkoBrazhnikova and Vdovenko, p. 28, pl. 6, figs. 13, 14.

1971 Paracaligella antropovi; Reference Menner and ReitlingerMenner and Reitlinger, p. 31, pl. 11, fig. 6.

1973 Paracaligella antropovi; Reference GrozdilovaGrozdilova, pl. 1, fig. 13.

1973 Paracaligella antropovi; Reference Brazhnikova and VdovenkoBrazhnikova and Vdovenko, p. 110, pl. 1, fig. 11.

1975 Paracaligella antropovi; Reference Grozdilova, Lebedeva, Lipina, Malakhova, Mikhailova, Chermnykh, Postoyalko, Simonova, Sinitsyna and ShcherbakovaGrozdilova et al., p. 28, pl. 1, fig. 4.

1975 Caligella antropovi; Reference Bogush, Zarodozhnyi and IvanovaBogush et al., table 1, pl. 1, figs. 24, 25.

1977 Caligella ex gr. antropovi (Lipina); Reference VdovenkoVdovenko, pl. 5.1, fig. 4.

1981 Caligella ex gr. antropovi; Reference SaltovskayaSaltovskaya, p. 113, pl. 1, figs. 14–17, 19.

1987 Paracaligella antropovi; Reference Loeblich and TappanLoeblich and Tappan, pl. 219, fig. 12.

1989 Paracaligella aff. antropovi; Reference Skompski, Conil, Laloux and LysSkompski et al., pl. 7, fig. 38.

1990 Paracaligella antropovi; Reference Gagiev and BogushGagiev and Bogush, text-fig. 3.

1991 Paracaligella antropovi; Reference MarfenkovaMarfenkova, pl. 1, fig. 9.

?1992 Caligella antropovi; Reference TrifonovaTrifonova, p. 40, pl. 5, figs. 14, 15.

2001 Caligella ex gr. antropovi; Reference VdovenkoVdovenko, pl. 1, fig. 3.

2002 Paracaligella antropovi; Reference Timokhina and KletsTimokhina et al., p. 125, text-figs. 3, 4.

non?2008 Paracaligelloides antropovi Lipina (sic: without parentheses); Reference AnfimovAnfimov, p. 80.

2011 Caligella sp.; Reference ÖzkanÖzkan, text-fig. 4, pl. 1, fig. 22.

?2011 Paracaligella sp.; Reference ÖzkanÖzkan, text-fig. 4.

2011 Paracaligella antropovi; Reference BandelGrechishnikova and Levitskii, p. 27.

2013 Caligella antropovi; Reference KulaginaKulagina, p. 276 (no. 34 of table 1).

2016a Paracaligella sp.; Reference VachardVachard, fig. 3.26.

Holotype

Axial section (No. 3415/39; Museum of Institute of Geological Sciences of the SSSR) from the Late Devonian of the European Russian Platform (Lipina, Reference Lipina1955, pl. 2, fig. 15).

Diagnosis

Sinusoidal, cylindrical test, with short pseudosepta and a thin wall.

Occurrence

Early Silurian (Gissar, Tajikistan; Saltovskaya, Reference Saltovskaya1981). Late Devonian of Norilsk area (Siberia, Russia). Famennian of eastern slope of the Urals, Donbass, and western Siberia. Tournaisian of Russian Platform, eastern slope of the Urals, Kazakhstan, Tian Shan, and Donbass. Visean of Kolyma (eastern Siberia), Donbass, and Poland. ?Triassic of Bulgaria. Discovered in the Givetian of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Description

Length=0.85–3.50 mm; outer diameter=0.15–0.60 mm; wall thickness=0.01–0.015 mm.

Diagnosis

Two elongate longitudinal sections with thick wall. They were possibly named Irregularina intermedia Bykova in Bykova and Polenova, Reference Bykova and Polenova1955.

Occurrence

Givetian of Mount Polinik (Carnic Alps, Austria).

Description

Length=3.10–5.50 mm, outer diameter=0.15–0.50 mm, wall thickness=0.015–0.02 mm.