This paper makes available for the first time the astronomical diary recorded on BM 30617, a square clay tablet in the collections of the British Museum.Footnote 1 It belongs to the group of astronomical texts from Babylon in the 1876-11-17 collection.Footnote 2 The tablet measures 62 × 62 × 22 mm. The left end of the tablet is now partly lost. The last five lines of the text are also damaged severely, especially on their left half. Lines 1–8 are, however, almost fully preserved. Following a transliteration and translation of the new text, with brief commentary, a discussion of the function of the diary and the date of the recorded phenomena are offered.Footnote 3 Photographs and a hand copy of the tablet are shown in Figures 1–3.
BM 30617 Obv. and Right edge
BM 30617 Obv. and Right edge: hand copy
BM 30617 (1876-11-17 344)
Transliteration
Obv.
1 [mu nn.]⸢kamman⸣ u man a-šú lugalmešgan 1
2 [10?+]8 na-su kur4a-pir ina (or u ?) dirmuš ina gub igi
3 [ka]l ge6dir an za 1 dir sal an za <šamáš tùr nigin> ⸢dir?⸣
4 ta ⸢še-rì⸣ en kin.sigina lìb-bi tùr uš-di
5 ki šúšamáš an!!si gin ge6 2 kal ge6
6 ⸢dir⸣ an dib ⸢usan⸣ murub4an dul si gin
7 2 ⸢dir sal⸣ an zašamáš ⸢tùr⸣ nigin!!ká-šú
8 ana ⸢ulù bad x⸣ [x x] šú an dul na4tur!!šur-nun <a->kam
9 [x x x x x x x ge6 3] ⸢sag⸣ ge6dir an za
10 [x x x x x x] ⸢si?⸣ gin ge6 4 sag ge6
11 [x x x x x x x] ⸢x⸣
12 [x x x x x x x x] ⸢x⸣ gin
13 [mu nn.kam? man u m]⸢an lugal⸣<meš>
(ca. four lines are left blank)
Lower edge
(Blank)
Rev.
(Blank)
Upper edge
(Blank)
Left edge
(Only the central part is preserved; it is clearly blank)
Translation
Obv.
1 [Year nn], Antiochus and Antiochus, his son, kings. Month IX, the 1st (of which followed the 30th of the preceding month),Footnote 4
2 sunset to moonset,Footnote 5 [10?+]8°;Footnote 6 (though the new moon) was bright, with earthshine, (and) behind / among clouds, (the interval was) measured; it (the new moon) was visible while (the sun) stood there;
3 all night clouds were in the sky. The 1st,Footnote 7 thin clouds were in the sky; <the sun was surrounded by a halo, > a cloud?
4 remained inside the halo from the morning until the afternoon;
5 at sunset, it rained, the north wind blew. The night of the 2nd, all night
6 clouds crossed the sky; in the first and the middle part of the night, rain dul,Footnote 8 the north wind blew.
7 The 2nd, thin clouds were in the sky; the sun was surrounded by a halo, its door
8 was open to the south; [in ...,] overcast, rain DUL; it (also) rained small hailstones;Footnote 9 mist
9 [crossed / covered the sky .... . The night of the 3rd,] in the beginning of the night, clouds were in the sky;
10 [....] the north? wind blew. The night of the 4th, in the beginning of the night,
11 [....] ...
12 [....] ... wind blew.
13 [Year nn?, Antiochus and] Antiochus, kings.
Commentary
Obv.
2 The streak before the numeral 8 looked like a part of the numeral 20 at first glance. It is, however, a part of an accidental scratch in ring shape.Footnote 10
The syllabic muš is the abbreviation of muššuḫ, “measured” (see ADART 6: XII). This abbreviation often follows the description that the new moon was “bright and with earthshine (kur4a-pir)”.Footnote 11 Earthshine is “a faint illumination of the dark part of the Moon when it is a thin crescent, caused by sunlight reflected from the Earth”.Footnote 12 Both strong brightness and earthshine make the appearance of the crescent ambiguous and the observation of its set difficult. The following abbreviation muš emphasizes that the interval between the sunset and the moonset was regularly measured under such a difficult condition.
3 The scribe of our diary must have omitted the sentence šamáš tùr nigin, “the sun was surrounded by a halo”, because the next sentence shows a movement of some object with the halo in the daytime (ta ⸢še-rì⸣ en kin.sig, see line 4). The trace at the end of line 3 indicates that the object is dir, “a cloud”. The cloud itself was, however, not able to create the halo. The sun should have been the source of light which made the halo around the bright body. A halo around the sun is usually designated by the sentence šamáš tùr nigin in the diaries (ADART 2 -182A ’Rev.’ 10’, -171C Rev. 4, et passim).
4 The signs uš-di represents irdi.Footnote 13 The verb redû is used in the context where a planet follows another planet or a planet pursues a certain course (CAD, s.v. “redû A 2c”). In our case, some object (probably a cloud) “followed” the sun and remained inside the halo around it (see also the comment for line 3 above).
5 The second horizontal stroke of the fourth sign, an, is written slightly above the first one.
7 The eighth sign shown as “nigin” looks like ŠANABI; cf., however, LAGAB (kur4) in line 2.
8 The eleventh sign shown as “tur” looks like ḪAŠḪUR. Furthermore, its last horizontal stroke goes over the rim of the tablet and continues to the beginning of the last sign kam on the right edge. The extension is probably lapsus calami.
Function of the diary
The diary only shows the phenomena observed in the sky for the first four days of a certain month IX (Kislīm) of the Babylonian calendar. We expect some astronomical data on the astronomical diaries, but this diary mainly records the bad weather which prevented astronomical observations. The record is written in a strong script from the beginning towards the end of line 8. The last two signs of this line, however, are written in a shallow script. The shallow script can also be seen on the following five lines. This decrease in sign depth is matched by a decrease in sign size. The signs in the first eight lines are ca. 5 mm high, while those from line 9 onwards are only 2–3 mm high.
The limited content, short period of the record, and change in the script, indicate that the tablet records primary day-by-day observations of the sky. The author has called the tablets of this kind “preliminary diaries” and differentiated them from “short diaries”.Footnote 14 Each short diary records not only phenomena in the sky and river levels of Euphrates, but also commodity prices and historical events for a certain period of less than two or three months.Footnote 15 Its report of phenomena in the sky and river levels was derived from one or more preliminary diaries, which record primary observations of the sky and, if any, the Euphrates for one month or less.Footnote 16 This kind of record was made simultaneously with the observations, being updated day by day. Thus, for example, it would have taken four days to write the records for four days’ observations. Sometimes the clay tablets became too dry to inscribe clear cuneiform signs over the course of time. The signs on the dried, hard clay are shallow,Footnote 17 such as those after line 8 of our tablet. These small signs would have spared the scribe of our diary the effort of scratching large wedges into the hard clay. The lower obverse of our tablet is left blank, and no signs are visible on its lower edge, reverse, upper edge, or left edge. This indicates that the scribe stopped the record on the dried tablet after trying shallow and small wedges for a few lines. The ruling between lines 12 and 13 indicates the end of the observation record on our tablet. The last line is severely damaged, but the remaining traces suggest that the scribe repeated the names of the rulers shown in line 1 at the middle of the last line. This restoration leaves a space at the beginning of the last line, where the author tentatively puts a repeat of the year number shown in the first line.
Date of the phenomena recorded on the tablet
The tablet records sky phenomena which occurred on the first four days of the month IX of a certain year. The year number at the beginning of the text is unfortunately damaged and only a part of the determinative after numerals, kam, can be seen, but the next part shows the names of the kings who ruled Babylon in that year. They are Antiochus and his son, also Antiochus. Three Seleucid kings, Antiochus I, III, and IV, made a son or stepson of the same name their co-regent. The terms of the co-regencies are 46–51, 102–119, and 137–142 SE.Footnote 18 51 and 142 SE are not appropriate for the date of the phenomena, because Antiochus I died in the month II of 51 SE,Footnote 19 and Antiochus, the stepson of Antiochus IV,Footnote 20 died in the month V of 142 SE.Footnote 21 Therefore, the possible years are 46–50, 102–119, and 137–141 SE.
Apart from the names of the kings, there are two other data available for the dating of our month IX. One is the length of the preceding month VIII, 30 days, shown on line 1 of our diary. We can calculate the lengths of month VIII in the aforementioned years on the basis of the Julian date for the daylight hours of every first day of the Babylonian months from 626 BC to AD 75 provided by PD.Footnote 22 The calculation shows that there are 29 days in month VIII of 46, 48, 49, 103, 104, 105, 108, 109, 112, 113, 118, 137, 138, 139, and 141 SE, and 30 days in month VIII of 47, 50, 102, 106, 107, 110, 111, 114, 115, 116, 117, 119, and 140 SE. Our calculation is partly confirmed by ADART. On the basis of the data from the diaries published in its volumes 1–3, Hermann Hunger provides the Julian equivalent for almost every day 0 (i.e. the last day of the preceding month) of the months which are completely or partly covered by these diaries. We can find both Julian dates for the days 0, months VIII and IX of 50, 108, 114, 116, 118, 138, and 141 SE in ADART Footnote 23 and calculate the lengths of month VIII of these years. Every result of this calculation confirms the relevant result on the basis of PD.Footnote 24
However, our calculation is, even confirmed by the Julian equivalents of ADART, not always secure and should be substantiated or modified by the lengths attested in the diaries and related texts known to us. In fact, the month VIII of 119 SE has only 29 days according to the Jupiter text ADART 5 78 (’Obv.’ Col. II’ 8’), while our calculation suggests 30 days. Other texts attest 29 days in 108 and 113 SE,Footnote 25 and 30 days in 114 and 140 SE.Footnote 26 Each value of these four attestations is identical with the relevant result of our calculation. In any case, the attestations of 29 days allow us to reject 108, 113, and 119 SE from the candidates for the date of our diary.
Another clue for the dating is the interval between the sunset and the moonset on the first night of our month IX. Line 2 of our diary shows the interval, nn + 8°. Although the scratch before the numeral 8 does not fit well with any cuneiform numerals (see also the comment on line 2 above), there is still enough space for one numeral in the lacuna at the beginning of line 2. The lost numeral is probably 10, judging from the size of the space and the reasonable interval between the new moon and the sun. Unfortunately, we cannot find any congruent interval attested amongst the published diaries and related texts. The diaries ADART 2 -197C, -173B, and -170J provide the intervals between the sunset and the moonset on the first night of month IX, 114, 138, and 141 SE. The intervals are 16° 10′ (-197C ’Obv. 5’), 12° (-173B ’Obv.’ 6’), and nn + 7° 40′ (-170J ’Obv.’ 5’), respectively. The first and the second values are clearly different from nn + 8° in our diary.Footnote 27 Therefore we can reject 114 and 138 SE from the candidates for its date. The last one is close to our value, nn + 8°. This, however, does not necessarily back up the possibility of the dating to 141 SE, because the length of the month VIII, 141 SE, is 29 days according to our calculation.
Since we reject 108, 113, 114, 119, and 138 SE from the candidates for the date of the phenomena in our diary, the surviving possibilities are now 46–50, 102–107, 109–112, 115–118, 137, and 139–141 SE.Footnote 28 We must wait for new material which shows a parallel to our text and gives us the final answer to our dating.
